Chính sách đảm bảo lợi ích kinh tế cho nông dân của một số quốc gia thành viên ASEAN trong tiến trình hội nhập và bài học cho Việt Nam.Chính sách đảm bảo lợi ích kinh tế cho nông dân của một số quốc gia thành viên ASEAN trong tiến trình hội nhập và bài học cho Việt Nam.Chính sách đảm bảo lợi ích kinh tế cho nông dân của một số quốc gia thành viên ASEAN trong tiến trình hội nhập và bài học cho Việt Nam.Chính sách đảm bảo lợi ích kinh tế cho nông dân của một số quốc gia thành viên ASEAN trong tiến trình hội nhập và bài học cho Việt Nam.Chính sách đảm bảo lợi ích kinh tế cho nông dân của một số quốc gia thành viên ASEAN trong tiến trình hội nhập và bài học cho Việt Nam.Chính sách đảm bảo lợi ích kinh tế cho nông dân của một số quốc gia thành viên ASEAN trong tiến trình hội nhập và bài học cho Việt Nam.Chính sách đảm bảo lợi ích kinh tế cho nông dân của một số quốc gia thành viên ASEAN trong tiến trình hội nhập và bài học cho Việt Nam.Chính sách đảm bảo lợi ích kinh tế cho nông dân của một số quốc gia thành viên ASEAN trong tiến trình hội nhập và bài học cho Việt Nam.Chính sách đảm bảo lợi ích kinh tế cho nông dân của một số quốc gia thành viên ASEAN trong tiến trình hội nhập và bài học cho Việt Nam.Chính sách đảm bảo lợi ích kinh tế cho nông dân của một số quốc gia thành viên ASEAN trong tiến trình hội nhập và bài học cho Việt Nam.Chính sách đảm bảo lợi ích kinh tế cho nông dân của một số quốc gia thành viên ASEAN trong tiến trình hội nhập và bài học cho Việt Nam.VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES PHAM THI MAI NGOC THE POLICY OF ENSURING ECONOMIC BENEFITS FOR FARMERS IN SOME ASEAN MEMBER COUNTRIES IN THE PROCESS OF INTEGRATION AND LE.
VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES PHAM THI MAI NGOC THE POLICY OF ENSURING ECONOMIC BENEFITS FOR FARMERS IN SOME ASEAN MEMBER COUNTRIES IN THE PROCESS OF INTEGRATION AND LESSONS FOR VIETNAM Major: International Economy Code: 31 01 06 SUMMARY OF THE DOCTORAL DISSERTATION OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY HANOI - 2023 Work was completed at: GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, VIETNAM ACADEMY SOCIAL SCIENCE Supervisor: 1.Assoc.Prof Dr Nguyen Thi Hong Nhung Dr Vu Trong Binh Examiner 1: Assoc.Prof Dr Hoang Xuan Binh Examiner 2: Assoc.Prof Dr Ngo Tuan Nghia Examiner 3: Assoc.Prof Dr Ha Van Hoi The dissertation will be defended before the Academy level doctoral dissertation grading committee at Graduate Academy of Social Sciences– Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences At: Time date month 2023 This doctoral dissertation can be found at: - National Library - The Library of the Academy of Social Sciences INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale for the study Agriculture is an important sector of the Vietnamese economy, contributing to the stability of the people's life and the country's sociopolitical security In the current period, with the policy of developing the agricultural and rural sectors of the State, agriculture is even more important Along with the economic development and integration of the country, Vietnam's agriculture has been innovated, opened up, and increasingly deeply integrated into regional and global markets So far, Vietnamese agricultural products have been present in many foreign markets, and many agricultural products have achieved high rankings in the world in terms of export value As a result, agriculture has brought in a lot of foreign currency for the country, and the lives of farmers have significantly improved compared to before the integration However, agriculture is an extremely sensitive sector and is most vulnerable to the impacts of various factors such as changes in natural conditions, climate, shortage of fundamental production resources such as land and water, negative impacts of the international market with fluctuations in input prices and instability of output This context affects the economic interests of farmers Therefore, the deeper the economic integration, the more important the role of the state in formulating policies to create favorable conditions for agricultural development and ensure the rights and interests of farmers In the old ASEAN member countries, Indonesia and Thailand are the countries that share many similarities with Vietnam Both of these countries have favorable natural conditions (despite varying degrees) for agricultural development, with a relatively high proportion of the population living in rural areas They have achieved certain successes in overall economic and agricultural development, and have also implemented various policies to support farmers in production and business activities to improve their livelihoods Additionally, they also have to cope with tough problems in agricultural development Therefore, studying the experiences of these two countries in ensuring economic benefits for farmers will draw valuable lessons for Vietnam Moreover, the current global context poses many challenges for all economic sectors, including agriculture, as competition between countries becomes increasingly fierce, climate change, epidemic, resource constraints, environmental pollution, etc In fact, this only increases the level of risk for industries heavily reliant on external factors such as agriculture Therefore, this can adversely affect the interests of farmers Thus, the Vietnamese government not only needs to promote the country's comparative advantages in agricultural production and export, but also needs to implement appropriate policies to ensure sustainable economic benefits for farmers Because only that can create motivation for farmers to produce with peace of mind, find ways to overcome difficulties to develop the economy for the country Because of these above-stated reasons, PhD chose to research “The policy of ensuring economic benefits for farmers in some ASEAN member countries in the process of integration and lessons for Vietnam” as my doctoral topic of International Economy Research purposes and tasks The study was conducted to assess the impacts of policies on ensuring economic benefits for farmers in two countries, Indonesia and Thailand, based on theoretical foundations and analysis of the current situation of these two countries in the integration process From Vietnam's reality and applying lessons learned from Indonesia and Thailand to improve policies ensuring economic benefits for Vietnamese farmers in the near future The research objectives of the dissertation lead to the following main research tasks: (1) Building a theoretical foundation for the policy of ensuring economic benefits for farmers in the public policy system, thereby presenting the author's viewpoint on this content as well as the key policies affecting the economic interests of farmers in the integration process (2) Evaluating the state policies of Indonesia and Thailand in ensuring economic benefits for farmers From which to draw appropriate lessons and experiences to develop policies that ensure economic benefits for Vietnamese farmers in the new context (3) Based on the analysis of the basic contents of the policy to ensure economic benefits for Vietnamese farmers at present, combined with the lessons learned from Indonesia and Thailand’s policy implementation experience, propose recommendations to improve the policy of ensuring economic benefits for Vietnamese farmers in the future Objective and scope of the study * Objective of the study Policies to ensure economic benefits for farmers in Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam * Scope of the study - Regarding content: + The dissertation focuses on researching policies in ensuring the economic interests of farmers in Indonesia and Thailand from the perspective of evaluating policy impacts + The issue of ensuring economic benefits for farmers has a broad scope, therefore the dissertation only focuses on studying land policies, labor source policies, capital policies for rural agriculture development, science and technology policies, and market policy group for agricultural products originating from land + Deep research dissertation on the impact of policies on ensuring economic benefits for farmers in Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam, specifically in the following aspects: Viewpoints, constituent parts, content, policy requirements, human resources, financial resources, and effectiveness of research policies - Regarding time: The dissertation focuses on studying the policy of ensuring economic benefits for farmers in Thailand, Indonesia from 2000 to present and proposes solutions for the policy of ensuring economic benefits for Vietnamese farmers until 2030 The author chose this study period because in 1995 Vietnam joined ASEAN when Indonesia and Thailand were already members, and from the 2000s onwards, there were more agreements and trade cooperation between ASEAN countries, between ASEAN and other countries and regions in the world, the EAC economic community was formed, and standards for agricultural products among countries within the ASEAN region were signed, providing a basis for comparison and analysis The data used in the dissertation are derived from the derivative data of previous research projects, data from official websites of Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam The research used various data from WB, FAO, ADB, EAC Research process Methodology and research methods Methodology: The dissertation uses the methodological foundations of international economics, applies knowledge from related fields, and incorporates the perspectives on policies for ensuring economic benefits for farmers from WTO, FAO, the views of the Communist Party and the State of Vietnam in the current deep and wide economic integration period * Research method The dissertation employs a combination of research methods, with a focus on the following research methods: - Method of analysis and synthesis research - Descriptive statistical method - Expert method - The dissertation utilizing secondary data from official organizations and reputable scientists' studies New contributions of the dissertation The dissertation has explained the essence of the policy of ensuring economic benefits for farmers based on its internal nature and external manifestations Also, the dissertation clarifies the formation basis, roles, characteristics, influencing factors, policy evaluation criteria, and important contents that constitute policies to ensure the economic interests of farmers Based on the study of the current situation of policies ensuring economic benefits for farmers in Indonesia and Thailand, countries with similar conditions in implementing policies ensuring economic benefits for farmers, the dissertation has drawn valuable lessons for reference in effectively implementing policies ensuring economic benefits for farmers in Vietnam during the integration process Analyzing and evaluating the current situation of important state policies affecting the economic interests of Vietnamese farmers in the process of integration, thereby clarifying the advantages and limitations of these policies to find solutions Proposing an orientation viewpoint for solutions to improve the effectiveness of policies ensuring the economic interests of Vietnamese farmers in a new context On that basis, the author proposes a feasible and comprehensive system of solutions aimed at ensuring the economic interests of farmers in the integration process Theoretical and practical significance * Theoretical significance Based on a review of theoretical and empirical studies that have been conducted, the dissertation has clarified the essence of policies ensuring economic interests for farmers Furthermore, the author has clearly identified the role and impact of policies ensuring economic interests for farmers on the process of stabilizing and developing the economy and society of each country * Practical significance The author analyzes the viewpoints, orientations, objectives and requirements for improving policies ensuring the economic interests of farmers in the context of Vietnam’s deep integration into the region and the world Based on the strengths and limitations of the policy, the author proposes some recommendations to better ensure the economic interests of farmers in the integration process In addition to introduction and conclusion, the structure of this dissertation includes chapters: Chapter 1: An overview of research on policies ensuring the economic interests of farmers Chapter 2: Theoretical basis for policies on Ensuring Economic Benefits for farmers in the process of international economic integration Chapter 3: Current status of policies on ensuring the economic benefits of farmers in the economic integration of Indonesia and Thailand Chapter 4: Current status and prospects of policies to ensure economic benefits for farmers in Vietnam and some recommendations from experience of Indonesia and Thailand Chapter AN OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH ON POLICIES ENSURING THE ECONOMIC INTERESTS OF FARMERS 1.1 Overview of studies related to the topic Studies from different approaches and economic contexts on the use of agricultural policies to ensure economic benefits for farmers in general, the policy of ensuring economic benefits for farmers in Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam have been mentioned by many authors Within the framework of the dissertation, the author focuses on studies related to the impact of agricultural policies on ensuring economic benefits for farmers in the integration process to draw relevant comments on research results that have been carried out * Foreign studies * Domestic studies 1.2 Review of the research done and research gaps * Review of the research done Research works on policies affecting the agricultural sector to ensure the economic benefits of farmers are carried out in many different angles, in the context of foreign and domestic research space The previous author's studies have provided a picture of the policy system to ensure farmers' economic benefits, which focuses on policies on land, human resources, capital, science and technology and market At the same time, studies have initially analyzed the impact of policies on ensuring the economic benefits of farmers in Asian economies, especially ASEAN countries such as Indonesia, Thailand - In Indonesia, the authors assess that the policy to ensure economic benefits for Indonesian farmers has not yet deeply affected the factors that change farmers' incomes - In Thailand, studies show that there are policy changes for farmers in the new economic context The Thai government has stepped up the promotion of agricultural science and technology policies, policy of expanding the export market of agricultural products to ensure Thai farmers participate in effective agricultural product chains - In Vietnam, there are many issues of economic benefits that directly affect farmers, but policies that ensure economic benefits for farmers are still unclear, so farmers still suffer economic disadvantages The policy system to ensure the economic benefits of farmers has not kept pace with the reality of farmers' economic activities in regional and world integration There is a requirement to have research, review, reference and study so that the policy for farmers is really to protect farmers * Research gaps Theoretically, up to now, there has been no research, systematic explanation of the theoretical basis of the policy to ensure the economic benefits of farmers in the integration process Accordingly, the thesis will: (1) Develop the concept, basis of formation, roles, characteristics, influencing factors, evaluate policies and identify pillar policies on ensuring economic benefits for farmers; (2) draw lessons from the implementation of policies on ensuring the economic benefits of farmers in some ASEAN countries that can be applied to Vietnam's conditions Practically, it shows that there are many policies on ensuring economic benefits for farmers that are no longer appropriate, and it is necessary to make adjustments in policies Therefore, the thesis has: (1) Analyzed the current situation of policies on ensuring economic benefits for Vietnamese farmers in the integration process from 2000 to present, pointed out the advantages and limitations of the policy; (2) Proposed suitable solutions for farmers to ensure their economic benefits in the new economic context Chapter THEORETICAL BASIS FOR POLICIES ON ENSURING ECONOMIC BENEFITS FOR FARMERS IN THE PROCESS OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION 2.1 Concepts, roles, characteristics, influencing factors and criteria for evaluating policies on ensuring farmers' economic benefits * The concept of policies on ensuring the economic benefits of farmers Policy to ensure economic benefits for farmers is the totality of economic policies, guidelines and strategies used by the State to influence agriculture, rural areas and farmers in order to improve the efficiency of agricultural production, develop rural areas and ensure the income of farmers Within the research scope of the thesis, when it comes to policies on ensuring the economic benefits of the State for farmers, the author focuses on some of the following contents: Firstly, the subject of the policy to ensure economic benefits for farmers is the state, the state subject here is limited to the National Assembly, the Government, and the ministries Therefore, in this study, specific policies in local government are not mentioned The subjects the production and consumption of agricultural products, specifically as follows: - Land policy - Policy on agricultural human resources - Policy on investment capital for agricultural and rural infrastructure and credit capital for farmers - Policy on scientific and technological development, research and encouragement of the transfer of scientific and technical advances to farmers - Policy on organization and management of agricultural market Sub-conclusion of chapter The policy to ensure the economic benefits of farmers in the context of international economic integration is a system of views and policies of the State towards agriculture and farmers; the potential and system for the state to achieve its goals, ensuring economic benefits for both the country and farmers; the system of tools and apparatus used by the state to organize the implementation of selected objectives; The selected targets are suitable to the actual situation of agriculture, farmers and the integration period The State must stand with farmers to not only ensure that farmers' incomes are not too low compared to other classes of the population, but also help farmers build modern agriculture In the current regional and international economic integration, the domestic and international environment is always changing, posing a requirement for developing economies to re-evaluate new opportunities opened up for farmers to define economic policies for farmers that are effective and consistent with regional and international sanctions Instead of applying traditional tools to ensure economic benefits for farmers, countries need to switch to new tools that not conflict with commitments with international economic organizations such as land planning infrastructure development, foreign capital investment, and quality improvement of human resources, market development and other assurance policies of the State The choice of policies depends on the specific conditions of each country as well as the policy objectives for each 11 country's farmers Develop policies on ensuring the economic benefits of farmers on the basis of the value chain of agricultural products that farmers in each country integrate with the aim of creating added value and effective competition for farmers' products Chapter CURRENT STATUS OF POLICIES ON ENSURING THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF FARMERS IN THE ECONOMIC INTEGRATION OF INDONESIA AND THAILAND 3.1 A general picture of the agricultural sector of ASEAN countries and its integration process The ASEAN region has many favorable conditions for agricultural development, which supplies agricultural products to the whole world, especially rice Thanks to the development of production, agricultural export activities of ASEAN countries have achieved many good results, the growth of agricultural exports has always been high for a long time Trade cooperation is carried out within the bloc, FTAs and implementation of sustainable agricultural development initiatives at national and global levels 3.2 The current situation of the policy system to ensure economic benefits for Indonesian farmers in the process of international economic integration Changes in Indonesia's agricultural strategic orientation Indonesia's agricultural sector plays an important role for this country with the largest population in ASEAN An important objective in agricultural development in Indonesia is sustainable development to ensure food security and increase agricultural competitiveness, which is clearly reflected in the national agricultural development strategies Some policies on ensuring economic benefits for farmers in Indonesia Policy on increasing the area of agricultural land to ensure the consumption demand of main agricultural products in the country can be met Policy on stabilizing agricultural human resources, supporting farmers to start a business, training "smart farmers" 12 Policy on developing investment capital for rural infrastructure through improving investment regulations and supporting loans to farmers The policy of agricultural mechanization combines the application of science and technology, gradually applying science and technology to agriculture The policy of subsidizing inputs for agricultural materials and ensuring the output supply for main agricultural products purchased by BULOGs at higher prices than the market, offering market initiatives by “farmer shops” 3.3 Current status of policies to ensure economic benefits for farmers in Thailand's economic integration Changes in Thailand's agricultural policy and strategic direction Thailand has repeatedly adjusted its strategic orientation and agricultural development policies, from expanding agricultural exports to have resources for industrialization to focusing on transferring agricultural technology and developing sustainable agriculture Socio-economic development plans are implemented every five years with the philosophy of "full economic development" and the main objective is to develop national agriculture towards the fulfillment of national goals for safe farmer, affluent agricultural areas and sustainable agricultural resources Some policies to ensure economic benefits for Thai farmers Policy to increase the area and efficiency of agricultural land use, attach importance to the development of organic agricultural land fund The policy of developing high-quality agricultural human resources to meet the requirements of integration and effective training of "smart farmers" and “smart farmers group” Policy to concentrate budget to develop modern agricultural infrastructure and prioritize agricultural credit capital for export and processed agricultural products Investment policies for science and technology and digital transformation strategies in agriculture, strong links between research institutes, universities and farmers towards “smart agricultural products” 13 Market support policy for Thai agricultural products to ensure the economic benefits of farmers, Thai agricultural products to integrate effectively with the world market Assessing the impact and lessons learned from state policies to ensure economic benefits for Indonesian and Thai farmers in the integration process Indonesia and Thailand are two countries with similar natural and social conditions to Vietnam Along with the general development of the economy, the specific circumstances of the country in each period and the set goals, both countries have made adjustments in the strategic orientation of agricultural development in their respective countries in each historical period, in order to develop agriculture to ensure benefits for farmers' lives, and to integrate into the agricultural economy effectively Both countries have clearly identified the goal of ensuring economic benefits for farmers, which is the key to successful agricultural integration, maintaining the country's socio-political security order, contribute to the rich people and strong country Policies aimed at ensuring economic benefits for farmers in Thailand and Indonesia include: - Land policy needs to be effectively managed, planned and used to protect farmers In conditions of crowded land such as Indonesia and Thailand, improving land use efficiency and increasing the value of agricultural products by focusing on clean agricultural production programs that are in line with market needs is important - The agricultural labor resource policy aims to train farmers who are good at farming, in order to grasp the knowledge of modern production and new technologies, especially the application of digital technology, market knowledge, laws, knowledge about integration, to create a labor source that meets the high requirements of integration, love the job, and stick with the profession - Policy on agricultural infrastructure development and credit capital for farmers, focusing on rural infrastructure development to facilitate agricultural production, supporting farmers to help buy input materials and 14 sell products in the most profitable way, avoiding the risk of damage caused by the impact of nature as well as the impact of the market - Both countries recognize that technology is an extremely important factor to help improve agricultural production efficiency, overcoming existing limitations The policy focuses on research to transfer to farmers high yielding varieties of good quality, overcome the limitations of soil and climate conditions, enhance information exchange and help farmers access techniques that make it easier, more convenient, less expensive, and more efficient - The market policy to support agricultural products focuses on solving output products for farmers, ensuring products are sold at good prices, ensuring farmers' profits, and minimizing risks and financial losses due to market volatility.v.v Thanks to positive policies, Indonesia and Thailand have used agricultural land resources reasonably, more and more efficiently People in these two countries are increasingly adept at farming, especially Thai farmers in the context of integration The agricultural infrastructure of the two countries has been significantly improved, agricultural science has developed at a good level, attracting more and more FDI flows into agriculture, and both countries have many agricultural products exported to many countries around the world Many Thai agricultural products rank high in terms of output and export volume, contributing to improving the lives of farmers Those are the successful lessons of Indonesia and Thailand However, Indonesia also gives priority to too much land for rice production, which easily leads to an imbalance in their food structure and the State does not yet have a long-term agricultural land use strategy affecting to agricultural productivity Regarding labor policy, Indonesian agriculture has just implemented a policy to develop professional skills for people on a small scale, unable to connect with people through professional organizations, so the level of farmers is still low, affecting labor productivity Thailand does this much better than Indonesia The policy of budgetary capital for agricultural infrastructure development pushes rural 15 areas and credit capital for farmers to be limited in that capital from the state budget accounts for a small proportion, mobilized capital from other resources is not high and not meet the needs of development Capital policies for the people are not very effective because there are too many intermediary stages from the policy to the people, and it is still difficult for people to access state capital Science and technology policy requires a lot of capital and the attention of many industries The two countries, especially Indonesia, have not done this well, so the level of technology used in agriculture is about 10 years behind other countries in the region The state needs to increase spending on agricultural extension research and development activities, market policy standard certifications are done very well by Thailand, however, too much government control over the market can cause distortions (rice prices) Indonesia also supports the market for farmers to stabilize their lives and socio-political security, but excessive support can be a barrier to the country's agricultural developmen The lesson learned is: Lessons on effective planning, management and use of agricultural land to protect farmers Lessons on improving farmers' labor skills and qualifications to meet the requirements of modern agricultural production, linking them with benefits in agricultural and rural organizations Lessons on key capital support for agricultural and rural infrastructure and credit for farmers to develop production and improve living standards of agricultural workers Sub-conclusion of chapter Indonesia and Thailand are two countries in the ASEAN region, with agriculture being an important economic sector to ensure social security and national security Along with the general development of the economy, the specific circumstances of the country in each period and the set goals, both countries have made adjustments in the strategic orientation of agricultural development in their respective countries in each historical period The policy to ensure economic benefits for farmers is shifting from 16 resource management to management of factors connecting the agricultural production chain All in order to achieve the goal of agricultural development to ensure income for farmers, towards an effective agricultural economic integration From the two countries Indonesia and Thailand, the lesson that can be learned for Vietnam is to learn from good experiences in formulating the above policies so that agricultural land is protected and more and more quality, high efficiency Farmers will be less in quantity but quality will be improved, able to cope with all market events in the context of integration Agricultural infrastructure is improved, contributing to supporting people to produce and trade agricultural products conveniently, reduce unnecessary costs, and increase profits Attracting FDI sources not only with agricultural infrastructure and high-quality human resources but also with attractive and stable policies and mechanisms for investors Along with that, the policy on science and technology needs to create a breakthrough for agricultural production, overcome the limitations of current agriculture, and create many good quality products with high prices Market policy should focus on closely following all stages of the production and business process to help support farmers in a timely manner, and must be consistent with commitments under international agreements that Vietnam participates in Chapter CURRENT STATUS AND PROSPECTS OF POLICIES TO ENSURE ECONOMIC BENEFITS FOR FARMERS IN VIETNAM AND SOME RECOMMENDATIONS FROM EXPERIENCE OF INDONESIA AND THAILAND 4.1 Current status of policies to ensure economic benefits for farmers in Vietnam The general objective of the policy to ensure economic benefits for farmers in the integration process of Vietnam is to improve and enhance the lives of farmers, specifically: 17 Agricultural land policy focuses on the contents of agricultural land prices, encouraging land accumulation and concentration, land acquisition and compensation, and agricultural land tax policy The agricultural human resource policy focuses on adjusting the labor structure and improving the quality of the agricultural labor force Policy on investment capital for agricultural and rural infrastructure and credit support for farmers Science and technology policy in agriculture focusing on application of science and technology, research on agricultural modernization Market policy and agricultural product prices follow throughout the process from production to consumption to focus on exporting quality agricultural products at good prices Assessing the impact of agricultural policies on ensuring the economic benefits of Vietnamese farmers in international economic integration From the perspective of putting farmers at the center of socioeconomic development and the goal of ensuring economic benefits for farmers in the integration process of Vietnam has been implementing many policies to ensure economic benefits for farmers As a result, farm households have land for agricultural production, not have to rent agricultural land, can use land as collateral to borrow bank loans for production, create conditions for farmers to restructure the agricultural economy to be proactive in production The State supports vocational training to convert some agricultural workers to other fields, retain workers who really love farming, and help them improve their skills in a modern direction through agricultural extension activities Infrastructure in agriculture is significantly improved and farmers are supported with capital through forms that are appropriate to international circumstances and regulations; including exemption from agricultural taxes and loans to buy agricultural materials Modern science and technology were gradually introduced to farmers and had initial results 18