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TRtrdNG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN NGU YfiN ANH DlTC dmhocktqd TT THONG TIN THlfVIEN PHONG LU AN AN • TU LIEU MOT SO GIAIPHAP NHAM THO HUT VA SIlT DUNG CO HIEU QUA NGUON VON ODA SAU KHI VIET NAM GIA NHAP WTO ■ ■ CHUYEN NGANH: KINH TE PHAT TRIEN LUAN VAN THAC SY KINH TE ■ ■ NGUOl HUONG DAN KHOA HOC: PGS TS PHAM VAN VAN I HA NOI - 2008 34^ LOI CAM ON Ban luan van la ket qua cua sir nd lure cua tac gia cung vdi sir giup tan tinh cua Giao vien hudng dan va cac thay, co giao cua Khoa Ke hoach va Phat trien, Truong Dai hoc Kinh te quoc dan Nhan day, tac gia xin cam on cac thay, co giao Khoa Ke hoach va Phat trien va cac thay, co giao cua Trirdng Dai hoc Kinh te quoc dan, nhung ngirdi da truyen thu cho tac gia kien thuc suot qua trinh hoc tap cung nhir nhung y kien dong gop quy bau qua trinh viet luan van Tac gia xin bay to long cam on dac biet den PGS TS Pham Van Van, ngirdi da true tiep danh thdi gian de sua, gop y cho luan van tir xay dung de r r cuong den hoan tat luan van r r r Nhan dip tac gia xin dupe gtri ldi cam on den Vu Kinh te doi ngoai, Bo Ke hoach va Dau tu; Vu Kinh te, Van phong Trung uong Dang da tao dieu kien giup tac gia ve so lieu, tai lieu tham khao de nghien cuu va viet luan van r > Cung nhan dip nay, xin cam on Gia dinh da het sue dong vien, tao dieu r \ kien cho tac gia ca vat chat va tinh than qua trinh hoc tap va hoan luan van./ //d Voz, thang 10 nam 2008 Nguyen Anh Due MUC LVC NOIDUNG Trang phu bia Ldi cam cm Muc luc Danh muc cac chu viet tat Danh muc cac bieu do, hinh va bang bieu Ldi mb dau Chuong 1: Mot so van de co- ban ve nguon von ODA va tac dong ciia viec gia nhap WTO den thu hut va sir dung nguon von ODA 1.1 Mot so van de co ban ve nguon von ODA 1.1.1 Ban chat va uu, nhirpc diem cua nguon von ODA 1.1.2 Vai trd cua nguon von ODA doi vdi tang trudng va phat trien kinh te 1.1.3 Quy trinh quan ly va su dung ODA 1.2 Tac dong cua viec gia nhap WTO den thu hut va sir dung nguon von ODA vao phat trien kinh te - xa hoi 1.2.1 Cam ket gia nhap WTO cua Viet Nam 1.2.2 Tac dong cua viec gia nhap WTO den thu hut va su dung nguon von ODA TRANG 4 11 13 21 22 27 Chuong 2: Thue trang thu hut va sir dung nguon von ODA o’ nude ta thoi gian vira qua 32 2.1 Tinh hinh thu hut von ODA 2.1.1 Tinh hinh cam ket cung cap von ODA cua cong dong quoc te cho Viet Nam 2.1.2 Tinh hinh ky ket va giai ngan von ODA thoi gian qua 2.2 Tinh hinh su dung von ODA 2.2.1 Co cau su dung ODA theo nganh va linh vuc 2.2.2 Co cau sir dung ODA theo vung kinh te 2.3 Mot so danh gia ve huy dong va sir dung von ODA d Viet Nam thoi gian qua 2.3.1 Mot so ket qua dat dupe 2.3.2 Nhirng han che, yeu kern 2.3.3 Nguyen nhan chu yeu cua nhirng han che, yeu kern 2.3.4 Mot so van de rut tir thuc trang thu hut va sir dung nguon von ODA thoi gian vira qua 32 32 34 40 40 46 48 48 51 57 62 Chuong 3: Quan diem dinh huong va mot so giai phap chu yeu nham thu hut va sir dung cd hieu qua nguon von ODA sau Viet Nam gia nhap WTO 65 3.1 Quan diem, dinh huong thu hut va sir dung nguon von ODA sau Viet Nam gia nhap WTO 3.1.1 Boi canh quoc te va nude 65 65 3.1.2 Du bao nguon von ODA thcxi gian tod 3.1.3 Quan diem dinh hudng ve thu hut va sir dung nguon von ODA 3.1.4 Mot so dinh hudng ve thu hut va su dung nguon von ODA 3.2 Mot so giai phap chu yeu nham tang cudng thu hut va su dung cd hieu qua nguon von ODA 3.2.1 Nhom cac chinh sach va giai phap doi vdi cac nha tai trp nham tang cudng thu hut va van dong ODA 3.2.2 Nhom cac chinh sach va giai phap nham tang cudng su dung co hieu qua nguon von ODA 3.2.3 Nhom cac giai phap tang cudng ve to chuc va doi mdi cor che dieu hanh, quail ly nha nude doi vdi ODA 3.2.4 Nhom giai phap ve tang cudng dao tao doi ngu can bo, nang cao nang luc ngudi cho cong tac quan ly va sir dung von ODA 3.2.5 Nhom giai phap ve tang cuong va hoan thien cong tac thong tin tuyen truyen va danh gia ket qua du an ODA 3.3 Mot so kien nghi KET LUAN DANH MUC TAI LIEU THAM KHAO PHU LUC 69 71 73 81 81 84 89 91 92 94 96 DANH MUC CAC TI VIET TAT ADB APEC Ngan hang phat trien chau A Asia Development Bank Dien dan hop tac kinh te chau A - Asia - Pacific Economic Thai Binh Duong Cooperation Association of Southeast Asian ASEAN Hiep hoi cac quoc gia Dong Nam A DAC Uy ban Ho tro phat trien Development Assistance Committee EU Lien minh chau Au European Union FDI Dau tu truc tiep nuoc ngoai Foreign Direct Investment FII Dau tu gian tien nuoc ngoai Foreign Indirect Investment Hiep dinh chung ve thue quan va General Agreement on Tariffs and thuong mai Trade Ngan hang quoc te ve tai thiet va phat International Bank for trien Reconstruction and Development GATT IBRD Nations International Development IDA Hiep hoi phat trien quoc te IMF Quy tien te quoc te LDCs Cac nuoc kem phat trien NGO To chuc phi Chinh phu Non Government Organisation ODA Ho tro phat trien chinh thuc Official Developmnet Assistance OECD To chuc hop tac va phat trien kinh te WB Ngan hang the gioi World Bank WTO To chuc thuong mai the gioi World Trade Organization Hoi nghi cua Lien hop quoc ve United Nation Conference on Trade Thuong mai va Phat trien and Development UNCTAD UNDP Association International Monetary Fund Chuong trinh phat trien Lien hop quoc Less development countries Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development United Nations Development Programme DANH MUC CAC SO DO, HINH VA BANG BIEU Cac so’ do, hinh So So 1.1 Hinh 1.2 Hinh 2.1 Hinh 2.2 Hinh 2.3 Hinh 2.4 Ten so do, hinh Trang Quy trinh quan ly, su dung nguon von ODA 11 Du kien ke hoach tra no nude ngoai giai doan 2007-2016 27 Cac nha tai tro chinh cua Viet Nam giai doan 1993-2005 30 Cam ket von ODA giai doan '1993-2007 31 Von ODA da duoc ky ket giai doan 1993-2007 32 Giai ngan von ODA giai doan 2001-2007 35 Cac bang bieu So Bang 1.1 Bang 1.2 Bang 2.1 Bang 2.2 Bang 2.3 Bang 3.1 Bang 3.2 Cac bang bieu Trang Muc thue cam ket binh quan theo nhom nganh hang chinh 21 Bang du kien ke hoach tra no nudc ngoai 28 Cam ket, ky ket, giai ngan ODA giai doan 1993-2007 36 Co cau su dung ODA theo nganh, linh Vuc 1993-2007 38 Co cau su dung ODA theo vung lanh tho 1993-2007 44 So sanh co so tang cac nudc ASEAN 64 Du bao ODA giai doan 2006-2010 68 LOI MO DAU Tinh cap thiet cua de tai De thuc hien cong su nghiep cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat nude, nang cao kha nang canh tranh cua nen kinh te va hoi nhap sau, rong vao nen kinh te khu vuc va the gidi, Viet Nam can khai thac cd hieu qua cac lpi the so sanh cua dat nude, huy dong toi da cac nguon lire nude, tranh thu thu hut va sir dung cd hieu qua cac nguon luc tir ben ngoai Nguon von ODA la nguon ngoai lire het sue quy gia doi vdi cac nirdc kern phat trien vai tro va dac diem cua nguon von De thirc hien thang lpi chien lupc phat trien kinh te - xa hoi giai doan 2001-2010 cung nhu ke hoach nam 2006-2010, viec tang cudng thu hut va sir dung hieu qua nguon von ODA la mot giai phap quan Viet Nam gia nhap To chirc Thuong mai the gidi (WTO) vira la mot tat yeu khach quan, vira la nhu cau cap thiet qua trinh xay dung, phat trien dat nude Sau hon 11 nam kien tri va nd luc dam phan, Viet Nam da trd thanh vien thu 150 cua To chirc thuong mai The gidi Day la ket qua cua du'dng ldi doi mdi, xay dung nen kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng xa hoi chu nghia, tirng budc hoi nhap kinh te quoc te tir song phuong, khu vuc den da phuong, toan cau ma Dang, Nha nude ta da thirc hien hon 20 nam qua Sir kien danh dau mot moc quan trong qua trinh hoi nhap kinh te quoc te cua nirdc ta, md mot giai doan mdi, nen kinh te nude ta hoi nhap sau va toan dien hon vao nen kinh te the gidi Viec trd thanh vien cua To chirc Thuong mai the gidi da nang cao vi the cua Viet Nam tren trudng quoc te, tao nhung co hoi Ion de dat nude phat trien nhanh hon, toan dien hon dong thoi cung dat nhirng thach thirc rat gay gat, doi hoi sir no lire vuot bac cua toan nen kinh te de vupt qua Trong dieu kien Viet Nam da gia nhap WTO va chiu nhung tac dong nhieu chieu den qua trinh phat trien, viec thu hut va sir sung co hieu qua nguon von ODA co the giup tan dung dupc co hoi va gop phan vupt qua thach thuc de nen kinh te Viet Nam phat trien nhanh va ben vimg Xuat phat tu yeu cau tren, tac gia da lua chon de tai nghien cuu cua luan van “ Mot so giai phap nham thu hut va sit dung co hieu qua nguon von ho tra phat trien chinh thuc (ODA) sau Viet Nam gia nhqp To chuc Thuvng mai the gioi Muc dich nghien cuu Tren co so nghien cuu ve ban chat, dac diem cua nguon von ODA cung nhu noi dung thu hut va su dung nguon von de lam ro vai tro cua nguon von phat trien kinh te - xa hoi, Luan van tap trung vao danh gia co hoi, thach thuc va mot so tac dong buoc dau cua viec gia nhap WTO den viec thu hut va su dung co hieu qua nguon von ODA Dong thdi luan van di vao danh gia thuc trang huy dong va su dung nguon von ODA o nuoc ta thdi gian qua, tu de mot so giai phap nang cao hieu qua thu hut va su dung nguon von phu hop voi nhong dieu kien phat trien moi cua nen kinh te dat nuoc va tinh hinh the gioi sau Viet Nam da gia nhap WTO Ket qua nghien cuu cua luan van co the dupe su dung lam tai lieu tham khao cho viec hoach dinh chinh sach quan ly, phuc vu cho cac hoat dong nghien cuu tai cac co quan nghien cuu va nha trudng Doi tu’ong va pham vi nghien cuu Luan van di sau vao phan tich danh gia cong tac thu hut va su dung nguon von ODA tai Viet Nam thdi ky tu 1993 den nay, co chu y vao giai doan 2006 tro lai day Trong pham vi cua luan van nay, viec danh gia hieu qua thu hut va su dung nguon von ODA dupc xem xet tren phuong dien quoc gia la cac hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi chung nguon von ODA dem lai Dong thdi, Luan van cung se de cap den hieu qua kinh te, xa hoi cua mot so du an cu the de minh chung cho viec thu hut va su dung ODA cua Viet Nam thdi _ gian vua qua Phuong phap nghien cuu De tai su dung phuung phap luan cua chu nghia Mac Lenin va tu tudng Ho Chi Minh, qua trinh nghien cuu su dung phuung phap vat bien chung va vat lich su; phuung phap thong ke, phuung phap so sanh, phan tich, quy nap, dien dich va phuung phap thuc chung Nhung dong gop khoa hoc cua luan van - Danh gia tac dong cua viec gia nhap WTO den thu hut va su dung nguon von ODA doi vdi phat trien kinh te - xa hoi cua Viet Nam - Phan tich, danh gia thuc trang thu hut va su dung nguon von ODA cua Viet Nam thdi gian qua - De xuat mot so giai phap nham nang cao kha nang thu hut va su dung co hieu qua dieu kien Viet Nam hoi nhap sau, rong va toan dien vao nen kinh te quoc te Ket cau cua luan van Ngoai phan md dau va ket luan, danh muc tai lieu tham khao, phu luc, luan van dupc ket cau theo chuung Chuang 1: Mot so van de co ban ve nguon von ODA va tac dong cua viec gia nhap WTO den thu hut va su dung nguon von ODA Chuang 2: Thuc trang thu hut va su dung nguon von ODA d nude ta thdi gian qua Chuang 3: Mot so giai phap chu yeu nham thu hut va su dung co hieu qua nguon von ODA d Viet Nam sau Viet Nam da gia nhap WTO ii - Von vay ODA neu str dung khong tot se lam tang ganh nang no nan cua cac quoc gia - Cac khoan vay ODA thudng gan vdi chinh sach ho tro cho cac doanh nghiep cua nudc tai trq nen thudng co str rang buoc cua cac nha tai trcr viec lira chon dir an, thue tu van, chon nha thau, nha cung ung hang hoa thiet bi cho du an - Cac chuong trinh, du an vay ODA thudng co thu tuc phuc tap va can nhieu thdi gian de duoc nha tai tro chap thuan 1.1.2 Vai tro cua nguon von ODA doi vdi tang trudng va phat trien kinh te - ODA la nguon vdn dau tu quan - Nguon vdn ODA giup cac nudc ngheo tiep thu nhung tiru khoa hoc, cong nghe hien dai, va phat trien nguon nhan luc - Nguon vdn ODA giup cac nudc dang va cham phat trien dieu chinh co cau kinh te, giai quyet cac van de xa hoi, moi trudng 1.1.3 Quy trinh quan ly, sd dung nguon von ODA Quan ly va su dung nguon vdn ODA la nhung hoat dong vdi mot sd budc cu the nhu sau: Xay dung danh muc chuong trinh, du an ODA yeu cau ddi vdi tirng nha tai tro; Chuan bi chuong trinh, dir an, bao gom ca dam phan, ky ket chuong trinh, dir an ODA; Thuc hien chuong trinh, dir an ODA; Theo doi, danh gia chuong trinh, dir an ODA (bao gom ca danh gia sau chuong trinh, du an), nghiem thu, quyet toan va ban giao ket qua thuc hien chuong trinh, du an ODA 1.2 Tac dong cua viec gia nhap WTO den thu hut va sd dung nguon vdn ODA vao phat trien kinh te - xa hoi 1.2.1 Tac ctong tich cue: iii - Gia nhap WTO se thuc day tai tror ODA, nhat la ODA tu cac nha tai tra song phuong va cac to chuc phi chinh phu - Thuc hien cac cam ket gia nhap WTO nhat la cac cam ket da phuong se thuc day cai each hanh chinh, dieu chinh he thong phap luat phu hop voi chuan muc quoc te hon - Sau gia nhap WTO se giup nhan thuc ro hon, sau sac hon cac mau thuan qua trinh phat trien, qua chinh sach su dung va quan ly nguon von ODA se phu hop va co hieu qua hon 1.2.2 Tcic dong tieu eye Gia nhap WTO, nhung bien dong tren thi trudng hang hoa, tai chinh, tien te quoc te se tac dong manh hon, sau sac hon den thi trudng nudc, tiem an nguy co khung hoang kinh te Anh hudng den cac can doi vi mo, mdi trudng dau tu va qua anh hudng den thu hut va sir dung ODA, dac biet la kha nang tra no cua nudc ta Ket luan Chuong da tong hop mot sd van de co ban ve ODA nhu khai niem, ban chat, uu nhuoc diem, vai trd cua ODA phat trien kinh te xa hoi va gidi thieu quy trinh quan ly, su dung ODA cua Viet Nam hien Ben each do, Chuang cung trinh bay tac dong cua viec gia nhap WTO den thu hut va su dung nguon vdn ODA vao phat trien kinh te - xa hoi iv CHUONG THUC TRANG THU HUT VA SU* DUNG NGUON VON ODA NUOC TA TRONG THOI GIAN QUA 2.1 Tinh hinh thu hut von ODA - Cam ket Hien nay, co 51 nha tai tro, co 28 nha tai tro song phuong va 23 nha tai trp da phuong cung cap von ODA cho Viet Nam Hoat dong tai trp o hau het cac linh vuc uu tien phat trien cua Viet Nam Ngoai ra, co hon 600 to chuc phi chinh phu nuoc ngoai (NGO) hien dang hoat dong o hau het cac dia phuong ca nuoc va nhieu linh vuc bao gom ca vien trp nhan dao va phat trien Trong giai doan tir nam 1993 den nam 2007, tong so von ODA cua cac nha tai trp cam k§t cho Viet Nam la 42,438 ty USD; tinh trung binh moi nam Viet Nam nhan dupe hon 2,8 ty USD; rieng giai doan tir nam 2001 den nam 2007, trung binh moi nam Viet Nam nhan dupe hon 3,5 ty USD - Ky ket: Trong dieu kien khoi luong ODA tren toan the gidi giam manh giai doan 1997-2004 anh huong cua khung hoang tai chinh tien te va cac dieu kien tai trp bi that chat dan, nhung cac khoan von ODA da dupe ky ket nhirng nam qua (1993-2007) b Viet Nam dat khoang 32,11 ty USD; giai doan (20012007) dat khoang 17,7 ty USD - Gidi ngan: Trong giai doan 1993-2007, tong von ODA giai ngan dat khoang 19,87 ty USD; giai doan 2001 - 2005 dat 11,87 ty USD ; bao gom 4,7 ty USD giai ngan cac du an ODA chuyen tiep tir thcri ky 1996 - 2000 sang va 7,17 ty USD la giai ngan cua cac du an dupe ky hiep dinh thoi ky 2001 -2007 (chiem khoang 60%) V 2.2 Tinh hinh sir dung von ODA 2.2.1 Co1 cau sir dung von ODA theo nganh va linh vuc Trong giai doan 1993-1995, ODA da dirge danh tru tien cho phat trien cac linh vuc: Cong nghiep nang lugng 32,08%; tai chinh ngan hang 19,03%; giao thong - van tai, btru chinh - vien thong 17,55%; Nong nghiep va phat trien nong thon 10,58%; Giao due, Y te 7,05%; Khoa hoc, cong nghe va bao ve moi trudng 6,97%; Giai doan 1996-2000, ODA dirge danh cho phat trien cac linh vuc theo ty le tir cao xuong thap nhu' sau: giao thong van tai - btru chinh vien thong 30%, Cong nghiep nang lugng 16,3%; Nong nghiep va phat trien nong thon 15,2%; Khoa hoc, cong nghe va bao ve moi trudng 14,4%; Giao due, Y te 12,5%; tai chinh ngan hang 2,0% Trong giai doan 2001-2005, ty le tir cao xuong thap nhu sau: Giao thong van tai - biru chinh vien thong 24,1%; Cong nghiep - nang lugng 18,8%; Nong nghiep va phat trien nong thon 14,57%; Khoa hoc, cong nghe va bao ve moi trudng 12,9%; Giao due, Y te 10,0%; Tai chinh ngan hang 7,5% Nam 2006 va 2007, nguon von ODA danh cho cac nganh nhu sau: Cong nghiep - nang lugng 31%; Giao thong van tai, Buu chinh vien thong 30,6%; Nong nghiep va phat trien nong thon 12,6%; Khoa hgc, cong nghe va bao ve moi trudng 6,9%; Giao due, Y te 6,2%; Tai chinh ngan hang 5,6%; quan ly nha nudc va cac linh vuc khac 7,1% 2.2.2 Ctf cau sir dung von ODA theo vung kinh te - Vung nui Trung (lu mien nui phia Bac\ Trong giai doan 1993-2007, so vdn ODA dau tu vao vimg mdi chiem 8,77% tdng vdn ODA cua ca nuoc, gia tri ODA binh quan dau ngudi dat khoang 33,98 USD vung nay, tap trung dau tu cho linh vuc cong nghiep nang lugng chiem ty le 40%, sau den giao thong van tai chiem khoang 20%, nong nghiep va phat trien nong thon chiem ty le 18% - Vung Tay Nguyen: Trong giai doan 1993-2007, Tay Nguyen la mot nhung khu vuc tiep nhan it nhat von ODA, chi chiem 5,63% tong nguon von ODA cua ca nuoc Gia tri ODA binh quan dau ngudi vao khoang 21,86 USD Thdi gian qua, ODA dac biet duoc su dung linh vuc cong nghiep-nang luong chiem ty le toi 80%, nong nghiep va phat trien nong thon 8,8% 2.2.2.3 Vung ddng bang sdng Cuu Long: Trong giai doan 1993-2007, ODA danh cho cac tinh vung dong bang sdng Cuu Long chiem 9,89% ca nudc, dat 11,19 USD binh quan dau ngudi Cac du an tap trung chu yeu vao cac linh vuc nhu cong nghiep - nang luong chiem ty le 33%, giao thong - van tai chiem ty le 36% 2.2.2.4 Viing Dong Nant Bo : Giai doan 1993-2007, ODA chiem khoang 12,8% ca nudc, dat muc 25,4 USD binh quan dau ngudi va duoc tap trung dau tu cho linh vuc cong nghiep nang luong 31,43%; khoa hoc cong nghe mdi trudng 29,09% va giao thong van tai 28% 2.2.2.5 Vung dong bang song Hong: Giai doan 1993-2007, ODA chiem 11,65% ca nuoc, dat 18,42 USD binh quan dau ngudi; duoc dau tu chu yeu linh vuc khoa hoc cong nghe moi trudng chiem ty le 34% va giao thong van tai 28% 2.2.2.6 VungBac Trung Bo va duyen hai mien Trung : ODA chiem khoang 11% ca nudc, dat 52,46 USD binh quan dau ngudi va duoc dau tu chu yeu cho nong nghiep phat trien nong thon khoang 30,4%, gia thong van tai 22%, khoa hoc cong nghe - mdi trudng 18%, cong nghiep 18% vii 2.3 Mot so danh gia ve huy dong va sir dung von ODA 6’ Viet Nam thcri gian qua 2.3.1 Mot so ket qua dat duoc - ODA gop phan thirc hien chinh sach doi ngoai rong md, da dang hoa, da phuong hoa cua Dang va Nha nude Viet Nam - ODA da bo sung mot nguon von quan cho dau tu tir ngan sach de phat trien kinh te - xa hoi - ODA da co dong gop dang ke de tiep nhan khoa hoc cong nghe hien dai, kinh nghiem quan ly tien tien, tang cuong nguon luc ngudi va phat trien the che, xay dung phap luat, cai each hanh chinh - Ngudn vdn ODA gop phan phat trien kinh te - xa hoi, xoa doi, giam ngheo cua nhieu dia phuong nhat la cac tinh ngheo, vung sau, vung xa, vung dong bao dan toc - Ngudn vdn ODA dupe huy dong cho vay lai da cd hieu qua thiet thuc doi vdi su phat trien cua mot so doanh nghiep 2.3.2 Nhung han che, yeu kem - Dinh hudng va phan bo su dung ngudn vdn ODA chua hop ly - Nhieu chuong trinh, du an chua tinh toan hieu qua kinh te, tinh ben vung va chien luoc no quoc gia, nhat la cac du an vay lai - Toc giai ngan vdn vay thap, cham, lam giam tinh uu dai vdn la uu diem cua ngudn vdn ODA - Cong tac theo doi, quan ly ODA nhieu thieu sot - Cong tac quan ly va dao tao can bo rat yeu 2.3.3 Nguyen nhan chu yeu cua nhung han che, yeu kem viii - Ve nguyen nhan khach quan Quy trinh va thu tuc ODA cua mot so nha tai tro kha phuc tap, nhieu thieu ro rang, minh bach Cung each quan ly thieu linh hoat, chua phan cap manh cho co quan quan ly vien tro cua minh tai cac nuoc tiep nhan, vay gay kho khan cham tre cho viec thuc hien cac chuong trinh, du an ODA Mot so bien dong ldn tir thi trudng hang hoa, tien te qudc te cung nhu nudc cung gay kho khan khdng nho toi viec thuc hien, giai ngan cac chuong trinh, du an ODA - Nguyen nhan chu quan a, Nhan thuc chua dung ve hieu qua sir dung vdn ODA b, He thong cac van ban phap quy lien quan toi quan ly va sir dung ODA chua hoan chinh, thieu ddng bo c, Cong tac tham dinh va phe duyet du an bi keo dai, cd du an keo dai hang nam, chat luong tham dinh chua cao, nhieu hang muc duoc tham dinh da lac hau so vdi tinh hinh moi, cd nhieu du an da dupe phe duyet thuc hien phai tham dinh lai hoac tham chi khdng hieu qua d, Cham giai phong mat bang doi vdi cac du an dau tu d, Vdn ddi ung thieu hoac bo tri khdng kip thdi Ket luan Chuong trinh bay va phan tich thuc trang tinh hinh thu hut va sir dung ODA giai doan 1993-2007 Chuong cung dua nhung y kien danh ve cac mat tiru da dat dupc, cac van de ton tai cung nhu nguyen nhan cua nhung ton tai dupc rut tu thuc trang thu hut va sir dung ODA cua nudc ta thdi gian qua ix CHlTONG QUAN DIEM DINH HUtJNG VA MOT SO GIAI PHAP CHU YEU NHAM THU HUT VA SU^ DUNG CO HIEU QUA NGUON VON ODA SAU KHI VIET NAM GIA NHAP WTO 3.1 Quan diem, dinh huong 3.1.1 Boi canh quoc te va nirtfc Trong boi canh von ODA the giai co nhieu thuan lai song cung tiem an nhieu thach thuc nguon von ODA the giai co xu hudng gia tang nhung van chua dap ung dupe nhu cau can thiet Muc canh tranh giua cac nudc dang phat trien ve thu hut vdn ODA cang tang, day cung la kho khan, thach thuc doi vdi Viet Nam So vdi nhieu nudc tren the gidi, tinh hinh chinh tri, xa hoi cua nudc ta on dinh, an ninh bao dam Nen kinh te Viet Nam tang trudng vdi toe cao va tri lien tuc mot thdi gian dai Viet Nam da gia nhap to chuc thuong mai the gidi (WTO) quan he kinh te quoc te dupe md rong, nhieu doi tac tim thay lpi ich kinh te, chinh tri vdi nudc ta qua se thuc day tai trp ODA Vdi the che kinh te thi trudng, he thong dieu hanh va cac van ban phap quy dan dupe hoan thien va dong bo se tao mdi trudng thong thoang, hai hoa hon vdi cac thong le va tap quan quoc te; vay hoat dong thu hut va su dung ODA se thuan lpi han Tuy nhien, viec thu hut va sir dung von ODA cua ta giai doan tdi cung cd nhung kho khan, thach thuc, la: Nhu cau ve vdn ODA cua cac nudc dang phat trien tiep tuc tang manh, nguon cung han che nhat la kinh te the gidi cd dau hieu phat trien cham lai tu anh hudng cua kinh te My va gia dau tang nhanh; Khung phap ly va the che lien quan den qua trinh thu hut, quan ly va su dung vdn ODA dang qua trinh hoan thien, chua thuc hien theo hudng nhat quan, ddng bo va tiep can vdi tap quan va phap luat quoc te, dac biet linh vuc dau thau, quan ly tai chinh cong, kiem toan, ke toan, an ninh xa hoi, mdi trudng ; X Cac yeu to kinh te vi md nhu lam phat, can can toan, ty gia cua Viet Nam sau hon nam gia nhap WTO dang trd thach thuc ldn doi vdi mdi trudng dau tu cua nudc ta Neu khong sdm on dinh se rat bat lpi viec thu hut va sir dung dong vdn dau tu nudc ngoai, cd ODA 3.1.2 Dir bao ngudn vdn ODA thdi gian tdi 3.1.2.1 Die bao tong the ngudn ODA cua the giai Thang 5/2005, cac nudc vien EU da quyet dinh tang ngudn ODA de den nam 2010 se dat 0,56% GNI va nam 2015 se dat 0,7% GNI; Nhat Ban cung da tuyen bo se dat muc tieu 0,7%GNI nhung nam tdi Du bao tong ngudn ODA cua cac nudc vien DAC se dat so ky luc 115 ty USD vao nam 2010 Tuy nhien so van thap hon tong ngudn ODA 150 ty can phai huy dong de gop phan thirc hien cac muc tieu phat trien thien nien ky (MDGs) Nhu vay, tir nhirng phan tich tren co the thay tong ngudn ODA thdi ky 2006 - 2010 se tang len dang ke, song ngudn ODA tdi dupe cac nudc dang phat trien la bao nhieu thuoc vao yeu to chu quan va khach quan, chinh sach phat trien kinh te - xa hoi cua nudc tiep nhan cd vai tro quyet dinh 3.1.2.2 Du bao ngudn vdn ODA danh cho Viet Nam giai doan 2008 - 2010 va sau nam 2010 Theo tap quan tai trp phat trien, ngudn ODA cung cap cho cac nudc dang phat trien thudng ty le nghich vdi cac tien bo kinh te - xa hoi cua cac nudc tiep nhan, vay ngudn ODA cua cong dong tai trp quoc te danh cho Viet Nam giai doan sau nam 2010 chac chan se co nhung thay doi ca ve co cau vdn cung nhu cac dieu kien tai chinh: ODA vien trp khong hoan lai se giam dan, ODA vdn vay se tang len vdi nhung dieu kien tai chinh khat khe hon (lai suat vay co thd cao hon, thdi gian an han va thdi gian tra no se ngan hon so vdi cac dieu kien uu dai vd tai chinh hien nay, nhieu kenh tai trp vdi cac dieu kien tai chinh kem hon so vdi ODA xi se dupc tung budc md rong va dua vao thuc te, so luong cac nha tai tro hoat dong tai Viet Nam chac chan se giam nhat la cac nha tai tro ODA co quy mo nhd 3.1.3 Quan diem dinh huong ve thu hut va sir dung nguon von ODA - Viec tang cudng thu hut nguon vdn ODA nhat thiet phai di ddi vdi yeu cau nang cao hieu qua su dung va bao dam kha nang tra no - Tiep can cd lua chon viec su dung nguon vdn ODA de cung phoi hpp vdi cac nguon vdn dau tu phat trien khac phuc vu cac yeu cau dau tu phat trien cua dat nudc - ODA la nguon vdn vay cua Chinh phu Do vay, Chinh phu phai thong nhat viec quan ly nguon vdn de dap ung cac nhu cau dau tu phat trien theo tung thu tu uu tien cua ca nudc, cua tung vung, dia phuong va tung nganh thdi ky phat trien - ODA cung la nguon dau tu cong; vay viec thu hut va su dung ODA phai bao dam cd su tham gia cua nhan dan, cua cac to chuc xa hoi de mot mat vua huy dong dupc sue dan, mat khac vira bao dam su kiem tra giam sat cua dan, bao dam cong khai, cong bang, dan chu va minh bach viec thu hut va su dung ODA - Can phai trien khai cong tac nghien cuu viec su dung cac khoan vay mdi cd dieu kien uu dai kem hon va khoi thong cac kenh ODA mdi tu nguon Ngan hang Tai thiet va Phat trien qudc te (IBRD) thuoc nhom Ngan hang The gidi, nguon tin dung thong thudng (OCR) cua Ngan hanh Phat trien chau A, nguon tai trp chinh thuc khac (OOF) cua Chinh phu Nhat Ban, nguon vdn vay cd bao lanh (PS3) cua Phap, vay phat trien cua Due 3.2 Mot so giai phap chu yeu nham tang cuong thu hut va sir dung co hieu qua nguon von ODA 3.2.1 Nhom cac chinh sach va giai phap ddi vdi cac nha tai trp nham tang cu’dng thu hut va van dong ODA xii - Tiep tuc day manh sir nghiep doi mdi ca ve be rong lan chieu sau, chu mot so chinh sach ma cac nha tai tro quan tam va coi de xem xet cung cap ODA - Cai tien noi dung, phuong thuc van dong ODA - Tang cuong viec hai hoa cac quy trinh va thu tuc ODA giua Chinh phu va cac nha tai trp, gitra cac nha tai trp vdi 3.2.2 Nhom cac chinh sach va giai phap nham tang cudng sir dung co hieu qua nguon vdn ODA - Hoan thien mdi trudng phap ly va cac co che chinh sach de nang cao hieu qua sir dung vdn ODA - Sua doi, bo sung chinh sach tai chinh doi vdi ODA - Nang cao chat luong cong tac chuan bi noi dung va day nhanh tien tham dinh, phe duyet cac chuong trinh, du an ODA - Dam bao can doi du va kip thdi vdn doi ung cho cac chuong trinh, dir an ODA - Tang cudng cong tac tra, kiem tra cac du an cd sir dung von ODA nham tang tinh minh bach cua vdn ODA 3.2.3 Nhom cac giai phap tang cudng ve to chuc va doi mdi co che dieu hanh, quan ly nha nude doi vdi vdn ODA - Thong nhat mot dau mdi quan ly nha nudc ve ODA d cac cap, giao cho d trung uong la Bo Ke hoach va Dau tu, d dia phuong la cac Sd Ke hoach va Dau tu cac tinh, pho, d cac bo, nganh chu quan la co quan Ke hoach hoac Tai chinh chiu trach nhiem quan ly nha nudc cac dir an ODA cua bo, nganh, dia phuong minh xiii - Ban hanh co cau to chirc chuan ve Ban quan ly chuong trinh dir an ODA d cac cap voi chuc nang, nhiem vu, quyen han ro rang theo hudng chuyen nghiep hoa Bo tri du so can bo can thiet cho Ban quan ly cac du an dong thdi 3.2.4 Nhom giai phap ve tang cudng dao tao doi ngu can bo, nang cao nang luc ngudi cho cong tac quan ly va sir dung von ODA Trude het la phai bo tri du so can bo cd nang luc cho cac ban quan ly cac du an va can het sue tranh viec kiem nhiem nhieu cong viec khac Can bo tham gia quan ly ODA cung nhu cac ban quan ly du an cac cap phai dupe dao tao cac kien thirc chuyen mon ve kinh te thi trudng va cac phuang phap phan tich kinh te phu hop vdi co che kinh te mdi, nhirng kien thirc ve ngoai giao, luat phap quoc te nhat la ngoai ngu 3.2.5 Nhom giai phap tang cirdng va hoan thien cong tac thong tin tuyen truyen va danh gia ket qua cac du’ an ODA Cong tac thong tin, danh gia ket qua du an ODA sap tdi cung can duoc hoan thien theo hudng: - Cac ban quan ly du an can xac dinh ro muc tieu cua du an, cac nguon luc dupe sir dung, tien thuc hien, thdi gian hoan de hinh tieu chi danh gia ket qua doi vdi tung chuang trinh, du an ODA lam co sd theo doi danh gia cho ca qua trinh thuc hien du an ODA - Nhanh chong thiet lap he thong thong tin noi bo, thu thap va luu tru day du cac thong tin, du lieu va cac ho so tai lieu, chimg tir cua cac chuong trinh, du an, bao cao cua cac nha thau cung nhu cac che do, chinh sach, luat phap hien hanh cua nha nudc, cac quy dinh cua cac nha tai trp lien quan den viec quan ly va thuc hien du an ODA 3.3 MOT SO KIEN NGHI xiv 1- Can day manh cong tac tuyen truyen nham thong nhat nhan thuc ve chu truong thu hut, su dung von ODA; Nghien cuu ban hanh phap lenh hoac luat ve quan ly, su dung ODA de bao dam su on dinh, minh bach ro rang, tao dieu kien thuan lpi cho khu vuc kinh te tu nhan tiep can vdi nguon vdn nay; xay dung chien lupc va quy hoach thu hut ODA, xac dinh ro nhung nganh, linh vuc, dia ban can khuyen khich thu hut vdn ODA 2- Tang cudng xem xet chat che cac de xuat su dung nguon vdn ODA thong qua viec thiet lap he thong cac tieu chi, bao gom ca nang luc tai chinh va nang luc thuc hien cua cac co quan thu hudng Can kien quyet tu choi nhung de xuat dir an, ke ca nhung de xuat tir phia nhung nha tai trp, neu xet thay du an dupc de xuat khdng cd hieu qua va kem ben vung 3- Bo Tai chinh xay dung va trinh Chinh phu ban hanh co che tai chinh cho vay lai nguon vdn ODA tirng linh vuc cu the, ban hanh mot sd van ban bo sung ve co che tham dinh gia, dinh muc chi tieu, phi tu van ddi vdi co quan tu van nudc va nudc ngoai Nhung thong tin dau vao se gop phan giup cho cac co quan thu hudng cd co sd tinh toan chat che va hpp ly cac phuong an dau tu, de cao tinh than trach nhiem cua chu du an 4- Bo Ke hoach va Dau tu phoi hpp cung vdi Bo Tai chinh va cac co quan co lien quan tang cudng cong tac giam sat va tra cac dir an dau tu bang nguon vdn ODA; trudc mat, to chuc cac doan lien nganh danh gia hieu qua su dung vdn ODA theo nhom du an: Nhom cac du an hd trp ky thuat; Nhom cac du an vien trp khdng hoan lai; Nhom cac du an vdn vay Tren co sd do, danh gia nhung mat dupc, cac md hinh tot de phd bien va ap dung rong rai, ddng thdi phat hien nhung mat yeu kem, bat cap de cd bien phap khac phuc kip thdi 5- Can xac dinh ro: vdn hd trp phat trien, bao gom vdn ODA khdng hoan lai va vdn ODA vay, la nguon vdn ngan sach cua Nha nudc, phai dupc str dung theo XV dung Luat Ngan sach va chi tieu cong, nhung ngudi xam pham tai san Nha nudc phai duoc xu ly theo phap luat Do do, can thiet lap mot he thong quan ly chat che nguon von nay, vi neu cu de nhu tinh trang hien se tiep tuc tao co hoi cho nhung ke tham nhung xam pham tai san Nha nudc Ket luan Chuong tap trung vao cac noi dung chu yeu sau: - Du bao nguon ODA giai doan 2008-2010 va nhung nam tiep theo tren co sd phan tich boi canh quoc te, nudc va nhung tac dong den nguon von da trinh bay tai Chuong - Rut mot so quan diem dinh hudng viec thu hut va su dung nguon von ODA tren co sd danh gia uu, nhuoc diem cua nguon von cung nhu thuc trang thu hut va su dung cua Viet Nam thdi gian vua qua - Trinh bay mot so giai phap va kien nghi nham nang cao hieu qua thu hut va su dung nguon von ODA tai Viet Nam thdi gian tdi xvi KET LU AN CHUNG Nguon von ODA thoi gian qua da ho tro Viet Nam thuc hien thang loi nhieu nhiem vu phat trien kinh te xa hoi quan Tuy nhien, viec thu hut va su dung nguon von ODA cua ta vua qua cung nhieu ton tai bat cap, co the chac chan rang hieu qua va tac dung cua ODA doi vdi qua trinh phat trien kinh te - xa hoi cua chung ta ldn hon neu chung ta khac phuc duoc nhung thieu sot, yeu kem viec thu hut, su dung ODA cua minh.Trong dieu kien Viet Nam da gia nhap WTO va chiu nhung tac dong nhieu chieu den qua trinh phat trien, viec thu hut va su sung cd hieu qua ngudn vdn ODA cd the giup tan dung dupe co hoi va gop phan vupt qua thach thuc de nen kinh te Viet Nam phat trien nhanh va ben vung Xuat phat tu quan diem tren, de tai nghien cuu cua luan van “ Mot so gidi phap nham thu hut va sir dung cd hieu qua ngudn vdn ho tra phat trien chinh thuc (ODA) sau Viet Nam gia nhap To chuc Thuang mai the giai ” da de cap va giai quyet mot so van de chinh sau: - He thong mot so van de co ban ve ODA, vai trd cua ODA phat trien kinh te xa hoi, quy trinh quan ly, su dung ODA cua Viet Nam hien Danh gia mot so tac dong cua gia nhap WTO den thu hut va su dung ngudn vdn ODA vao phat trien kinh te - xa hoi - Danh gia thuc trang tinh hinh thu hut va su dung ODA giai doan 1993-2007 - De xuat mot so giai phap va kien nghi nham nang cao hieu qua thu hut va su dung ngudn vdn ODA tai Viet Nam thdi gian tdi
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