Vượt rào cản kỹ thuật thương mại đối với hàng nông sản của việt nam xuất khẩu sang thị trường hoa kỳ đến năm 2015

TRUONG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN iff I i!1 NGUYEN THI THANH HUVEN EUAN VAN TH AC SY KINH TE HA NOI - 2011 MUC • LUC • DANH MUC CAC CHU VIET TAT DANH MUC BANG BIEU, BIEU DO TOM TAT LUAN VAN LOI MO DAU CHUONG 1: TONG QUAN VE RAO CAN KY THUAT TRONG THUONG MAI QUOC TE ' 1.1 Khai mem va phUn oai rao can ky t huat t turonn mai 1.1.1 Khai niem rao can ky thuat thuong mai 1.1.2 Quy dinh cua WTO ve rao can ky thuat thuong mai 1.2 PUnn loai rOo cnn ky thuat throng mai 1.2.1 Cac tieu chuan ky thuat 1.2.2 Cac tieu chuan ve an toan ve sinh dich te 10 1.2.3 Cac tieu chuan lien quan den moi truong 10 1.2.4 Cac yeu cau ve nhan mac 13 1.2.5 Cac tieu chuan ve lao dong 13 1.3 Cac xu Uirorng cua rOo • cnn ky thuat throng mai quoc te 15 1.3.1 Mo rong tu linh vuc san xuat sang linh vuc dich vu, tu khu vuc thuomg mai sang khu vuc dau tu , 15 1.3.2 Xu huong chuyen doi tu cac bien phap tu nguyen sang yeu cau bat buoc 16 1.3.3 Mo rong tu cac san pham cu the sang toan bo qua trinh san xuat va hoat dong 16 1.3.4 Tang suc anh huong va hieu ung khuech tan 16 1.3.5 Hoi tu cung da phat trien cua tien bo khoa hoc cong nghe va su cai thien muc song 17 1.3.6 Ket hop rao can ky thuat voi van de so hum tri tue 17 1.3.7 Cac nuoc dang phat trien day manh thuc hien rao can ky thuat thuong mai 18 1.3.8 Xu hudmg tang cudng chap nhan cac tieu chuan quoc te va quy trinh danh gia sir phu hop 18 1.3.9 Cac rao can ky thuat nham dam bao an toan cho nguai tieu dung cang trd nen khat khe han 19 1.3.10 Phoi hap ap dung cac bien phap rao can ky thuat thirang mai, chong ban pha gia, tu ve va thue quan 19 1.4 Tinh tat yeu cua viec sir dung rao can ky thuat th iron g mai 19 1.4.1 Bao ho san xuat nude 19 1.4.2 Bao ve ngudi tieu dung .20 1.4.3 Bao ve moi trudng 20 1.4.4 Bao ve nguai lao dong 21 1.4.5 Dam bao an ninh quoc gia 21 CHlTONG 2: THUC TRANG StT D1JNG RAO CAN KY THUAT THUONG MAI CUA HOA KY DOI V0I HANG NONG SAN XUAT KHAU CUA VIET NAM 22 2.1 Tong quan ve tinh hinh xuat khau nong san cua Viet Nam sang thi trudng Hoa Ky 22 2.2 Thu*c trang sir dung rao can ky thuat thirong mai cua Hoa Ky doi vdi hang nong san nhap khau 26 2.2.1 Thu tuc chung ve nhap khau thirc pham cua Hoa Ky 26 2.2.2 Cac rao can ky thuat thuang mai cua Hoa Ky doi vdi hang nong san nhap khau 29 2.3 Tac dong cua rao can ky thuat thirong mai cua Hoa Ky doi vdi hang nong xuat khau cua Vi|t Nam 42 2.3.1 Nhirng tac dong chung cua rao can ky thuat thuang mai 42 2.3.2 Nhung tac dong tdi mot so mat hang cu the .43 2.4 Danh gia tong quat ve thyc trang vuot rao can ky thuat thwong mai cua Hoa Ky doi voi hang nong san xuat khau cua Viet Nam 57 2.4.1 Nhung tuu chu yeu va nguyen nhan 57 2.4.2 Nhirng han che chu yeu va nguyen nhan 58 CHUONG 3: CAC BIEN PHAP VUOT RAO CAN KY THUAT THUONG MAI • CUA HOA KY DOI VCH HANG NONG SAN XUAT KHAU CUA VIET • NAM DEN NAM 2015 63 3.1 Kinh nghiem cua mot so nirac vice doi voi cac rao can ky thuat thunng mai 63 3.1.1 Kinh nghiem ph at trien thuy san cua Thai Lan 63 3.1.2 Kinh nghiem cua Trung Qudc 63 3.2 Giai phap vuot rao can ky thuat thuong mai cua Hoa Ky doi vol hang nong san xuat khau cua Viet Namden nam 2015 65 3.2.1 Giai phap tur phia nha nude 65 3.2.2 Giai phap t£r phia cac hiep hoi 73 3.2.3 Giai phap ttr phia cac doanh nghiep 76 KET LUAN 82 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 84 DANH MUC CAC TU VIET TAT Tieng Viet Ky hieu Tieng Anh AAFA American Apparel and Footwear Hiep hoi May mac va Da giay ANSI Association Hoa Ky American National Standards Vien tieu chuan quoc gia Hoa Ky Institute APHIS Animal and Plant Health Cuc kiem dinh Y te dong thuc vat Inspection Service BTA Bilateral Trade Agreement Hiep dinh thuong mai song phuong CE European Conformity Nhan hieu tuan thu theo tieu chuan Chau Au EPA Environmental Protection Co quan bao ve moi truong Agency FDA Food and Drug Adminitration Co quan quan ly thuc pham va duoc pham Hoa Ky FSIS The Food Safety and Inspection Cuc Kiem dinh an toan thuc pham Service GAP Good Agricultural Practice Quy trinh canh tac nong nghiep dam bao Mang ludi sinh thai toan cau GEN Global Ecolabelling Network HACCP Hazzad Analysis Critical Control He thong phan tich moi nguy va ISO Point xac dinh diem kiem soat tdi han International Organization for T o chuc Tieu chuan hoa quo c te Standardization MRLs Maximum Residue Limits Gidi han du luong toi da OECD Organization for Economic To chuc Hop tac va Phat trien Co-operation and Development kinh te Social Accountability 8000 Bo tieu chuan trach nhiem xa hoi SA 8000 SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary Cac bien phap ve sinh dich te Measure Rao can ky thuat thuang mai TBT Technical Barriers to Trade WRAP Worldwide Responsible Apparel Chuang trlnh chung nhan ve trach Production nhiem san xuat hang may mac tren quy mo toan cau WTO World Trade Organization T6 chuc Thuang mai The gidi t X -A DANH MUC BANG BIEU, SO DO Bang 2.1: Kim ngach hai chieu Viet Nam - Hoa Ky giai doan 2000 - 2011 23 Bang 2.2: Tinh hinh xuat khau nong san cua Viet Nam sang thi truong Hoa Ky qua cac nam (theo gia tri) 24 Bang 2.3: Tinh hinh xuat khau nong san cua Viet Nam sang thi truong Hoa Ky qua cac nam (theo luqng) ' 24 Bang 2.4: Kim ngach nhap khau ca va dong vat co vo cua Hoa Ky tu thi truong Viet Nam 25 Bang 2.5: Kim ngach xuat khau ca tra, ca basa sang thi truong Hoa Ky 43 Bang 6: Kim ngach nhap khau tom cua Hoa Ky tu thi truong Viet Nam (theo gia tri) 45 Bang 7: Kim ngach nhap khau tom cua Hoa Ky tu thi truong Viet Nam (theo luong) 46 Bang 2.8: Kim ngach nhap khau ca phe cua Hoa Ky tu thi truong Viet Nam 51 r •> > Bang 2.9: Xuat khau ho tieu cua Viet Nam sang Hoa Ky qua cac nam 53 Bang 2.10: Kim ngach nhap khau cac loai hat cua Hoa Ky tu thi truong Viet Nam 55 Bieu 2.1: Thi phan mat hang tom tai thi truong Hoa Ky 44 Bieu 2.2: Kim ngach xuat khau mat hang che sang thi truong Hoa Ky 52 tf \ ft Bieu 2.3: Kim ngach xuat khau rau qua sang thi truong Hoa Ky 56 So do2.1: Quy trinh nhap khau thuc pham vao Hoa Ky 28 RUONG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN —^£3 NGUYEN THI THANH HUYEN VUOT RAO CAN KY THUAT THUONG MAI DOI Vffl HANG NONG SAN CUA VIET NAM XUAT KHAU SANG ■ THI TRUONG HOA KY DEN NAM 2015 TOM TAT LUAN VAN THAC SY • • I Mtf dau 1.1 Ly lira chon de tai Hoa Ky la doi tac thuong mai hang dau cua Viet Nam Dac biet la sau Hiep dinh thuong mai Viet - My co hieu luc nam 2001, kim ngach xuat khau cua Viet Nam sang My khong ngung tang cao Xuat khau sang thi trudng Hoa Ky hien r dang chiem khoang 20% tong kim ngach xuat khau cua ca nude, mat hang •> r •> nong san, thuy san chiem ty Ion nhat nhom hang nong lam thuy san r r •> Tuy nhien, thuc te dang dat vdi cac doanh nghiep xuat khau Viet Nam la co nhieu mat hang nong san bi t£r choi nhap khau vi khong dap ung dugc cac tieu r y chuan ky thuat cua Hoa Ky Hang loat cac vu tranh chap ve catfish va tom da gay thiet hai khong nhd den tdng gia tri kim ngach xuat khau Lam the nao de vugt qua cac rao can ky thuat thuong mai doi vdi hang nong san xuat khau sang Hoa Ky dang r y y r t la van de quan tarn hang dau cua cac nha xuat khau Viet Nam Hon nua, viec vugt qua dugc cac rao can ky thuat thuong mai cua Hoa Ky cung se giup hang nong san Viet Nam tiep can duoc nhieu thi trudng cac nude cong nghiep phat trien khac De tai: “Vufft rao can ky thuat thirong mai doi vdi hang nong san cua Viet Nam xuat khau sang thi trirdng Hoa Ky den nam 2015” duoc thuc hien nham gop phan giup cac doanh nghiep xuat khau nong san Viet Nam tim hieu ve cac rao can ky thuat ma Hoa Ky dang su dung vdi hang nong san Viet Nam va de cac bien phap vugt qua cac rao can ky thuat 1.2 Muc tieu nghien cicu cua de tai ■t r y r - Tong quan ve rao can ky thuat thuong mai quoc te noi chung va cac rao can ky thuat cua Hoa Ky doi vdi hang nong san noi rieng; - Phan tich thuc trang ap dung rao can ky thuat thuong mai cua Hoa Ky doi vdi hang nong san cua Viet Nam va thuc trang vugt rao can nay; x r r r - De xuat mgt so giai phap giup cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam chu dong doi va cd cac giai phap de vugt qua cac rao can 71 - Day manh hop tac quoc te nham nang cao nang luc cac don vi lam cong tac giong A r r r - Dau tu hon nua cho chuong trinh khuyen nong, khuyen lam, phat huy moi lien ket giua co quan chon tao giong voi mang luoi khuyen nong, khuyen lam ca nuoc - Tap trung nghien cuu phat trien cong nghe chon tao, san xuat giong tot doi voi nhung doi tuong co loi the thi truong, nhung doi tuong nuoi moi co gia tri "> r r va chu y cac doi tuong ban dia de lam phong phu cac mat hang san xuat, giam bot rui ro dich benh xay Nhap noi giong phai bat buoc phai qua khau kiem nghiem, kiem soat nham dam bao an toan cho san xuat Khuyen khich cac phan kinh te tham gia cong tac chon tao giong Tang cuong cong tac quan ly doi voi viec san xuat, nhap noi, kinh doanh giong Dong thoi xay dung va thuc hien cac chien luoc ung dung cong nghe sinh hoc chon tao giong, bao ton quy gen 3.2.I.6 Ky ket cac hiep dinh song phuong va da phuong ve chat luong va hieg dinh cong ohao qua giam dioh lao ohau vdi My Trong dieu kien hoi nuoc ta hien trinh kinh te - xa hoi cung nhu khoa hoc cong nghe thap so voi the gioi, ben canh cac tieu chuan ky thuat tong nuoc lai khong phu hop voi tieu chuan quoc te, thi viec hang hoa xuat khau dap ung duoc yeu cau khat khe cua cac nuoc dang phat trien nhu My la rat kho khan Cung voi cac giai phap tu hoan thien tieu chuan nuoc thi tranh thu su giup cua cac quoc gia tien tien tren the gioi cung la mot bien phap huu hieu Mot mat ky ket nhung hiep dinh nay, chung ta se co dieu kien soat hiep dinh va ■ tham gia xay dung cac tieu chuan cho phu hop voi trinh phat trien cua dat x r r nuoc va tan dung duoc quyen nhan xet cac tieu chuan va quy dinh quoc te, bao ve duoc quyen loi cua quoc gia Mat khac, vi la quoc gia dang phat trien nen ky ket cac hiep dinh chung ta se nhan duoc mot so uu tien va ho tro nhat dinh ve von cung nhu ve nhan luc Den Viet Nam da tham gia vao kha nhieu to chuc tieu z z n z chuan quoc te nhu: Uy ban tu van cua ASEAN ve tieu chuan, Dien dan tieu chuan z z z e khu vuc Chau A Thai Binh Duong, va ky ket duoc mot so hiep dinh hop tac 72 lrnh vuc tieu chuan hoa, luong va chung nhan vdi cac nudc Nga, Trung Quoc, Ukraina, Tuy nhien viec ky ket hiep dinh song phuong cong nhan tieu chuan chat luong vdi My van chua thuc hien duoc, ma kho khan the hien ro la chung ta chua ky ket duoc hiep dinh ve kiem dich dong thuc vat vdi My, do hang hoa van bi kiem soat rat chat che gay bat loi cho cac doanh nghiep xuat khau De khac phuc duoc tinh trang nay, Chinh phu can len ke hoach dam phan va ky ket vdi My mot hiep dinh cap chinh phu nham cong nhan lan ket qua giam dinh cua cac co quan cd tham quyen doi vdi mot so mat hang nong san Dong thdi de tao dieu kien thuan loi giup cac doanh nghiep xuat khau nong san de dang tiep can thi trudng My hon, chinh phu nen cd dinh huong va dam phan vdi FDA nham tranh thu su bien va ung dung cac tieu chuan ve sinh an toan doi vdi cac san pham lien quan cua Viet Nam _ A 3.2.1.7 Dao tao nguon nhan lye Mot nhung nguyen nhan khien cho hang hoa Viet Nam khong vuot qua duoc cac rao can ky thuat tren cac thi trudng ldn la cac doanh nghiep mdi chi quan tam den san pham cuoi cung chu chua chu den viec kiem soat chat luong sudt ca qua trinh san xuat De thuc hien duoc dieu vua can cd luc luong lao dong tay nghe cao vira can mot doi ngu can bo quan ly chat luong cd chuyen mon, duoc dao tao bai ban Ddi vdi doi ngu can bo khoa hoc, yeu cau la phai duoc trang bi day du cac kien thuc ve quy trinh quan ly chat luong theo ISO, biet each ap dung cac phuong phap san xuat dap ung duoc cac yeu cau ve mdi trudng va dam bao trach nhiem vdi xa hoi Nha nudc cd the su dung cac chien luoc dao tao ngan han nhu tao dieu kien cho cac can bo chuyen nganh hoc hoi va nghien cuu thong qua cu di dao tao nudc ngoai hoac dau tu cac chuong trinh dao tao cd su tham gia cua cac chuyen gia nudc ngoai de trao doi kinh nghiem Dong thdi can thiet va nen dua cac chuong trinh dao tao va quan ly chat luong cac chuong trinh dai hoc, cao dang phuc vu cho chien luoc phat trien nguon nhan luc lau dai 73 Doi vdi doi ngu lao dong san xuat, nha nudc nen tang cudng cac ldp dao tao nghe de nang cao trinh chuyen mon va tay nghe cho cong nhan che bien va ngudi lao dong linh vuc san xuat Ben canh viec dao tao doi ngu can bo ky thu^t de hudng dan cho ba nong dan each chon giong, cham soc, thu hoach va bao quan nong san cung rat can thiet > r ' Trong de an tang cudng nang luc quan ly chat luong nong lam thuy san den nam 2015, Bo Nong nghiep va Phat trien Nong thon cung dua du an “Dao tao tang cudng nang luc luc luong can bo quan ly chat luong ndng lam thuy san” giai doan tu nam 2010 - 2020 vdi muc kinh phi du kien la 20 ty dong 3.2.2 Giai phap ticphia cac hiep hoi Trong xu the hoi nhap toan cau, vai trd cua cac Hoi va Hiep hoi cang trd nen quan Vai trd cua Hiep hoi dieu tiet san xuat nganh, bao ve quyen loi cua cac vien, tham muu cho Chinh phu de dieu chinh cor che, chinh sach, Hoat dong cua cac Hiep hoi cang cd anh hudng toi su phat trien cua doanh nghiep Trong nhung nam qua, cac Hiep hoi, nganh hang cua Viet Nam da cd nhung budc tien dang ke Hau het ca Hiep hoi da tap hop duoc cac nha san xuat, xuat khau ldn cua ca nudc theo tung nganh hang, cac Hiep hoi da quan tam den cong tac xue tien thuong mai nhat la cac Hiep hoi det may, thuy san, luong thuc, ca phe, giay dep Mot nhung cam ket cua Viet Nam gia nhap To chuc thuong mai the gidi WTO la Nha nudc se khong can thiep sau vao hoat dong kinh doanh cua doanh nghiep, vi the vai trd cua cac hiep hoi doanh nghiep cang ducrc nang cao Khi tham gia cac hiep hqi, cac doanh nghiep khong chi phat huy duoc sue canh tranh cua minh, trau doi kinh nghiem ma duoc giai dap cac khuc mac va cd co hoi dua cac kien nghi ve cor che chinh sach vdi co quan nha nudc Ndng san duoc coi la mat hang xuat khau chu luc cua Viet Nam, bao gom nhieu nganh hang khac nhau, vi vay viec xay dung cac hiep hoi cho tung nganh hang chu luc da duoc chu 74 trong nhung nam qua Tieu bieu co the ke den mot so hiep hoi hoat dong rat hieu qua la: Hiep hoi thuy san, hiep hoi ca phe, hiep hoi che, hiep hoi dieu, tieu, • ? r Tuy nhien, de nang cao vai tro cua cac hiep hoi viec xur ly va doi voi cac rao can ky thuat thuong mai cua cac thi truong ldn nhu Hoa Ky, cac hiep hoi can tap trung cung co mQt so hoat dong 3.2.2.1 Thuc hien tot nhiem vu ho tro thong tin cho doanh nghiep Nhu da de cap d nhom giai phap tu phia nha nudc la cung cd va thiet lap he thong thong tin cho doanh nghiep, vai tro cua cac hiep hoi tong he thong la cue ky quan va nha nudc Nhiem vu cua cac hiep hoi la tiep nhan cac de xuat, gop y cua doanh nghiep ve cac chinh sach cua nha nudc, sau se kien nghi len cac ban nganh co lien quan va phan hoi lai doanh nghiep De thuc hien tot nhiem vu cac hiep hoi can cung co he thong thong tin lien lac vdi cac doanh nghiep de dam bao thuong xuyen va kip thdi nhan va phan hoi thong tin Mat khac, cac hiep hoi la nguon cung cap thong tin chuyen nganh cho cac doanh nghiep huu hieu nhat My la mot thi trudng ldn vdi he thong phap luat cue ky phuc tap cd su khac giua cac bang, vi vay ma van de cung cap thong tin cho cac doanh nghiep cua cac hiep hoi can phai cu the, day du va kip thdi Nhiem vu cua cac Hiep hoi khong chi dung lai d cho cung cap thong tin khong chinh xac cho doanh nghiep ve cac rao can ky thuat ma phai phan tich va dinh hudng cac bien phap doi cho doanh nghiep Thuc te hien hau het cac hiep hoi cua chung ta mdi chi cd cac thi trudng nudc, cac chinh sach thuong mai noi dia chu chua tiep can duoc cac thong tin ? r a a the khac phuc ducrc dieu nay, hiep hoi can: - Hoan thien nguon thong tin ve thi trudng xuat khau theo hudng chuyen sau va cu the nham tao dieu kien thuan loi cho cac doanh nghiep hoat dong kinh doanh xuat khau cua minh 75 - Nhanh chong kien toan bo may, to chuc lai mo hinh hoat dong de thuc hien tot vai tro la nguoi ho tro doanh nghiep tim kiem thi truong, nguon nguyen lieu, giup lien ket cac doanh nghiep vdi de mo rong nang luc san xuat - Tang cuong cong tac tap huan va dao tao ve TBT cho doanh nghiep thong qua cac hoi nghi chuyen de ve TBT de cac doanh nghiep co co hoi duoc truc tiep f / a •> hoi va thac mac nhung dieu kho khan viec tim hieu va tim bien phap vuot rao can ky thuat thuong mai 3.2.2.2 Ho tro doanh nghiep tien trinh khoi kien va khang kien Mot nhung kho khan cua cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam tham nhap vao thi truong My la viec doi vdi cac vu kien Do nam luat khong vung vang va the yeu nen chung ta van lung tung, khong chu dong qua trinh khoi kien va khang kien dan den bi thua thiet va mat thoi gian Cac hiep hoi can dinh hudng va hudng dan cho cac doanh nghiep ve qua trinh khoi kien va khang kien ccs khau nhu chuan bi ve thu tuc ho so Chang han nhu gap tranh chap ve tieu chuan chat luong thi can co nhung giay to, chung nhan chat luong nao de lam bang chung khang kien, Dong thoi hiep hoi phai the hien duoc tieng noi chung cua cac doanh nghiep boi co tieng noi cua hiep hoi thi se giup giam bdt duoc viec xu ep tong cac vu tranh chap vdi My va cac nudc khac tren the gidi De thuc hien tot duoc dieu thi chinh ban than cac hiep hoi phai hieu va nam vung duoc luat phap cua My, co trinh chuyen mo cao va kha nang ung vdi cac tinh huong co the xay 3.2.2.3 Xay dung thuong hieu cho hiep hoi Mot nhung cach vuot rao can ky thuat thuong mai la xay dung duoc thuong hieu manh, co uy tin tren thi truong Vi hau het cac doanh nghiep xuat khau Viet Nam deu la doanh nghiep nho, chua co du tiem luc tai chinh cho chuong trinh xay dung thuong hieu toan cau thoi gian ngan, cho nen viec tao dung thuong hieu cho cac hiep hoi la giai phap huu hieu Thong qua Hiep hoi, cac doanh nghiep co co hoi quang ba san pham cua doanh nghiep minh tren thi truong My cung nhu 76 tren thi truong quoc te Cac hiep hoi nen xay dung nhieu chuong trinh quang ba thuong hieu san pham cua hiep hoi minh thong qua cac dai dien thuong mai va thuong xuyen to chuc cac hoi chg gidi thieu san pham Tuy nhien viec xay dung va cung co thuong hieu cho hiep hoi phai di doi vdi nang cao chat luong ndng san cua hiep hoi Muon lam dugc dieu thi cac hiep hoi can dua nhung quy dinh khat khe ve san pham, ve hoat dong kinh doanh, doi vdi cac doanh nghiep muon gia nhap hoi 3.2.3 Gidi phap tiephia cac doanh nghiep 3.2.3.1 Xay dung chien luac xuat khau Chien luge kinh doanh xuat khau dugc hieu nhu la mot he thong cac muc , e x e r t r tieu giai phap nham thuc hien cac muc tieu xuat khau Chien luge dugc xay dung tren ca sd danh gia chinh xac mdi quan he giua hai nhan to doanh nghiep va thi truong Ve phia doanh nghiep xuat khau, can phai xac dinh dugc vi tri hien tai cua minh tren thi trudng, muc tieu cua doanh nghiep va kha nang thuc hien muc tieu cua doanh nghiep Ve phia thi trudng, doanh nghiep can tra ldi cac cau hoi: dau la thi trudng hien tai cua doanh nghiep? Dau se la thi trudng cua donah nghiep? Cac thi trudng se bien doi nhu the nao? Trong doanh nghiep can chu viec tim hieu va nghien cuu thi trudng bdi My la mgt quoc gia ldn bao gom nhieu bang vdi he thong phap luat noi chung cung nhu quy dinh tieu chuan noi rieng cue ky phuc tap Nghien cuu thi trudng bao gom nghien cuu nhu cau tieu dung, nghien cuu doi thu canh tranh, nghien cuu dieu r x r kien kinh te xa hgi, luat phap, Cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam hau het tham nhap vao thi trudng My deu vudng mac d van de khong thong thao ve luat cua My thi trudc het cong tac tim hieu ve phap luat phai tot Cac doanh nghiep nen cd mot x > x r phong chuyen trach ve van de nghien cuu thi trudng, dac biet chu trgng den he thong phap luat quy dinh ve tieu chuan chat lugng Cong tac nghien cuu thi trudng 77 A A Z A can phai can than, day du va chinh xac, tranh tinh trang nam khong ro ve thu tuc, quy dinh dan den lung tung xay tranh chap Sau da phan tich duoc hai yeu to doanh nghiep va thi truong, doanh nghiep se dua duoc cac chinh sach phu hop nhu chinh sach san pham, chinh sach gia, chinh sach phan phoi va xuc tien ban hang, Mot chien luge kinh doanh phu hop se dam bao cho doanh nghiep nam bat dugc nhung co hoi va han che tdi da nhung rui ro kinh doanh Khi xam nhap z z vao thi truong My, chien luge xuat khau se giup cho doanh nghiep cu the hoa va 7 chu dong dugc tung budc di cua minh Viec xay dung chien luge xuat khau phai dua tren chu truong chinh sach cua nha nudc, cua Hiep hoi, dong thdi gan ket vdi the manh va tiem nang rieng cua doanh nghiep 3.2.3.2 Tao dyng thiccmg hieu doanh nghiep Bat cu doanh nghiep nao muon tiep thi, quang cao san pham cua minh thi trudng, xuc tien thuong mai hoat dong san xuat kinh doanh deu phai dua vao thuong hieu Doi vdi thi trudng canh tranh khoc liet nhu d My thi viec tao dung thuong hieu khong phai la dieu de dang Hau het cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam deu la doanh nghiep nhd, song cung khong nen chu quan, ma van phai coi viec xay dung thugng hieu va gan nhan mac cho san pham Mot giai phap huu hieu doi vdi cac doanh nghiep xuat khau vira va nhd la hgp tac de su dung thuong hieu cua doanh nghiep da noi tieng, vua hoc hoi kinh nghiem vua cho cho doanh nghiep du sue manh de xay dung thuong hieu cho rieng minh Tao dung dugc thuong hieu cho san pham cua minh khong chi giup cac doanh nghiep xuat khau nong san quang ba dugc san pham cua minh den ngudi tieu dung ma giup cac doanh nghiep tranh dugc cac rao can, tranh chap ve thuong hieu Song qua trinh tao dung va quang ba thuong hieu cua minh, cac doanh nghiep can luu y den van de dang ky bao ho thuong hieu d nudc ngoai Thuc te thdi gian qua da xay kha nhieu vu nhan hieu cua Viet Nam bi chiem doat, tranh chap d thi trudng nudc ngoai khong dugc dang ky, bao ho Dien hinh nhat thdi gian qua la vu thuong hieu ca phe Buon Me Thuot cua Viet Nam bi xam 78 pham tren thi truong Trung Quoc Day la mot van de kha lo ngai cua cac doanh nghiep hien Mot nhan hieu khong duoc dang ky bao ho kip thoi nuoc e r r r r ngoai de doi tac chiem doat mat thi doanh nghiep se phai ganh chiu hau qua rat nang ne Khi do, neu hang hoa chua xuat vao thi truong thi viec xuat hang se khong thuc hien duoc, doanh nghiep se phai thay doi nhan hieu va chi phi tiep thi mdi Dac biet, hang hoa cua doanh nghiep dang xuat khau tai thi trudng thi ngudi chiem doat nhan hieu co the yeu cau phap luat can thiep vao hang hoa nhap khau co the bi bat giu, xu phat va doanh nghiep se mat luon thi phan Vi vay, de dat dupe cong tren thi trudng, viec tao dung va bao ve thuong r r r r Chat luong san pham la yeu to canh tranh quan trong kinh doanh xuat khau Chat luong nong san phu thuoc rat nhieu vao kha nang che bien hay noi dung hon la cong nghe che bien Hang nong san Viet Nam dupe danh gia la co nhieu loi the hon so vdi cac quoc gia xuat khau khac Tuy nhien gia san pham cua chung ta thap Nguyen nhan la chat luong chua dat tieu chuan quoc te va ham luong che e r r r x r "> bien thap nen hau het phai xuat khau dudi dang nguyen lieu tho Giai phap cho r r a a chat luong san pham dau va tang ham luong che bien cho nong san r r \ r r 3.2.2.4 Ap dung he thong tieu chuan chat luong dap ungyeu cau xuat khau r r \ Di ddi vdi viec doi mdi cong nghe che bien, doanh nghiep can chu dong ap dung cac he thong tieu chuan chat luong quoc te ve an toan ve sinh nhu ISO 9000, HACCP, ISO 14000, SA 8000 Tren thuc te cd mot so doanh nghiep da ap dung kha tot cac he thong nay, lai phan ldn la ap dung mot each hinh thuc va ddi Cac doanh nghiep van chua nhan thuc dupe vai tro cua cac he thong tieu chuan chat / Z r ' • r dung he thong tieu chuan chat luong mot each cd hieu qua la mot yeu cau cap thiet ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep xuat khau nong san hien 79 Tuy thuoc vao mat hang xuat khau va kha nang cua doanh nghiep ma doanh r p p nghiep co the lua chon cho minh he thong quan ly chat luong phu hop nhat Chang han, doi vdi cac doanh nghiep xuat khau thuy san sang My thi viec ap dung HACCP A P A la mot dieu kien bat buoc Dong thoi cac doanh nghiep cung can hudng su quan tam den tieu chuan ve lao dong va trach nhiem xa hoi SA 8000, he thong quan ly mdi trudng ISO 14000 bdi phia My cang quan tam nhieu hon den hanh vi dao due va trach nhiem cua doanh nghiep va van de bao ve mdi trudng Ngoai ra, de cd the dap ung cac yeu cau cang gia tang cua thi trudng, doanh nghiep cd the ap dung phuong phap quan ly chat luong tong the TQM (total quality management) TQM la mot phuong phap quan ly giai quyet tung van de do, cot loi la chat luong moi khia canh va nhiem vu tung hoat dong Khi ap dung TQM, nha xuat khau khong nhung phai trai qua cac giai doan nhu ISO 9000 va ISO 14000 va cac van de bat buoc nhu nhan hieu CE (European Comformity - Nhan hieu theo tieu chuan Chau Au), HACCP ma phai chu y tdi tac dong doi vdi xa hoi r p 3.2.2.5 Kiem tra chat luong san pham tat cd cac khau tu thu p ppp mua, che bien den xuat khau Muon nang cao chat luong san pham, dac biet la hang ndng san thi phai kiem soat chat luong tu qua trinh thu mua tdi khau che bien va xuat khau Ngay tir thu mua nguyen lieu dau vao, doanh nghiep phai lua chon ky, kiem tra theo tieu chuan da dinh Tranh viec thu mua san pham mot each o at, khong kiem tra dupe r t p * p P hoac mua cac nguyen lieu hu hong hoac bi bom tap chat, de che bien san xuat Mot cuoc khao sat cua Bo thuy san tai Dong bang song Cuu Long cho thay, tinh trang bom trich tap chat vao nguyen lieu thuy san bung len vao vu tom mdi nam hien dang la van de nhuc nhoi d Ca Mau, Soc Trang, Bac Lieu, Do bom chich tap chat co the nang san luong tom len gap 10 lan nen vi nhung loi ich trudc mat, nhieu thuong lai, dai ly thu mua thuy san cac tinh phia Nam da len lut lam dieu Vi A ' A A P A vay de dam bao dupe nguon nguyen lieu dau vao can chu dong ky ket hop dong thu z _ ' r mua vdi ndng dan den mua thu hoach Thuc te d Viet Nam khau thu mua rat 80 le te, manh mun gay nen tinh trang thieu nguyen lieu ma chat lugng can chuan bi X A 7 tot, lien he vdi ngudi nong dan tu san pham tdi luc thu hoach, cd the dat trudc vdi cac tieu chuan quy dinh de sau khau thu mua nguyen lieu se co chat lugng cao hon, on dinh hon Trong khau che bien san pham can chu y van de ve sinh, khong de cac tap chat, rac, Ian vao san pham, dong thdi tuyet doi khong su dung cac hoa chat doc hai qua trinh che bien Cac san pham nong san xuat khau sang Hoa Ky bi tra lai cua Viet Nam phan ldn la du lugng khang sinh hoac du lugng thuoc bao ve thuc vat cao hon muc binh thudng Do cac doanh nghiep can het sue chu y qua trinh che bien, can kiem tra thudng xuyen de dam bao san pham khong chua r \ r cac chat hoac nong cac chat trai quy dinh cho phep cua Hoa Ky 3.2.2.6 Nang cao trinh chuyen mon nghiep vu Nang cao trinh chuyen mon trudc het la nang cao trinh nhan thuc ve rao can ky thuat cho doi ngu can bo quan ly doanh nghiep va cho ngudi lao dong de ho hieu mot each dung dan ve ban chat va tam quan trgng cua viec thuc hien quan ly chat lugng Thuc te la nhieu doanh nghiep van tri thdi quen san xuat cua nen kinh te bao cap, tri tre viec tiep thu cai mdi va thich ung vdi nhu cau thi trudng, ho chi tap trung vao san xuat De thuc hien dugc viec nang cao trinh nhan thuc ve TBT, di dau la cac can bo quan ly cua doanh nghiep phai chu dong tiep can cac kien thuc mdi ve TBT noi chung va tren thi trudng My noi rieng cung nhu cac chu truong chinh sach cua Nha nudc hudng dan doi vdi cac rao can Cac can bo cd vai tro chu chot viec bien lai vdi doi ngu lao dong doanh nghiep Nang cao trinh chuyen mon nghiep vu la nang cao tay nghe va trinh cua cong nhan san xuat Nguyen nhan dan den san pham chat lugng kern khong chi o cho day chuyen san xuat lac hau ma trinh san xuat cua cong nhan chua cao, nhieu thieu xot qua trinh che bien Vi vay, cac doanh nghiep dugc quy trinh san xuat cung nhu chuong trinh quan ly chat lugng de qua trinh thuc hien quan ly chat lugng dien dong bo va hieu qua 81 3.2.2.7 Cac bien phap khac - Lien ket vdi cac doanh nghiep cua cac quoc gia khac tren the gidi Mdi doanh nghiep deu cd nhung uu the rieng, neu chung ta biet tao lien ket se cd co hoi de khai thac kinh nghiem quan ly, tai nguyen, von, trinh khoa hoc cong nghe - Phoi hop cac co quan quan ly nha nudc viec giai quyet cac vudng mac thi trudng Trong nhung trudng hop vudng mac vdi thi trudng My, doanh nghiep can lap tuc thong bao va phoi hop vdi cac co quan chuc nang cua Viet Nam de kip thdi giai quyet nham ngan chan va giam bdt cac tranh chap, xung dot gay bat loi tdi uy tin cua doanh nghiep cung nhung hang hoa Viet Nam tren thi trudng My 82 KET LUAN • La mot nudc ndng nghiep vdi dieu kien tu nhien dia ly vd cung thuan loi, dan so dong, Viet Nam rat cd the manh viec xuat khau cac mat hang ndng san Tren thuc te day cung chinh la mat hang xuat khau chu luc cua Viet Nam, hang nam z a f z dem ve luong ngoai te khong nho cho dat nudc Tuy nhien, hoat dong xuat khau nhung mat hang ndng san cua chung ta thdi gian qua van chua tuong xung AZ A vdi tiem nang Mot mat la chung ta gap nhieu kho khan, han che viec nang cao chat luong hang hoa, nhung mat khac, la hang hoa cua chung ta Z A e thdi gian qua da phai doi mat vdi nhieu rao can ky thuat thuong mai cua cac nudc Hien nay, so cac thi trudng ldn cua Viet Nam, thi Hoa Ky duoc danh Z Z gia la thi trudng ldn va quan nhat Song day lai la thi trudng noi tieng vdi nhung rao can ky thuat thuong mai het sue tinh vi va duoc xep vao loai nghiem Z Z A ngat nhat the gidi De bao ve thi trudng nudc, Hoa Ky da dat cac yeu cau va tieu chuan rat khat khe doi vdi hang hoa nhap khau tu cac nudc khac, cd Viet Nam Rao can ky thuat thuong mai cua nudc doi vdi hang hoa nhap khau Z Z A da gay rat nhieu thiet hai cho cac doanh nghiep xuat khau hang hoa Viet Nam thdi gian qua Ba chuong cua luan van da trinh bay va phan tich khai quat ve cac rao can ky thuat thuong mai va thuc trang rao can ky thuat doi vdi hang ndng san cua Viet Nam ma Hoa Ky dang ap dung, dong thdi cung kien nghi mot so giai phap vuot qua cac rao can ky thuat Tren co sd su dung cac phuong phap tong hop, thong ke, so sanh, sau nghien cuu de tai, luan van da dat duoc nhung ket qua sau: Z A A Z Z Trinh bay nhung van de cor ban ve rao can ky thuat thuong mai quoc te gom: khai niem ve rao can ky thuat thuong mai, phan loai rao can ky thuat thuong mai, xu hudng rao can ky thuat va nhung quy dinh cua WTO ve rao can ky thuat thuong mai quoc te Trinh bay nhung quy dinh cua Hoa Ky ve rao can ky thuat thuong mai doi vdi mat hang ndng san 83 Trinh bay thuc trang xuat khau mot so mat hang nong san chu luc cua Viet Nam sang thi truong Hoa Ky va nhung tac dong cua cac rao can ky thuat cua nuoc doi voi cac mat hang thoi gian qua Tren co so thuc trang nhung tac dong cua cac rao can ky thuat thuong mai cua Hoa Ky doi voi hang nong san xuat khau cua Viet Nam, dua mot so giai phap nham giup doanh nghiep xuat khau cua Viet Nam vuot qua duoc cac rao can ky thuat thuong mai 84 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO I Tieng Vi?t PGS.TS Nguyen Huu Khai (2005), “Hang rao phi thue quan chinh sach thuong mai quoc te”, NXB Lao dong - Xa hoi PGS.TS Nguyen Huu Khai (2005), “Nhan sinh thai doi vdi hang hoa xuat khau va tieu dung noi dia”, NXB Ly luan chinh tri GS Bui Xuan Luu - PGS.TS Nguyen Huu Khai (2006), “Giao trinh kinh te Ngoai thuong”, NXB Lao dong - Xa hoi Hoang Thi Bich Loan, Nguyen Thi Ngan Loan, Tap chi Thuong mai so 18/2005, “Xuat khfiu hang thuy san Viet Nam vao thi trudng Hoa Ky - nhirng van de dat ra” PGS.TS Nguydn Thi Mo, “Tim hieu ve chinh sach nhap khau cua Hoa Ky va nhung bien phap thuc day xuat khau hang hoa cua Viet Nam sang thi trudng Hoa Ky sau Hiep dinh thuong mai Viet Nam - Hoa Ky co hieu luc” (2002), Bo thuong mai TS Tran Van Nam (2005), Dai hoc Kinh te quoc dan, Hang rao ky thuat cua Hoa Ky doi vdi thuy san xuat khau cua Viet Nam PGS TS Dinh Van Thanh (2005), “Rao can thuong mai quoc te”, NXB Thdng ke PGS TS Vo Thanh Thu (2005), “Chien luge xam nhap thi trudng My”, NXB Thdng ke Uy ban chau Au phoi hop cung Bo Thuong mai Viet Nam thuc hien (2002), “Khia canh phap ly cua cac bien phap SPS” 10 Phong Thuong mai va Cong nghiep Viet Nam VCCI (2002), “Kinh doanh vdi thi trudng Hoa Ky ’ ’ 11 De tai nghien cuu khoa hoc cap Bo, trudng Dai hoc Ngoai Thuong (2005), “Mot so giai phap vugt rao can ky thuat thuong mai doanh nghiep Viet Nam xuat khau hang hoa sang thi trudng mot so nudc phat trien” 85 11 Tieng Anh 12 Daniel A Summer, University of California, Davis Vincent H.Smith, Montana State University, C Parr Rosson, Texas A&M University; “Tariff and Non - Tariff Barriers to Trade” 13 The ISO Advisory Group on Social Responsibility; “Working report on Social Responsibility” 14 Quan Yi; “Ten Trends in technical barriers to trade” 15 RAND Science and Technology for National Institute of Standards & Technology (August 2004), Planning Report 04-3, “Measuring Economic Effects of Technical Barriers to Trade on US Exporters” 16 USDA, “A framework for Analyzing Technical Barriers to Trade in Agricultural Market” 17 USDA, “Determinents of Economics - Based Protections from Technical Barriers to US Agricultural Export”