Chính sách đối với lao động xuất khẩu việt nam trở về nước

r -Z §-SzH p JMp tWT*] Jr- ^,4 R/£^Zj| [ a p - _1 ã.; - ã '-'-ô ■ r£?T^J '' - -~**** PWw'.'i L g^j ” a -^4 - - _.7j - %_ _ *»'*’ TRUONG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN ■ ■ sosoCSgsgs - PHAN THI PHUONG HOA • ■ DAI HOC KTQD TT THONG TIN THIS VIEN PHONG LUAN AN-Tl LIEU r r a*' r 1.2.4.3 Chien lucre phat trien kinh te-xa hoi 21 1.2.4.4 Moi trudng quoc te 22 DANH MUC CAC CH# VIET TAT Chu- viet tat Nghia day du ASEAN Hiep hoi cac Quoc gia Dong Nam A (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) CMKT Chuyen mon ki thuat Cue QLLDNN Cue Quan ly lao dong ngoai nude DOLAB Cue quan ly lao dong ngoai nude (Department of Overseas Labour) HDLD Hop dong lao dong ILSSA Vien Khoa hoc Lao dong va Xa hoi (Institute of Labour Science and Social Affairs) LDTB & XH Lao dong Thuong binh va Xa hoi LDXK Lao dong xuat khau P Don vi tien te cua Philippin (Peso) USD Do la My (United States dollar) XKLD Xuat khau lao dong z y Z •> 1.3 Kinh nghiem cua Philippin ve chinh sach doi vdi lao dong xuat khau trd1 ve nuoc va bai hoc doi voi Viet Nam 22 1.3.1 Kinh nghiem cua Philippin vd chinh sach ddi vdi lao dong xudt khdu trd vd nude 22 1.3.2 Bai hoc ddi vdi Viet Nam 26 CHtfONG - THtfC TRANG CHINH SACH DOI Vdi LAO • • DONG XUAT KHAU VIET NAM TRO VE NtfOC 27 Z y •> 2.1 Thue trang ngiroi lao dong xuat khau Viet Nam tro1 ve nuoc 27 r z y •? z 2.1.1 Thue trang so luong va chat luffng lao dong xuat khau trd vd nude 27 2.1.2 Three trang ddi song cua lao dong xuat khau Viet Nam trd ve nude 32 2.1.3 Thue trang tham gia thi trirdng lao dong ntrdc cua lao dong xudt khau Viet Nam trd vd nude 36 2.2 Thue trang chinh sach ddi vdi lao dong xuat khau Viet Nam tro’ vd nuo’c43 2.2.1 Chinh sach dao tao va dao tao lai cho lao dong xuat khau trd vd nudc43 2.2.2 Chinh sach tao viec lam cho lao dong xuat khau trd vd nude 45 2.2.3 Chinh sach ho trff dau tu san xudt kinh doanh cho lao dong xuat khdu y trd vd nude 49 2.2.4 Chinh sach tin dung 49 2.2.5 Chinh sach thud 50 2.2.6 Chinh sach tdi hoa nhap cong ddng cho lao dong xudt khdu trd vd nude ; 50 z z •> 2.3 Danh gia thuc trang chinh sach ddi vdi lao dong xuat khau Viet Nam trd’ ve nude 52 2.3.1 Nhirng tuu 52 2.3.2 Nhirng han che va nguyen nhan 54 z CHtfONG - PHtfONG HUONG VA GIAI PHAP HOAN THIEN CHINH SACH DOI VOl LAO DONG XUAT KHAU • • VIET NAM TRd VE NtfOC DEN NAM 2015 60 3.1 Du bao lao dong xuat khau Viet Nam tro1 vd nude den nam 2015 60 3.1.1 Boi canh nude vd qudc te tac dong den xudt khdu lao dong vd r lao dong xudt khdu trd vd nude 60 y 3.1.2 Du bao tinh hinh lao dong xudt khdu Viet Nam trd vd nude den nam 2015 62 3.2 Phuong huong hoan thien chinh sach doi vol lao dong xuat khau Viet Nam tro1 ve nuoc 64 3.2.1 Quan diem hoan thien chinh sach ddi vffi lao dong xuat khftu Viet Nani trff ve nucrc 64 r r •> 3.2.2 Noi dung hoan thien chinh sach doi vol lao dong xuat khau Viet Nam trff ve nud'c 66 3.3 Giai phap thyc thi chinh sach doi vol lao dong xuat khau Viet Nam trd’ ve nird’c 67 3.3.1 Ddi vd’i Nha nico'c 67 3.3.2 Doi vcri lao dong xuat khau trd ve nwffc 78 3.3.3 Ddi vd’i doanh nghiep xuat khau lao dong 79 KET LUAN 81 DANH MUC TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 82 • • DANH MUC BANG BIEU • Bang 2.1-Tdng hap LDXK Viet Nam trd ve nude phan theo khu virc 30 Bang 2.2-Tdng hap LDXK va LDXK Viet Nam trd ve nude phan theo tinh chat trd ve 31 Bang 2.3-Bao cao tong hop LDXK theo nganh (tu 01-01-2006 den 30-06-2009) 32 Bang 2.4-Ty le lao dong ty danh gia dirac nang cao trinh va nhan thuc phan theo gidi tlnh 34 Bang 2.5-Muc tich luy cua ngudi lao dong phan theo thdi gian lam viec tai nude ngoai 36 Bang 2.6-Ty le lao dong phan theo mac va hinh thuc su dung tien tich luy 36 Bang 2.7-Ddi song tinh cam cua ngudi lao dong sau di XKLD 38 Bang 2.8-Ca cau lao dong phan theo tinh trang viec lam sau ve nude va gidi tinh 39 Bang 2.9-Cu cau lao dong sau ve nude chia theo nghe nghiep va gidi tinh 41 Bang 2.10-Muc su dung kien thuc, kinh nghiem hien tai theo gidi tinh va thi trudng 43 Bang 2.11-Ca cau lao dong chia theo ly chua tim duuc viec lam sau ve nude .44 Bang 2.12-Ty le lao dong nhan dugc cac loai ho trg cua dia phuung va doanh nghiep 45 DANH MUC HINH VE Hinh 2.1- Co cau lao dong phan theo tinh trang viec lam dau tien cua ngudi lao dong d nude ngoai so vdi HDLD, gidi tinh va thi trudng nude ngoai 33 Hinh 2.2 - Mure song cua ngudi lao dong so vdi trade XKLD 37 Hinh 2.3 - Tinh trang ran nut quan he gia dinh cua NLD di XKLD 39 Hinh 2.4 - Ty le lao dong phan theo loai lao dong hien va trade 40 Hinh 2.5 - Ty le lao dong phan theo vi the cong viec hien va trade 41 Hinh 2.6 - Muc su dung kien thuc, kinh nghiem vao cong viec hien tai 42 Hinh 2.7 - Kenh tim viec lam cua ngudi lao dong 44 Hinh 3.1 - Du bao LDXK trd ve nude giai doan 2011 - 2020 68 DANH MUC SO DO Su 3.1 - Moi quan he cua Bo may khai thac de su dung LDXK trd ve nude 74 Su 3.2 - He thong to chuc thong tin ve viec lam 77 i TOM TAT LUAN VAN LOT MO DAU Tinh cap thiet cua de tai l Hang nam so luong LDXK Viet Nam trd ve nude la rat ldn Doi ngu lao dong co uu the ve trinh chuyen mon, ky nang tay nghe, kinh nghiem lam viec, tac phong cong nghiep, co kha nang ve kinh te va ngoai ngu Tuy nhien, Viet Nam chua co chien luge thu hut LDXK tra ve nude cung nhu chua tao moi trudng va dieu kien vi mo thuan lgi cho ngudi LDXK trd ve nude phat huy nhung uu thd cua ban than cac doanh nghiep dang thieu tram lao dong cd kinh nghiem va tay nghe Day la su bat cap viec thu hut, sir dung LDXK trd ve nude Tir tinh hinh thuc te neu tren, viec nghien cuu, danh gia thuc trang chinh sach cua Nha nude ddi vdi LDXK trd ve nude de tu kien nghi mot so giai phap nhdm thuc hien cd hieu qua chinh sach la rat cd y nghia va can thiet bdi canh hien Vi vay, de tai "Chinh sach ddi vdi lao dong xuat khiiu Viet Nam trd nude” dirge chon lam de tai nghien cuu luan van thac sy Muc dich nghien ciru Luan van nghien cuu ly luan va thuc tidn ve LDXK Viet Nam sau trd vd nude de de xuat cac chinh sach nham su dung cd hieu qua lire lugng lao dong vao phat trien kinh te dat nude Doi tirgng va pham vi nghien ciru 3.1 Doi tuong nghien ciru: Luan van nghien cuu ly luan va thuc tien ve xay dung va thuc thi chinh sach cua Nha nude ddi vdi ngudi LDXK trd ve nude 3.2 Pham vi nghien ciru: - Pham vi thdi gian: Luan van nghien cuu thuc trang giai doan 2005 - 2010, kien nghi den nam 2015 va tarn nhin den nam 2020 - Pham vi khong gian: Luan van nghien cuu thuc trang LDXK Viet Nam trd ve tu Dai Loan, Nhat Ban, Han Quoc va Malaysia tai bon dia phuang la Phu Tho, Bac Giang, VTnh Phuc, Thai Binh, nai cd nhieu lao dong di lam viec d nude ngoai Phirang phap nghien cuu Luan van su dung cac phuang phap nghien cuu chu yeu khoa hoc kinh td xa hoi tren co sd phuang phap luan cua chu nghia vat bien chung va vat lich su cua chu nghia Mac - Lenin, dong thdi ap dung phuang phap nghien cuu dinh tinh thu thap va xu ly thong tin ii Luan van sir dung ngudn du lieu thu thap tu cac tai lieu, thong tin noi bo: Cue QLLDNN, Trung tarn lao dong ngoai nude, Vien Nghien cuu Lao dong va Xa hoi (BoLDTB &XH), Ket cau luan van Ngoai ldi md dau, ket luan, bang cac chu viet tat, tai lieu tham khao, luan van gom ba chuang: Chuang 1: Ly luan chinh sach Nha nude ddi vdi lao dong xuat khau Viet Nam trd ve nude ? r \ Chuang 2: Thuc trang chinh sach ddi vdi lao dong xuat khau Viet Nam trd ve nude Chuang 3: Phuang hudng va gidi phap hoan thien chinh sach doi vdi lao dong xuat khau Viet Nam trd ve nude den nam 2015 CHUONG - LY LUAN CHINH SACH NHA NU'O'C DOI VOI LAO DONG XUAT KHAU VIET NAM TRO VE NUdC A a a a A a 1.1 Tam quan cua lao dong xuat khau Viet Nam trd ve nirdc So luang LDXK trd ve nude hang nam rat ldn va cd xu hudng tang LDXK trd ve nude cd nhung uu the ve trinh chuyen mon nhat dinh, kinh nghiem lam viec, tac phong cong nghiep va kha nang ngoai ngu nhat dinh Ben canh do, LDXK trd ve nude bao gid cung cd dieu kien han han cac lao dong nude ve dieu kien tai chinh Do vay, viec su dung LDXK Viet Nam trd ve nude mang lai nhung lai ich to ldn phat trien kinh te cua dat nude, giup giai toa can khat lao dong cd trinh chuyen mon va ngoai ngu cua cac doanh nghiep; tang kha nang cung cap ngudn nhan luc tham gia XKLD dong thdi han che tinh trang tron ngoai thdi gian lam viec d nude ngoai; bo sung cho dat nude nhung gia tri van hoa tien tiSn, tao moi bang giao, ddi tac mdi cho doanh nghiep nude r \ 9 r Chinh sach doi vdi LDXK trd ve nude: la tong the cac quan diem, nguyen tac va bien phap cua nha nude nham to chuc khai thac, thu hut va su dung ngudn nhan luc sau hoan hap dong lao dong a nude ngoai trd ve Viec xay dung chinh sach ddi vdi LDXK trd ve nude phai can cu vao sd luong va chat luang LDXK trd ve nude; nhu cau ve ngudn lao dong cd trinh tay 69 Sff 3.1 - Mdi quan he cua Bo may khai thac de sic dung LDXK trff ve nu’dc (Ngudn: Tac gid) Nhu vay, theo so tren thi cor quan quan ly LDXK ve nude dat dugc cac yeu cau ve moi quan he sau: - Co mdi quan he vdi to chuc quan ly nguon nhan luc dang lam viec tai cac thi trudng nudc ngoai (td chuc dugc hieu la cac don vi nhu dai dien quan ly lao dong chuyen trach hoac ban chuyen trach cua ta tai nudc ngoai, cac dai dien doanh nghiep XKLD d nudc ngoai) Nhung td chuc co the la nhung kenh thong tin nong ve dien bien lao dong ve nudc qua cac nam - Co mdi quan he vdi Cue QLLDNN la cor quan quan ly lao dong true tiep thu nhan va cho phep thuc hien cac hgp ddng cung nhu cac bao cao thudng xuyen cua cac don vi hoat dong XKLD 70 - Co moi quan he vdi cac dia phuong (Sd LDTB & XH cua cac tinh, ca nudc) de nam bat dien bien ngudn nhan luc di va ve qua cac nam, ke ca cac lao dong theo hop dong ca nhan, cac don vi san xuat kinh doanh dang ky lam thu tuc qua sd - Nam dugc nguon nhan luc sau ve nudc theo nhom nganh can dao tao va khong can dao tao lai de bo sung hop ly theo nhu cau cua cac to chuc, don vi nudc Vd bo may chuyen trach hoac ban chuyen trach tai cac dia phuang co the thiet lap bo phan quan ly LDXK ve nudc nam Sd LDTB & XH b) Thdng tin quan ly He thong thong tin luon la mot chu de can thiet moi khau hoat dong cua < O A A XKLD He thong thdng tin viec lam cho LDXK trd ve nudc dugc the hien d so dudi day: He thdng thdng tin viec lam Nha nude, doanh nghiep XKLD va sir dung lao dong Dai phat thanh, Dai Truyen hinh Du bao viec lam cac khu cong nghiep tai 64 tinh, Trao ddi thdng tin ve viec lam va thdng tin ve LDXK trd ve nudc Long ghep chuyen muc viec lam nudc de phat song Sff 3.2 - He thdng td chuc thdng tin ve viec lam (Ngudn: Tac gid) A Z A •> t o Theo so 3.2, he thdng thdng tin ve viec lam the hien d noi dung sau: - Co quan quan ly Nha nudc ve LDXK trd ve nudc phoi hgp vdi Cue viec lam xay dung Website ve thdng tin viec lam nudc Tinh chat cua nhung viec lam 71 phai phu hop vdi nhung cong viec ma ngudi lao dong da duoc dao tao d nudc ngoai Cac thong -tin tren Website hien thi nhu cau viec lam cua cac co sd san xuat kinh doanh cua 64 tinh, ca nudc Khi vao moi su hien thi, noi dung bao gom danh sach cac don vi, dia chi co nhu cau lao dong theo tung vi tri nghe nghiep, so luong, tieu chi tuyen chon va muc luong cung cac co hoi thang tien khac, kem theo la danh muc cac doi tuong da duoc tuyen lua de ngudi lao dong dang d nudc ngoai co co hoi dang ky trudc ve nudc Cac thong tin cap nhat thudng xuyen de ngudi lao dong cac thi trudng co co hoi lua chon - Ngoai ra, nham tao nhung co hoi cho ngudi lao dong d nudc ngoai theo doi, y yr co quan quan ly Nha nudc ve LDXK trd ve nudc phoi hop vdi kenh VTV4 cua Dai Truyen hinh Viet Nam hoac Dai Tieng noi Viet Nam de long ghep chuyen muc viec lam nudc 'v ao chuong trinh co lien quan Chuyen muc vua cung cap thong tin cho cac trudng va co sd dao tao nudc ve dao tao nguon nhan luc, vua du bao nguon nhan luc d tam quoc gia va khu vuc - Noi mang ve he thong viec lam giua don vi: Cuc viec lam, doanh nghiep su dung lao dong nudc va doanh nghiep hoat dong XKLD Trong do: > Nha nudc can xay dung co che chinh sach ho tro dao tao nhan luc cho doanh nghiep, nhu giam thue cho cac don vi neu ho tu dao tao duoc nguon luc ky thuat, mien thue doi vdi nhung hang hoa, trang thiet bi ma doanh nghiep nhap khau phuc vu muc dich dao tao nhan luc ky thuat > Doanh nghiep su dung lao dong chu dong tham gia dao tao lai nguon nhan luc cho chinh minh, dong thdi can chu dong tim doi tac lien ket dao tao va tranh thu doi ngu giao vien d cac trudng Ben canh do, doanh nghiep thong bao sdm ve nhu cau nhan luc can dao tao, nhu cau tuyen dung lao dong cho cac trudng (hoac cac co sd dao tao lai cua tap doan, to chuc kinh te) de ho co ke hoach quy tu nguon nhan luc ky thuat, kip thdi boi dudng lai cho sat vdi yeu cau thuc te cua -doanh nghiep > Doanh nghiep XKLD phai kip thdi thong bao ke hoach nguon nhan luc XKLD ket thuc cong viec d nudc ngoai trd ve tham gia vao thi trudng nudc cho cac doanh nghiep su dung thong qua co quan quan ly nha nudc ve linh vuc c) Ca che phoi hop Quan ly, su dung LDXK trd ve nudc co lien quan mat thiet va la mat xich cuoi cung cua hoat dong XKLD, lien quan den chinh sach viec lam phat trien kinh t£ 72 -xa hoi va cac chuong trinh viec lam quoc gia khac Do can phai co co che phoi hop de to chuc thuc hien giua cac to chuc lien quan bang mot chinh sach hop ly Neu mo hinh theo so 3.1 thi su phoi hop duoc the hien theo su chi phoi quan ly cua to chuc quan ly LDXK tro ve nuoc, phoi hop voi Cuc QLLDNN va cac doanh nghiep XKLD, san xuat kinh doanh de tu thiet lap he thong thong tin voi nhung quy che phoi hop thong nhat ke ca viec trien khai noi dung cua cac chinh sach su dung nguon nhan luc sau ve nuoc tiep can voi cac chinh sach 3.3.I.2 Tao viec lam va khuyen khich tao viec lam - Phat trien khu cong nghiep, khu che xuat voi nhung nganh nghe phu hap voi loi the cua dia phuong va nghe nghiep cua LDXK tro ve nuoc Phat trien kinh te dia phuong theo huong cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa can phai hinh cac khu cong nghiep, khu che xuat o cac vung nong thon, ven Chinh quyen dia phuong can quy hoach vung kinh te, hinh cac khu cong nghiep, khu che xuat phu hop voi dieu kien tai nguyen, uu the cua tung vung, tung dia phuong, xac dinh ro the manh, cac nganh nghe dac trung, bien, can thiet va phat huy hieu qua kinh te cua tung dia phuong de dinh huong cho LDXK hoc, dao tao, lam viec o nuoc ngoai theo nhung nghe Sau tro ve nuoc ho co the duoc tiep nhan vao cac co so o dia phuong - Tu van khoi nghiep, huong toi khoi phuc, phat trien cac lang nghe truyen thdng Hien nay, ca nuoc co 2.790 lang nghe, co 240 lang nghe truyen thong Hien cac lang nghe dang giai quyet viec lam cho khoang 11 trieu lao dong, bao gom ca lao dong thuong xuyen va lao dong khong thuong xuyen Tuy nhien, theo bao cao cua Bo NN&PTNT 11/2/2009, so lieu bao cao tu 38 tinh, truc thuoc Trung uong hien ca nuoc co lang nghe pha san, 124 lang nghe san xuat cam chung gap kho khan Khoang 2.166 ho san xuat co dang ky kinh doanh pha san Bao cao cung canh bao, neu thoi gian toi, khong co cac giai phap cap bach, kip thoi, tinh hinh pha san cua cac lang nghe co the nhieu hon nua va he luy tiep theo la so lao dong mat viec lam se cang nhieu, tang ganh nang cho xa hoi Truoc tinh trang Hiep Hoi lang nghe da de nghi voi Chinh phu phai lap Ban chi dao Nha nuoc ve van de tu van chi dao phat trien ben vung cac lang nghe Viet Nam Ban se giai quyet nhung van de khuc mac nhu phai co mot quy hoach 73 tdng the ve lang nghe Viet Nam, quy hoach va phan loai cu the cac lang nghe Doi voi cac lang nghe thdi diem hien tai khong co viec lam, ngudi lao dong co the tien hanh trdng nguyen lieu, trdng tre, may, theo nhu cau dieu kien cua tung vung Cac dinh huong phat trien nghe, cac yeu to de ngudi dan vay von ngan hang, duqc ho tro ngudn vOn, giai quyet viec lam, cac dinh huong hoan toan phu hop voi giai phap tu van khoi nghiep cho nguoi lao dong truoc XKLD de dat duoc ca hai muc tieu cua chien luoc hien Truoc het chinh sach doi voi nguon nhan luc la huong toi nhung doi tuqng tai cac lang nghe, nhung nghe nghiep phu hqp chu yeu la san xuat mang tinh to , r ■> r hqp, che bien nhu hang nong san, thu cong my nghe, tieu thu cong nghiep, kinh te trang trai, lang chai, Day la cau noi cua nhieu doi tuqng mong muon co co hoi tu khdng dinh minh xa hoi ma thong qua dudng XKLD de tim cach hoc tap, tiep can voi nhung kien thuc thuc te phat trien o muc cao hon, xac lap nghe nghiep > z Ngudi lao dong di lao dong o nuoc ngoai co nhieu muc dich khac nhau, da so la tao cong an viec lam truoc mat, nhien nguyen vong kha dong cua nien la A ■> ' Z > Z chon nghe, chon nuoc nhan lao dong de ve vua co von vua co nghe, so co mot so chu dong lap nghiep bang chinh minh nhu mo cac cong ty tu nhan, cac to hqp san xuat, dich vu, nhat la cac nganh nghe truyen thong dang co tren que huong, dia phuong minh Giai phap tot de hinh y thuc, quyet tam trau doi nghe nghiep, ngoai ngu truoc di lao dong nuoc ngoai la trang bi cho ho nhung gia tri huong toi cua nganh nghe cu the, nhung hoai bao ma ngudi lao dong du dinh qua trinh lam viec o nuoc ngoai Thong qua thi trudng tiep nhan lao dong, nganh nghe duqc lam viec ma ngudi lao dong co dieu kien hoc hoi, tro ve nuoc sau thdi gian lam viec o nuoc ngoai, nhidu ngudi lao dong da phat huy duqc von kien thuc tich luy duqc de lap nghiep tai que huong cong Do do, nhung dien hinh LDXK ve nuoc da cong can duqc biSn rong rai toi doi ngu lao dong truoc di xuat khau Tac gia xin gioi thieu mot vai dien hinh: - Y tuong cua viec di lao dong tai Dai Loan cua chi Nguyen Thi Huong tinh Thai Nguyen de co co hoi hoc kinh nghiem san xuat va che bien che sach da tro hien thuc, tu mot nong dan thuan sau ve nuoc voi quyet tam hoc hoi va lap 74 nghiep san xuat che bien che tren que huong minh chi da cong viec khdi nghiep lap cong ty Van Tai, qua xay dung duuc vung nguyen lieu hang chuc hec ta, tao hai thuong hieu che O Long va Hong Tra dong thdi tao cong an viec lam cho 50 lao dong khac tren que huong minh - Trudng hup chi Nguyen Thi Thuy, Giam doc Cong ty TNHH xuat nhap khau Ben Vung, san xuat dua xuat khau d thon Phan Son, xa Dong Son, huyen Yen Dung, tinh Bac Giang Tham gia XKLD tai Dai Loan nam 2002, duac tiep can vdi co sd san xuat dua qua trinh lam viec, chi Thuy chiu kho tranh thu hoc nghe, tim hieu thiet bi Nhd chu nha giup dd, gidi thieu, chi da lien he vdi mot doanh nghiep ben nhan bao tieu san pham lam nghe Het thdi han lao dong d nudc ngoai, chi Thuy trd ve que cung moi ngudi gia dinh bat tay vao lap doanh nghiep, xay dung nha xudng Tu lap (nam 2006) tdi nay, cong ty da xuat gan 100 tan dua vdi doanh thu gan 10 ty dong, rieng tu dau nam den nay, cong ty xuat hang tram tan dua vdi doanh so hang chuc ti dong, tao viec lam thudng xuyen cho khoang 50 lao dong, chu yeu la cac gia dinh chinh sach - Nha nuac ho tra tao viec lam qua cac chuang trinh hang nam, co chinh sach ho tra nhu nien lap nghiep, vay von uu dai, co quan quan ly cung can nam ro so lao dong co nguyen vong nay, de xay dung va bien chinh sach cung nhu tac nghiep thuan lai Cac tieu chi ho tra cua nha nudc thong qua cac chinh sach ve dang ky kinh doanh, dat dai, nha xudng, tu lieu san xuat, von, dao tao, cho ngudi lao dong lap nghiep dudi moi hinh thuc phai tao duac dong luc de co tinh hien thuc cao va nhanh chong, kip thdi ngudi lao dong tham gia lap nghiep Dac biet phai the hien bang chinh sach ho tra ho sau ve nudc tai thiet nghe nghiep, noi dung cua chinh sach can the hien doi vdi nguon nhan luc lap nghiep gom: > Chinh sach ve mien, giam thue (pho bien ro trudng hap uu tien mien, giam thue nganh hang, khu vuc san xuat kinh doanh va thdi gian cu the) > Chinh sach ho tra vay von san xuat, kinh doanh cho cac khu vuc vung ngheo, tu kinh nghiem cua nudc ngoai, ngudi lao dong duac vay von can cu vao phuong an cu the (so luang, lo trinh von vay) - Nha nuac khuyen khich doanh nghiep su dung LDXK sau ve nuac Thong qua viec gidi thieu nhung thong tin ve doi ngu lao dong da hoan hoac sap hoan 75 XKLD, doanh nghiep co the lira chon nhirng ngudi lao dong phu hpp vdi yeu cau cua cong viec va tuyen dung ho vao lam viec tai to chuc cua minh 3.3.1.3 Co chinh sach khuyen khich nguai LDXK trd ve nudc su dung hap ly nguon tdi chinh Da so nhung ngudi lao dong sau XKLD da khong dinh huong cho minh viec lam ve nudc Phan ldn tien tich luy sau XKLD bi su dung hoang phi, tien dau tu khong dung hudng, nghe nghiep chuyen mon dan bi mai mot, tham chi an choi hoang phi de roi lai trd ngudi du thira cua xa hoi Neu nha nudc tiep tuc co nhung chinh sach hudng nghiep khuyen khich lao dong tu tao viec lam, dau tu vao san xuat kinh doanh, tao dong luc ve tai chinh cung nhu ho trp khac ve kinh te thi se tao cu huych cho nhung ngudi lao dong trd ve tir cac qudc gia co nen kinh te phat trien ma thdi gian lam viec d nudc do, ngudi lao dong da hoc & nghien cuu cong de roi ve nudc se td chuc kinh doanh, san xuat tren que huong minh Di nhien nhung nganh, nghe nao thuc su cd ich cho su phat trien kinh te nudc ta thi cang phai co nhung chinh sach ho trp uu dai hon Tren quan diem phat trien kinh te va ho trp LDXK trd ve nudc su dung hpp ly ngudn tai chinh vao tao viec lam, dau tu san xuat kinh doanh, tu nhung bai hoc kinh nghiem qudc te, tir nhung dien hinh thuc te nudc thdi gian qua, cho phep chung ta thiet ke va xay dung nhom chinh sach ve ho trp kinh te - tai chinh Tuy thuoc vao tinh kha thi cua tirng loai du an, suat dau tu dir an, y nghia va gia tri cua du an cua ngudi LDXK trd ve nudc, tinh phu hpp ve dieu kien tai chinh cung nhu co che doi mdi kinh te cua Nha nudc cd the cho phep de xuat muc uu dai tin dung de phat trien nghe nghiep nhu: - Cho vay uu dai vdi lai suat thap de dau tu co sd ban dau, mua sam phuong tien san xuat theo de an cua ngudi lao dong Muc vay theo ke hoach dir an dupe tham dinh - Cho thue dat kinh doanh, san xuat uu dai tai que huong Thdi han vay dam bao thich hpp cho ngudi lao dong cd the tuong tu nhu cac chinh sach giam ngheo khac Thu tuc vay dam bao don gian, khong nhat thiet phai cd vat chat bao dam ma chi can dia phuong, doanh nghiep xac nhan la du X A 3.3.1.4 Bdi duang, dao tao lai nghe nghiep Day cung la co sd de de xuat cac chinh sach ho trp cu the cua nha nudc cung nhu cac to chuc kinh te, tai chinh, giao due dao tao va td chuc xa hoi tham gia giup 76 ngudi lao dong ve nudc tai thiet viec lam va on dinh cuoc song, vi du nhu su phdi hop giua doanh nghiep sir dung va doanh nghiep XKLD tro giup ngudi lao dong dao tao lai theo don hang viec lam hoac tham gia hoc tap tao nghe mdi Philippin, Malaysia la qudc gia cd chinh sach dao tao lai ngudi lao dong sau XKLD de tiep tuc su dung ho ve nudc Nhung hang muc boi dudng, dao tao phai thuc su thiet thuc, dung ddi tuong nhat la su dung cac tap doan, td chuc san xuat ma lao dong thuc hien theo nhom (dong tau, xay dung, lap rap dien tu ), nhu vay viec tap hqp, td chuc hd trq dao tao lai ngudi lao dong sau XKLD vd nudc vdi dung chuyen mon, nganh nghe la het sue quan trong dieu kien cu thd cua nudc ta De thuc hien hieu qua nhom giai phap nay, trudc het la ke hoach ve nudc hang nam cua ngudi lao dong sau XKLD, bao ham ve khu vuc dinh cu, kem theo ho la he thdng nghe nghiep can phan dinh theo nhu cau cua cac don vi tung khu vuc (cd tinh den yeu td nguyen vong di cu nudc cua ngudi lao dong), sd ngudi su dung va sd ngudi can duqc boi dudng dao tao lai theo ke hoach ve loai nghe nghiep, thdi gian, dia diem va nhu cau su dung ho Su gan ket giua don vi XKLD va nha su dung lao dong nudc tir td chuc khai thac, thu hut va quan ly gidi thieu sir dung ngudn nhan lire sau XKLD la rat can thiet vi tinh hqp ly, nhung tac nghiep trudc phai dam bao chinh xac va len ke hoach cu the tir ngudi lao dong chuin bi ve nudc De cd ke hoach tdng the, cd the so bo phan lam nhom nhu sau: - Nhom cac ddi tuqng co the khong can dao tao lai: Cac trudng hqp thuc tap sinh va tu nghiep sinh tai Nhat Ban ve nudc co the lien he vdi cac doanh nghiep cua Nhat Ban dang cd mat tai Viet Nam de hqp tac Ben canh cung co nhieu cac don vi lien doanh, dau tu tir Nhat Ban Sd lao dong co nghe tai cac thi trudng Han Qudc, Malayssia, Dai Loan se xem xet den cac yeu td phu hqp ve noi trd ve cua lao dong cd gan vdi cac khu cong nghiep cd cac cong viec tuong tir de du bao ve ngudn nhan luc - Nhom cac ddi tuqng can dao tao lai la cac dia phuong chua co tinh phu hqp tren hoac cac doanh nghiep khac cd nhu cau sir dung nhung can trang bi them kien thuc va tay nghe de phu hqp Vdi nhom doi tuqng nay, nha nudc hd trq dao tao thdng qua cac tap doan kinh te de dao tao lai theo nhu cau cua chinh tap doan can sir dung ngudn nhan luc hoac theo nhu cau cua nguoi lao dong can dao tao nhung khong nhat thiet phai lam viec d chinh tap doan do, vi chi co cac tap doan kinh te mdi cd the 77 dao tao day du cac loai hinh nghe nghiep va phu hap vdi kien thuc cua sir thay doi phat trign Ngoai ra, chinh sach co the hudng su boi dudng, dao tao lai ddi vdi nhung lao dong chua thuc su gan ket vdi cong viec trudc do, ke ca cac lao dong muon chuyen hudng viec lam, cung nhu nhung lao dong khac tir nudc ngoai trd vd muon tham gia dong gop cho que huong, dat nudc 3.3.1.5 Nha nuac giup da lao dong xuat khau trd ve nudc nhanh chong tdi hda \ nhap cong dong xa hoi Tai hda nhap lao dong trd ve dia phuong, cu quan cu, hda nhap de dinh cu mdi can cd nhung chinh sach the hien su quan tam nhieu chieu theo dung nghia doi vdi lao dong dang chinh sach uu tien - Da sd ngudn nhan luc trudc tham gia XKLD la nien chua xay dung gia dinh (hay noi each khac la cuoc song dang phu thuoc gia dinh), viec di chuyen, dinh cu khdi nghiep (mua hoac thue nha, can ho, chung cu) cung can cd chinh sach ho tru de thuc hien cac hoat dong xue tac, nhat la cac huyen ngheo ma chung ta dang cd chinh sach uu tien dua di XKLD - Cac cap chinh quyen, ban chi dao XKLD cac cap can phoi hup chat che vdi cac td chuc doan the quan chung nhu Cong doan, Doan Thanh nien, Hoi Phu nu, Hoi Nong dan, Mat tran Td quoc, nham lam tot hun cong tac tuyen truyen chinh sach, ho tru giup du ddi vdi LDXK va gia dinh ho ke cac trudc, va sau vd nudc Van dong gia dinh cua LDXK tham gia cac cau lac bo ky thuat de bien va giup nang cao ky thuat nghe nghiep, cau lac bo LDXK ve nudc de giup du tim kiem viec lam va tir tao viec lam - Tao bau khong xa hoi hoa lao dong qua trinh hoi nhap Lao dong nudc cung nhu ngoai nudc deu duuc quan tam nhu vd quan niem sdng, dong thdi cd nhung quan diem duuc thd hien ddi vdi ngudi di lam nhiem vu xa que huung trd vd phai duuc don tidp chu dao va thdng qua cac chinh sach cu thd nhu: + Tidp nhan va tao dieu kien thuan lui hoat dong doan thd cung nhu td chuc xa hoi khac (dang, doan, phu ntr, hoi vien nghe nghiep ) + Chd dang ky ve ho khau, lira tru, di chuyen lao dong trd vd den nui lam vide mdi; 78 + Che ve bao hiem lao dong sang nude ngoai da dong tiep tuc dong va duoc cong ca thdi gian da dong o nudc ngoai, che tiep nhan lai lao dong ma trudc don vi cu di lao dong hoac tu nghiep r r ? y 3.3.2 Ddi vdi lao dong xuat khau trd ve nude r y Thu nhat, LDXK ve nudc nen co su lien he vdi doanh nghiep XKLD, chinh quyen dia phuong sau trd ve nudc Khi ve nudc, LDXK can chu dong tiep xue vdi doanh nghiep XKLD, chinh quyen dia phuong, co quan quan ly ve XKLD va cac mdi quan he khac de cd nhung thong tin viec lam, nhanh chong tim kiem viec lam phu hop vdi nghe nghiep, cong viec cua minh; cung nhu thuc hien cac thu tuc ly hop ddng Thu hai, LDXK ve nudc can chu dong nam bat cac thong tin ve chinh sach ddi vdi LDXK trd ve nudc Nha nudc co nhung chinh sach ho trp ddi vdi LDXK trd ve nudc LDXK phai kip thoi nam dupe cac thong tin bdi vi nhung thong tin phan nao se giup ich dupe ngudi lao dong qua trinh tai hoa nhap xa hoi cung nhu qua trinh tim viec lam hoac dau tu san xuat kinh doanh Thu ba, LDXK trd ve nudc can chu dong viec tai hoi nhap vao thi trudng lao dong ve nudc, tranh tarn ly y lai vao nha nudc va chinh quyen dia phuong LDXK trd ve nudc phai co ke hoach su dung hpp ly ngudn tien tiet kiem dupe vao dau tu san xuat kinh doanh, cai thien dieu kien sdng Tim kiem ngudn von tich luy them, manh dan dau tu tu san xuat kinh doanh dudi hinh thuc kinh te ho gia dinh, phat trien cac cong ty tu nhan loai nho va vua, Thu tu, LDXK trd ve nudc nen bien nhung kinh nghiem cua ban than cho nhung ngudi co nhu cau va chuan bi di XKLD, nhu: - Can thu thap thong tin tu nhieu ngudn tin cay, hpp phap, de cd the tiep can vdi td chuc XKLD cd day du tu each phap nhan, cd uy tin, dam bao cho qua trinh XKLD dupe thuan loi, hpp ly, vdi dieu kien hoan canh kinh te cua ban than; - Chon lua nghe nghiep, cong viec lam d nudc ngoai phu hpp, khong nen chi cai thien kinh te gia dinh ma chap nhan bat cu cong viec gi d nudc ngoai mien cd thu nhap kha hon nudc chut it vi viec lam sau ve nudc mdi quyet dinh cuoc sdng lau dai cho ban than va gia dinh; 79 - Tich cyc hoc tap, tiep thu kien thuc, ky nang, tac phong nghe nghiep thdi gian lam viec d nudc ngoai Thu nam, LDXK trd ve nudc can tham gia vao cac to chuc d dia phuong hoac noi lam viec nhu Cong doan, Doan Thanh men, Hoi Phu nu, Hoi Nong dan, Mat tran ZX r ZX r 1 A \ ZX \ FA • ZX A • Z _ ' * J- ZX t ZX Z ' ZX • f ZX To quoc, cac cau lac bo nghe Dieu giup ngudi iao dong md rong cac moi quan he cung nhu co them nhung thong tin ve viec lam, nang cao chuyen mon ki thuat cua ban than 3.3.3 Ddi vdi to chuc xuat khau lao dong Mot la, can phai tiep tuc quan ly, theo doi LDXK sau ve nudc bang cac quy dinh, rang buoc hop dong lao dong trudc di XKLD, sau ve phai co kem theo mot khoan chi phi rang buoc nao tra lai cho LDXK neu hoc trd lai dang ky vdi doanh nghiep) Tu do, tiep tuc co nhung hoat dong nham gioi thieu LDXK cho nhung co sd san xuat phu hop vdi nghe nghiep, trinh tay nghe va nguyen vong cua ho nhu mot hoat dong moi gidi viec lam cho cac doanh nghiep, co sd san xuat nudc, tao sy lien ket, cau nOi giua nhieu ben, dem lai loi ich cho cac ben va ban than doanh nghiep XKLD Hai la, tiep tuc tiep nhan, gidi thieu, giUp nhung LDXK trd ve nudc co nhu cau tai XKLD Tuy nhien, doanh nghiep XKLD can phai co ho so theo doi suOt qua trinh LDXK d nudc ngoai Tren co sd co danh gia ve trinh nghe, qua trinh LDXK cua ho de co the bO tri, sap xep thi trudng cong viec mdi dap ung duoc nguyen vong va tao dieu kien de ho co co hoi tOt hon cho lan xuat khau sau Ba la, chu dong lien he vdi cac doanh nghiep, co sd san xuat kinh doanh de co nhung thong tin ve viec lam nham tao he thOng thong tin ve viec lam Tu doanh nghiep XKLD se gidi thieu nhung cong viec phu hop vdi LDXK trd ve nudc de ho yen tam sau di XKLD trd ve co cong viec on dinh va phu hop, dong thdi tao uy tin cho doanh nghiep nham tang sO luong cung nhu chat luong dau vao cung ung nhan lyc cho hoat dong XKLD Trong thdi gian qua, mot sO cac doanh nghiep XKLD da co nhung cach lam rat hay Do la ho tryc tiep lien he vdi cac doanh nghiep nudc ngoai dau tu vao lam viec tai Viet Nam de cung ung lao dong sau xuat khau trd ve, nhat la lao dong tung lam viec tai Nhat Ban Ong Tran QuOc Ninh, Giam dOc Cong ty Dich vu XKLD va chuyen gia Suleco, noi ve lao dong tu nghiep sinh: “Theo quy che tu nghiep sinh, cac nudc tiep 80 nhan lao dong luon khuyen khich ngudi di tu nghiep trd ve tiep tuc lam viec dung nganh nghe ma minh da tu nghiep va lam viec Hien Suleco dang tien hanh rd soat lai so lao dong da ve nudc de cd chinh sach ho tra viec lam." Do vay, cac doanh nghiep phai chu dong tim kiem tir cac kenh rieng cua minh, mot bien phap khac ma Suleco dang lam cung nhan dugc su hoan ngheiih cua cac nghiep doan Nhat Ban Theo do, hoac thang trudc lao dong ve nudc, Suleco phoi hop vdi cac nghiep doan lap danh sach va true tiep lam viec vdi cac cong ty cua Nhat va ngoai cac khu che xuat, khu cong nghiep de giup ngudi lao dong trd ve lam viec dung nganh nghe chuyen mon Day la mot dien hinh ve each lam hay viec thu hut tuyen dung doi ngu LDXK trd ve nudc Bon la, bao cao vdi Sd LDTB & XH d dia phuang ve tinh hinh LDXK trd ve nudc noi chung va tinh hinh LDXK trd ve nudc trudc han noi rieng, nguyen nhan trd ve nudc trudc han Dieu giup cho Sd LDTB & XH nam bat dugc tinh hinh LDXK trd ve nudc, dong thdi giup doanh nghiep XKLD ngan ngira nhung hoat dong sai pham cua LDXK va dam bao uy tin cua doanh nghiep va quyen lgi cua ngudi lao dong 81 KET LUAN • XKLD la mot chu truong ldn cua Dang va Nha nudc, mot hudng tao viec lam dem lai loi ich ve nhieu mat cho nha nudc va cac chu the cd lien quan den hoat dong XKLD Tuy nhien, XKLD mdi chi duoc quan tarn, chu trudc va LDXK d nudc ngoai Viec theo doi, quan ly va nhat la tao viec lam cho LDXK ve nudc van bo ngo Dieu gay khd khan khong nhd cho LDXK trd ve nudc va lam cho hoat dong XKLD chua tron ven, lang phi va chua hieu qua Trong do, LDXK trd ve nudc la mot ngudn lao dong cd chat luong Day se thuc su la mot lang phi ldn neu nhu Nha nudc va cac doanh nghiep khong biet tan dung va phat huy ngudn nhan lire Qua de tai nghien cuu “Chinh sach ddi vdi LDXK Viet Nam trd ve nude”, luan van da dat duoc mot sd ket qua sau: - He thong hoa ly luan co ban ve tarn quan cua LDXK Viet Nam trd ve nudc, ve xay dung va thuc thi chinh sach ddi vdi ngudi LDXK trd ve nudc va kinh nghiem cua mot sd nudc khu vuc linh vuc lam bai hoc cho qua trinh hoach dinh chinh sach d nudc ta - Phan tich thuc trang ve sd luong, chat luong va ddi sdng gia dinh va viec lam cua LDXK Viet Nam sau trd ve nudc tir nam 2005 - 2010 - Phan tich thuc trang chinh sach cua Nha nudc ddi vdi ngudi LDXK Viet Nam trd ve nudc giai doan 2005 - 2010 Ngoai nhirng tuu dat duoc, luan van da chi nhung han che ve chinh sach doi vdi LDXK trd ve nudc, phan tich nhung nguyen nhan cua nhung han che qua trinh td chuc thuc te, anh hudng true tiep den hieu qua sir dung ngudn nhan lire cd chat luong - Tren co sd du bao LDXK Viet Nam trd ve nudc den nam 2015, luan van de phuong hudng hoan thien chinh sach ddi vdi LDXK trd ve nudc va kien nghi mot sd giai phap cu the doi vdi cac co quan quan ly Nha nudc tir trung uong den dia phuong, cac doanh nghiep va ban than LDXK nham thuc hien cd hieu qua chinh sach ddi vdi ngudi LDXK Viet Nam trd ve nudc Qua trinh nghien cuu, tac gia da thu thap, xu ly de su dung mot so tai lieu, sd lieu cua cac nha khoa hoc, cac nha quan ly, chuyen gia va ngoai nudc cung vdi nhung y kien trao ddi, phong van de lam sang td cac quan diem nghien cuu Tuy nhien, cd nhirng van de, nhung noi dung can duoc thuc nghiem, rat mong nhan duoc sir gop y cua cac doc gia de tinh kha thi cua luan van cao hon 82 DANH MUC TAI LIEU THAM KHAO • • TIENG VIET PGS.TS Do Due Binh - PGS.TS Nguyen Thudng Lang (2002), Giao trinh Kinh td quoc te, NXB Lao dong Xa hoi PGS.TS Tran Xuan Cau — PGS.TS Mai Quoc Chanh (2008), Giao trinh Kinh te ngudn nhan luc, NXB Dai hoc Kinh te quoc dan Pham Due Chinh (2010), Hoan thien chinh sach sir dung ngudn nhan luc sau xuat khau lao dong d Viet Nam, Hoc vien Hanh chinh thuoc Hoc vien Chinh tri-Hanh chinh Quoc gia Ho Chi Minh TS Nguyen VTnh Giang, PGS.TS Mai Quoc Chanh, PGS.TS Tran Thi Thu, ThS Nguyen Due Kien (2010), Viec lam vd ddi song cua LDXK ve nudc d mot sd tinh phia Bae nudc ta, Truong Dai hoc Kinh te quoc dan Le Dat (2009), “Chua su dung het nguon nhan luc hau xuat khau lao dong”, Bao Sai gon giai phong Phong Quan ly lao dong, Cue quan ly lao dong ngoai nudc, Bo LDTB & XH (2010), Bao cao tong hop lao dong vd chuyen gia Vien Khoa hoc Lao dong va Xa hoi, Bo LDTB & XH (2010), Bao cao chinh sach Danh gid thuc trang lao dong di lam viec d nudc ngoai da trd ve Viet Nam TRANG WEB TIENG VIET An ninh thu (2011), “Chien luge xuat khau lao dong d Philippines”, http://www.vietnamtoday.net/NewsDetail.aspx?Culture=vn&catID=33&id=2253 Bao Mdi (2008), “Khon don nhu lao dong lang nghe!”, http://www.baomoi.com/Khon-don-nhu-lao-dong-lang-nghe/47/2437981.epi 10 Nguyen Thi Hong Bich (2007), “Xuat khau lao dong d mot so nudc Dong Nam A kinh nghiem va bai hoc”, Nxb Khoa hoc, Ha Noi, tr 55-180 11 Nguyen Trudng Giang (2010), “Khong de lang phi ngudn nhan luc”, http://maivang.nld.com.vn/2010091312345035p0c 1002/khong-de-lang-phi-nguon-n han-luc.htm 12 HHT (2011), “Chat vat quan ly lao dong “hau xuat khau”, Bao Mdi http://www.baomoi.com/Chat-vat-quan-ly-lao-dong-hau-xuat-khau/47/5889933.epi 13 TS Hd Due Hung (2011), “Lao dong “re hda mic”, 83 http://www.thesaigontimes.vn/Home/xahoi/doisong/57618/ 14 Cao Hudng - Nguyen Thanh (2002), ‘‘Hai phuong thuc chong that nghiep hau xuat khau lao dong”, http://vietbao.vn/Viec-lam/Hai-phuong-thuc-chong-that-nghiep-hau-xuat-khau-lao- dong/62047714/267/ 15 Nguyen Van Nhat (2006), “Can lo viec lam cho nguoi xuat khau lao dong tro ve”, http://www.molisa.gov.vn/others/faq/faqdetail/tabid/21 l/newsid/46228/seo/Can-loviec-lam-cho-nguoi-xuat-khau-lao-dong-tro-ve/language/vi-VN/Default.aspx 16 Quynh Lam (2008), “Lang phi nhan luc xuat khau lao dong”, Bao dien tu - Thdi bao Kinh te Viet Nam http://vneconomy vn/5 7940P0C11 /lang-phi-nhan-luc-xuat-khau-lao-dong.htm 17 Vu Quynh (2010), “Hau xuat khau lao dong chua duqc quan tam”, http://vneconomy.vn/20100914095044654P0C9920/hau-xuat-khau-lao-dong-chuaduoc-quan-tam.htm 18 P.Thanh (2011), “Roi boi vi lao dong xuat khau: chua di da ve”, http://dantri.com.vn/c25/sl33-484137/roi-boi-vi-lao-dong-xuat-khau-chua-di-da-ve htm 19 Website Bao Dat Viet: http://www.baodatviet.vn 20 Website Bao Ngudi Lao dong: http://nld.com.vn 21 Website Bo LDTB & XH: http://www.molisa.gov.vn 22 Website Cue QLLDNN: http://www.dolab.gov.vn 23 Website Trung tam lao dong ngoai nudc: http://www.ttldnnvietnam.gov.vn TRANG WEB TIENG ANH 24 http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2010/ra_l 0022_2010.html 25 Website Bo Lao dong va Viec lam Philippin: http://www.dole.gov.ph/