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LV-T1)5 DHKTQD BO GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO TRlfONG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN ■ ■ ■ -o TRAN MINH TUAN NHUfNG GIAI PHAP CHU YEU NANG CAO KHA NANG CANH TRANH CUA TONG CONG TY XAY DUNG CONG TRiNH GIAO THONG TRONG DAU THAU XAY DUNG LUAN VAN THAC SY QTKD Chuyen nganh: QTKD CN & XDCB Tap the giao vien huong d£n khoa hoc PGS.TS Nguyen Ke Tuan ThS Tran Thach Lien THS-5^ HA NQI 2001 Tran Minh Tuan LUAN VAN THAC SY QTKD MUC LUC LOl Md DAU 1- Tinh cap thiet cua de tai 2- Muc dich nghien cut cua de tai 3- Doi tudng va pham vinghien curu 4- Phirong phap nghien curu 5- Nhung dong gop cua luan van 6- Ket cau cua luan van CHUONG 1: MOT SO VAN DE LY LUAN CO BAN VE KHA NANG CANH TRANH CUA CAC DOANH NGHIEP XAY DUNG TRONG DAU THAU 1.1- Khai quat chung ve dau thau xay dimg 1.1.1- ThUc chat cua dau thau xay dung 1.1.2- Hinh there, phUdng thde va cac nguyen tac dau thau xay dt/ng 1.1.3- Vai tro cua dau thau xay dung 1.1.4- Trinh ter to chut dau thau xay dung 1.2- Thirc chat cua canh tranh va cac tieu thurc danh gia kha nang canh tranh cua cdc doanh nghiep xay dung 10 1.2.1- ThUc chat cua canh tranh tren thi trUdng xay dung 10 1.2.2- He thong nhung tieu thUc cd ban danh gia kha nang canh tranh cua cac doanh nghiep xay dung 13 Tran Minh Tuan LUAN VAN THAC SY QTKD 1.2.3- NhiJng phaong Wc canh tranh cua doanh nghiep xay dUng dau thau xay dung 15 1.3- Nnhrrn nnhn to anh hizdnn den khh rang canh trr^nki cua cac doanh nghiep xay dung 1.3.1- Nhan to ben ngoai doanh nghiep 17 17 1.3.1.1- Vai tro cua Chinh phu 17 1.3.1.2- Nhung doi thu canh tranh 18 1.3.1.3- Quyen Uc cUa nha cung cap ' 19 1.3.1.4- Quyen luc cUa chu dau td 20 1.3.2- Nhan to ben 20 1.3.2.1- Nguon nhan luc 20 1.3.2.2- Taichinn 21 1.3.2.3- May moc thiet bi, cong nghe thi cong 22 1.3.2.4- Hoat donnquunn cco 23 CHUONG 2: PHAN TICK KHA NANG CANH TRANH TRONG DAU THAU CUA TONG CONG TY XAY DUNG CONG TRINH GIAO THONG 2.1- Gidi t Neu ve Tonn cong ty xay dunn conn trinh'giao th^r^g 25 25 2.1.1- Quc trinh hinh va phct trien cua Tong cnng ty xay dung cnng trinh giao thong 25 2.1.2- Nhiem vu, ITnh vUc hont dong va cn cau tO chdc cua TOng cnng ty xay dung cnng trinh giao thnng 27 2.1.3- Knt qun dau thau cua TOng cnng ty xay dung cnng trinh giao thnng thdi gian qua 32 LUAN VAN THAC SY QTKD Tran Minh Tuan 2.1.3.1- Ket qua hoat dong san xuat kinh doanh 32 2.1.3.2- Thcfc trang ve ket qua dau thau 36 2.2- Phan tich nhumg nhan to anh hurdng den kha nang canh tranh cua Tong cong ty xay dimg cong trinh giao thong dau thau xay dimg 38 2.3.1- Nhi/ng nhan to ben ngoai 38 2.3.1.1- Chinh phu 38 2.3.1.2- Cac doi thu canh tranh hien co 39 2.3.1.3- Cac doi thu canh tranh tiem an 43 2.3.1.4- Cac khach hang 44 2.3.1.5- Cac nha cung cap 2.3.2- NhuTig nhan to ben 2.3.2.1- Nguon nhan life va mo hinh to ch de quan ly 2.3.2.2- Tai chinh 2.3.2.3- May moc thiet bi, cong ng he thi cong 2.3.2.4- Hoat dong qua ng cao 2.3- Phan tfch cac tinh huong cu the 45 47 47 47 52 55 58 2.4- Danh gia chung ve kha nang canh tranh cua Tong cong ty xay dimg cong trinh giao thong 62 LUAN VAN THAC SY QTKD Trcin Minh Tuan CH JONG 3: NH UNG GIAI PHAP CHU YEU NANG CAO KHA NANG CANH TRANH CUA TONG CONG TY XAY DUNG CONG TRINH GIAO THONG TRONG DAU THAU XAY DUNG 68 3.1- Thi trirdng xay dung cong trinh giao thong d Viet Nam nhufng nam tdi 68 3.1.1- Hien trang ve cd sd tang 68 3.1.2- Quy hoach phat then cd sd tang giao thong dirdng bo Viet nam den 2020 68 3.2- Nhumg giai phap chu yeu nang cao kha nang canh tranh dau thau 3.2.1- Giai phap tit phia doanh nghiep 71 71 3.2.1.1- Xay dung cac phUdng an lua chon mUc gia vao thau 71 3.2.1.2- Hoan thien ky nang viec phan tich gia canh tranh 74 3.2.1.3- Hoan thien mo hinh to chifc cua cac ban quan ly dieu hanh du an 79 3.2.1.4- Tang nang Ide thiet bi thi cong bang each dau tu thiet bi dac chung hien dai 82 3.2.1.5- Thiet lap lien doanh san xuat vat lieu xay dung khu vUc Mien trung nham nang cao kha nang canh tranh tai dia ban 3.2.2- Mot so kien nahi vdi Nha nude y ' 3.2.2.1- Can co khung phap ly ve viec dinh "gia toi thieu 83 84 LUAN VAN THAC SY QTKD Tr£n Minh TuSn hop ly nhat” cua tirng goi thau 84 3.2.2.2- Thdi diem xac dinh mut gia toi thieu hop ly la sau danh gia xong nhi/ng giai phap ky thuat cua cac ho so thau 85 3.2.2.3- Nha nude sdm lap va phat huy hieu qua Hiep hoi nha thau xay di/ng Viet Nam 85 3.2.2.4- Can co nhCrng ifu dai cho cac nha thau 86 KET LUAN 87 DANH MUC TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 89 Trcin Minh Tuan LUAN VAN THAC SY QTKD LCJI m3 DAU Tinh cap thiet cua de tai Trong tien trinh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa Viet Nam, thi trirdng xay dung co so tang noi chung va co so tang giao thong noi rieng cang mo rong Do do, canh tranh giua cac doanh nghiep xay dung ca va ngoai nude cang tro len gay gat Day la co hoi va cung la thach thuc de cac doanh nghiep xay dung giao thong tn khang dinh minh, viron len chien linh thi trudng, tao tien de cho su tdn tai va phat trien Khac vdi cac linh vuc khac, canh tranh giua cac doanh nghiep xay dung xay dung doi vdi cac nude phat trien dupe ap dung tu rat lau Song ddi vdi Viet nam moi ap dung nhung nam gan day, he thong van ban phap ly dupe thong qua tu nam 1996 va thtfbng xuy6n co su thay doi, da gay nhieu kho khan cho cac doanh nghiep xay dung Ben canh do, nhung cong trinh thi cong co quy mo Ion thudng su dung bang von vay cua cac to chuc tren the gidi, n6n y6u cau cua chu dSu tu dat ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep xay dung tham gia dau thSu la rat khat khe Chfnh vi vay, viec nang cao kha nang canh tranh dau thau dang dupe cac doanh nghiep xay dung het she quan tarn Tong cong ty xay dung cong trinh giao thong la mot doanh nghiep Nha nude cd truyen thong hoat dong kinh doanh linh vuc xay dung cong trinh Jf giao thong va da gat hai dtrpc nhieu nhieu cong dau thdu, nhung xac suat trUpt thau vSn cao Dung tnrdc tinh the do, Ban lanh dao Tong cong ty da td chuc cac cuoc hoi thao, cac de tai, nhung phfin ldn tap trung vao cac van de quan ly to chdc hoat dong san xuat kinh doanh cua Tong cong ty va coi dau thau Tran Minh Tuan LUAN VAN THAC SY QTKD la hinh thUc quan ly cua Nha nirdc, la phuong thUc quan ly von cua cac chu dau tu chU chu’a de cap sau tdi viec canh tranh dau thiu La mot can bo truc tiep tham gia xay dung cac hd so dau thau nhidu nam, toi chon de tai: “Nhung giai phap chu yeu nang cao kha nang canh tranh cua Tong cong ty xay dung cong trinh giao thong dau thau xay dung" lam de tai luan van thac sy Day la mot van de co y ngh'Ia bUc xuc ca ve ly luan va thuc tien doi vdi Tong cong ty qua trinh san xuat kinh doanh va phat trien Muc dich nghien cUu cua luan van Tren co so nghien cUu ly thuyet va thuc te ve cong tac dau thau cung nhu nhUng yeu to anh huong, dieu kien thuc tai de dua cac giai phap hun hieu nhdm nang cao kha nang canh tranh dau thau cua Tong cong ty xay dung cong trinh giao thong Doi tuong va pham vi nghien curu 3.1 Doi lu'g'ng nghien cu’u Kha nang canh tranh, cac tieu thuc danh gia kha nang canh tranh cua Tong cong ty xdy dung cong tinh giao thong dau thau xay dung 3.2 Pham vi nghien cun Tong cong ty xay dung cong trinh giao thong Phuong phap nghien cUu Trong luan an co su dung phuong phap) vat bien chUng, vat lich su lam n£n tang Ngoai su dung mot vai phuong phap khac nhu phuong phap phan tfch tdng hop, phuong phap he thong * Nhung dong gop cua luan van - He thong hoa cac van de ly luan co ban ve dau thau va kha nang canh tranh dau thau LUAN VAN THACSYQTKD Tran Minh Tuan - Lap bien phap to chirc thi cdng hop ly, dac biet la cac bien dd ve sir dung nhan lire Sir dung thiet bi thi cdng phai dam bao tinh chu dong cho tirng dir an va tinh inh boat cho nhieu dir an cung thi cdng * Giam chi phi chung: Theo thong tir sd 09/BXD thi chi phi chung la: P*NC Trong do: NC: Chi phi nhan cdng P: Dinh mire chi phi chung (66% doi vdi xay dung ndn mat dudng; 64% doi vdi xay lap cdu cdng giao thong) Viec ap dat dinh muc P bang sd cu thd la khong phu hop vdi thirc te nhung gi didn noi bo cua Tdng cdng ty Vi vay Tdng cdng ty can phai can cd vao co cau to chuc cua minh, dac biet la mo hinh to chut cua cac Ban dieu hanh quan ly dir an de tir xay dung dinh muc chi phi chung nham dam bao sir canh tranh vd gia 3.2.1.3 Hoan thien thien mo hinh to chuc cua cac Ban quan ly dieu hanh di/an Dd xay dung dinh mire chi phi chung cho tirng dir an, cac doanh nghiep xay dung thudng tap trung nghien ciru tim nhirng phuong phap tinh toan khoa hoc, nham muc dich giam chi phi mot each hop ly Vi vay moi doanh nghiep deu xay dung cho minh nhung phuong phap tinh toi uu Song chi xoay quanh vao viec xay dung dinh muc chi phi chung bang cac sd tinh toan se khong mang lai Uu the canh tranh Tren thirc te, khong mot doanh nghiep xay dung nao chu den hod/i i thien mo hinh to du(c cua cac Ban quan ly dieu hc'inh du: an, day chinh la bien phap huu hieu dem lai uu the canh tranh viec giam chi phi chung, chi phi may Dirdi day la mo hinh Ban quan ly didu hanh du an ma cac doanh nghiep xay dung va CIENCO l dang ap dung 79 LUAN VAN THACSYQTKD Tran Minh Tuan Sffdo 8: Md hinh to chuTc Ban quan ly dieu hanh dir an cua CIENCO dang ap dung ± Duan thi cong Day la md hinh quan ly theo chhc nang chuyen mon, nguyen ly day la phan chia cac bo phan (cac phong) theo chuc nang chuyen mon Khi trung thau dir an xay dung, CIENCO thudng lap Ban quan ly dieu hanh cho tirng dir an trung thau theo mo hinh to chuc tren Uu diem cua md hinh nay: - Linh boat viec sir dung nhan vien - Mdi bo phan giong nhir mot “lb” chuyen mon lam cho dua cho cac hop ddng va cac nhan vien co dieu kien trau doi phat trien chuyen mon, cung co vi tri rieng Ban quan ly dieu hanh du an - Neu dua dir an ve mot bo phan nao dd, ndi chung bo phan ay cd kha nang quan ly toan bo du an mot each lien tuc Nhuffc diem: • Y - Mdi bo phan chuyen mon cd sU van dong rieng cua nd vdi cac muc tieu rieng can phai dat, chu khong chi giai quyet cac van de cua du an 80 LUAN VAN THAC SY QTKD Tran Minh Tuan - Cac bo phan chuyen mon nhu vay khdng cho phep tap trung trach nhiem quan ly du an cho mot ngudi ma th iron g phan tan cho nhieu ngudi phu trach cac Unh vuc siiin cd - Giua cac bo phan hau nhu khong cd mdi quan he vdi nhau, lam phuong hai den toan bo du an - Chi ap dung de quan ly mot du an, nen su “tac chien” viec dieu hoa cac thiet bi, nhan luc truc.tiep tham gia thi cong giua cac du an bi han che, anh huong den viec xay dung chi phi may, lam giam uu the canh tranh vd gia Vdi mo hinh tren, du cac doanh nghiep xay dung cd dua nhung phuong phap khoa hoc de xay dung dinh muc chi phi chung thi cung chi mang tinh ly thuye't, kho cd the giam duoc ap dung vao thuc te Doi vdi cac doanh nghiep xay dung noi cung mot luc phai thi cong nhieu cong trinh, tren cung mot dia ban va tren cac dia ban khac Nen mo hinh td chu’c quan ly dieu hanh du an dudi day se mang lai nhung lqi the viec giam chi phi chung va chi phi mgy Sa 9: Mo hinh to chu’c Ban quan ly dieu hanh du an 81 LUAN VAN THACSYQTKD Tran Minh Tuan Dac diem cua md hinh la moi ngudi (tai moi giao diem cua hang, cot) cung chiu sir quan ly cua hai thu trudng: chuyen mon va theo dir an Uit diem cua md hinh nay: - Cimg mot liic cd the quan ly dupe nhieu dir an thi cdng ma cu ly giua cac dir an tirong doi gan Do se khong phai hinh nhieu Ban quan ly dir an, giam dupe chi phi chung mot each toi da, cd iru the canh tranh vd gia - Chu dong didu hoa thiet bi, nhan lire thi cdng giua cac du an, ddng thdi tan dung, khai thac toi da cdng suat may moc thiet bi thi cdng, giam du’pc chi phi may Nhuffc diem: Khong the ap dung cho nhung du an cd cu ly each xa 3.2.1.4 Tang nang luc thiet bi thi cong bang each dau tu thiet bi dac chung hien dai Dau tu thiet bi cong nghe can phai tinh den muc tieu cua thi trudng va tinh ddng bo Theo quy hoach phat trien he thong giao thong dudng bd, cung nhu su danh gia cua cac chuyen gia nganh Viec phat trien giao thong dudng bo khong chi dung lai d muc nang cap md rong, ma phai tien tdi tieu chuSn hoa mat dudng Se cd nhieu tuyen dudng phai n&ng cap tir hai lan xe len 6-8 lan xe nham dam bao an toan va liru thong xe co Di doi vdi muc tieu phat trien he thong giao thong dudng bo, doi hoi cac doanh nghiep xay dung phai cd trang thiet bi ddng bo, dac chung, hien dai thi mdi cd the tham gia cac dir an thi cdng Thuc te cho thay, nam 2000 CIENCO l da dau tu mua sam thiet bi vdi gia tri 49,775 ty ddng Trong dd Tdng cdng ty true tiep dau tu 6,069 ty ddng, bao lanh de cac don vi vay mua 43,706 ty ddng Mac du da dupe dau tu vdi so lirpng thiet bi ldn de tang nang lire thuc hien, nhirng so lupng thiet bi dac chung thieu, phai di thue, lam giam tinh chu dong dieu hanh san xuat, chain tien do, chi phi tang Cu the nam 1999, mot so cdng trinh thi cdng yeu cau phai 82 LUAN VAN THAC SY QTKD Tran Minh Tuan co thiet bi cong nghe hien dai nhir cong nghe thi cong ham, may rai tham khfiu ldn 12 - 15M, so may rai tham ciia CIENCO khau lai nho khong phu hop vdi yeu cau, Cong nghe thi cong ham thieu Do vay phai lien doanh vdi cac doi tac cd nang lire thiet bi manh, nen da gap nhieu kho khan viec phan chia lpi nhuan, anh huong den hieu qua san xuft't kinh doanh 3.2.1.4 Thiet lap lien doanh san xuat vat lieu xay dung khu vuo Mien trung nham nang cao kha nang canh tranh tai dia ban Tir cud'i nam 2000 thi trirdng Mien trung cd nhieu thay doi can ban, nhung cho thay dau hieu Midn trung se la vung dat diem cua thi trirdng xay dung Day la co hoi' ldn cho cac doanh nghiep xay dung cong trinh ddng tai dia ban Mien trung ndi ridng va cac doanh nghiep xay dung va ngoai nude ndi chung don nhan, vuon len phat trien Mien trung khong phai la thi trudng quen thuoc cua CIENCO l, mac du dd chien luge hudng vao thi trudng tuong lai, nhung hien tai CIENCO chua cd the manh nao tai dia ban nen viec canh tranh vdi cac doanh nghiep xay dung khac rat kho khan De cd the nhan dupe dir an thi cong d khu virc nay, cac doanh nghiep x&y dung Mien bac phai chuan bi nhung dieu kien can thiet nang cao kha nang canh tran^i, gianh hop ddng xay dung bang gia vao thau mang tinh canh tranh cao Song vdi dia ban xa, cd nhieu yeu to bat lpi nhu van chuyen may moc thiet bi, thong tin gia ca nguyen vat lieu han che Dac biot cac md dat, da deu thuoc quyen so huu cua cac doanh nghiep xay dung khu vuc Do dd lap gia dau thau bi yeu to doc quydn chi phoi se daiy gia 83 LUANVAN THACSYQTKD Tran Minh Tuan len cao De co the canh tranh vdi cac doanh nghiep xay du'ng tai khu vuc Midn trung, CIENCO phai lien doanh vdi mot doanh nghiep khac d Mien trung cd san mo da cung lap Hien da phan cac doanh nghiep Midn trung deu sd hull cac mo da ldn chua cd co hoi khai thac 3.2.2- Mot sd kien nghi vdi Nha nude 3.2.2.1- Can cd khung phap ly ve viec dinh “ ge tdi thieu hop ly nhat cua tung goi thau Cd nghia la gia trung thau cd can tren can dirdi (khong cao qua ma cung khong dirqc thap qua) Tir dd se dam bao duoc tinh canh tranh lanh manh, khach quan cua cudc thau Thdi gian gan day da bat dau phd bien hie3n tirqng mot so nha thau dua gianh giat bang duoc cdng trinh Gia trung thau thap gay hang loat hau qua nghiem ve kinh te, xa hoi, cu the: - Cdng trinh xay dung bi de doa boi tien dd khong dam bao, chat luong kho kiem soat - Nha thau khong kha nang thue hoac diiu tu them may moc, thiet bi mdi ma chi cd the sir dung cac thiet bi hien cd cua minh Ddng thdi, khong cd kha nang thue thau phu cho nhung phan viec ma ho khong cd du may moc, thiet bi hoac thieu chuyen mon Neu bi giam sat chat die, nha thau se phai lam di lam lai nhidu lan gay nhieu ton kem cho minh, anh huong tien thuc hien chung - Nha thau co nhieu kha nang thua lo, thu nhap cua cdng nhan giam, dan den tinh trang thieu trach nhiem, tim each lain tron nhung yeu cau nghiem ngal cua cdng trinh - Ban than nha thau neu dam bao duoc ydu cau vd chat luong va tidn cua cdng trinh, thi cung khong the cd lai, khong tich luy dupe them ddng von nao de tai san xuat Didu chinh la nguy co lau dai ddn tdi su lui bai, pha san 84 LUAN VAN THACSYQTKD Tran Minh Tuan Do vay, viec xac dinh gia toi thieu hop ly la hinh thirc dinh luong hoa cac nguyen tac dau thau, tao khung phap ly loai bo cac nha thau co gia thfiu qua thap, bat hop ly, tranh gay nhung van de tieu cue dau thfiu 3.2.2.2- Thdi diem xac dinh mifc gia toi thieu hgp ly la sau danh gia xong nhung giai phap ky thuat cua cac nha thau Muc gia toi thieu hop ly (gia tran) khong nen xac dinh trudc mb thfiu Dong thdi cung khong thd tien hanh sau da mo thau Vi nhu vay d6 dim den nhimg dibu bat cap sau : Neu tien hanh trade mdthdu: - Khien cho cuoc mb thau bien cube san tim thong tin ve gia ca, lam mat di hoan toan tinh canh tranh la nguyen tfic co ban cua mot cube dau thau khong sat thuc vdi nhimg giai phap ky thuat duqc cho la toi uu nhat ciia nha thau phap ky thuat tien tien, khoa hoc, cac chi phi thap nhat, can thiet de mot nha thfiu vdi cong nghe thi cong hien dai, kha nang to chut quan ly san xuat tot nhat co the hoan tot cong trinh vdi moi yeu cdu ve chat luong va tien de Chinh vi le dd, viec xac dinh gia trudc se khong dua tren cac tiem luc thuc thu cua cac nha thau 3.2.2.3- Nha nude som lap va phat huy hieu qua Hiep hoi nha thau xay dung Viet nam Thuc te cho thay, cac goi thau xay dung co sb tang nha thfiu nude ngoai thang thau hay lien doanh giua nha thau nude ngoai vdi nha thfiu nude thdng thau, thi co ban vfm nha thau nude true tiep thuc hien Mat 85 LUAN VAN THAC SY QTKD Train Minh Tuan khac giua cac nha thay xay dung nude lai canh tranh gay gat vdi nhan de chiem lTnh thi trudng xay dung Nhung thirc te tren lam thiet hai true tiep den cac doanh nghiep xay dung giao thong nude tren cac phuong dien: - Ty le thdng thdu cua cac doanh nghiep xay dung nirdc dung doc lap dau thau la rat nhd - Gia thdng than thap, nen khien cho doanh nghiep xay dung khong cd didu kien md long quy md dau tu, khong cd kha nang tfch luy de hoan tra cac nguon vay, lam anh hudng den doi song can bo cdng nhan vien VI vay viec lap va phat huy hieu qua Hiep hoi nha thau xay dung cdng trinh giao thong Viet Nam cho phep cac doanh nghiep xay dung cdng trinh giao thong Viet Nam khong che thi trudng thong qua viec phan cdng, phan doan thi trudng va chi phoi hoat dong canh tranh nham tao lpi the cho cac doanh nghiep xay dung nude tham gia vao dau thau quoc te 3.2.2.4- Can co nhung uu dai cho cac nha thau nude Nhung Uu dai thuc su ma doanh nghiep nude can dupe giai quyet la viec nhan bao lanh dp thau, bao lanh thuc hidn hop ddng, bao lanh von ting trudc cua cac ngan hang vdi thu tuc don gian, kip thdi Dac biet, nha thau da nhan dupe cdng trinh, ngan hang cd the cho vay von vdi lai suat iru dai khong c
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