Luận văn giải pháp thúc đẩy xuất khẩu hàng thuỷ sản của ngành thuỷ sản việt nam vào thị trường mỹ

’/-X - I I / o 51 ? LV-TTJS dhktqd BO GIRO DUC Vfi ORO TfjO TRUDNG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN HA NOI NGUYEN QUANG HUY GIAI PHAP THUC DAY XUAT KHAU HANG THUY SAN CUA NGANH THUY SAN VIET NAM VAO THI TRUDfNG MY 7 m 7^ m LUAN VAN THAC SY KINH TE THS 50 Ha JWi - 10/2002 *** BQ GlfiO DUC Vfi DAO TgO TRUONG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN HA NOI NGUYEN QUANG HUY GIAI PHAP THUC DAY XUAT KHAU HANG THUY SAN CUA NGANH THUY SAN VIET NAM VAO THI TRUUNG MY ? M M ■M- LUAN VAN THAC SY KINH Tf THUONG MAI • • Giao vien hu&ng ddn: PGS.TS DANG DINH DAO Ha M)i - 10/2002 • *** cam cPn Luan van ducc hoan duoi su huo'ng dan khoa hoc tan tinh cua thay PGS,TS Dang Dinh Dao - Truong Bo mon kinh te thuong mai - Khoa thuong mai- Truing Dai hoc kinh te quoc dan Ha noi, su giup quy bau cua toan the cac thay giao, co giao Khoa thuong mai, va cac co chu o Trung tam Thong tin khoa hoc ky thuat va kinh te thuy san cua Bo thuy san Tac gia xin gui tdi thay giao hu’dng dan va cac thay, co giao Khoa thuong mai cung toan the cac co chu o Trung tam Thong tin khoa hoc ky thuat va kinh te thuy san cua Bo thuy san ldi cam on chan nhat Ha noi, 30 thang 10 nam 2002 Cao hoc vien NGUYEN QUANG HUY -Trang - MUC • LUC • Trang PHAN Md DAU CHUONG MOT: nhQng vAn de co ban ve xuAt khau hAng thuy san vAo thi truOng my 1.1 Khai quat chung ve xuat khau hang hoa 11 1.1.1 Khai niem xuat khau 11 1.1.2 Lai ich cua xuat khau 11 1.1.3 Nhiem vu cua xuat khau 14 1.2 Hoat dong xuat khau hang thuy san cua nganh thuy san Viet Nam 15 1.2.1 Noi dung hoat dong xuat khau thuy san 15 1.2.2 To chitc quan ly hoat dong xuat khau thuy san 18 1.3 Thi truong My va cac nhan to anh hu'dng den hoat dong xuat khau hang thuy san vao thi truOng My 20 1.3.1 Thi trit&ng My 20 3.1.1 Dac diem ve kinh tf 20 3.1 Dac diem vv dOnh tri 22 3.1 Dac diem ve tuat phap 24 3.1 Dac diem ve vankoa va von nnuoi 25 1.3.2 Thi trudng thuy san My26 1.3.2.1 TinO OinO kOai rOPc va nuoi rrong rOuy san cua My 27 1.3.2.2 COc bien rOuy san 33 1.3.2.3 Xuar nOap kOau rOuy san 34 1.3.2.4 NhO ecu vv t hi hieu tieu dunn thOy s an ecu t hi tnrUnn My 44 1.3.2.5 He rOong pOan pOoi rOuy san cua My 45 1.3.2.6 Quy cOe quan ly nOap kOau rOuy san van rOi truing My 46 1.3.3 Nhtfng nhan to anh hudng den hoat dong xuat khau thuy san vao thi trufing My 47 1.3.3.1 NOung nOan ro rPc dong rOuan lqi 477 1.3.3.2 NOung nOan ro rPc dong kOong rOuan loi 48 -Trang 2- CHU0NG HAI: THUC TRANG XUAT KHAU HANG THUY SAN CUA NGANH THUY SAN VIET NAM VAO THI TRUdNG MY 2.1 Tong quan ve nganh thuy san Viet Nam 51 2.1.1 He thong bo may to chftc cua nganh thuy san Viet Nam: 51 2.1.2 Tinh hinh phat trien cua nganh thuy san Viet Nam 52 2.1.2.1 Tiem nann phattrien cua nganli thuu ssn Viet l^^aai 52 2.1.2.2 Nhhnn donn ggp cua nnann thuU ssn doi vVi nnn kinh te quoc dan 64 2.1.3 Ket qua xuat khau cua nganh thuy san Viet Nam nliilng nam vda qua 66 2.1.3.1 Thi truing xuat khau thuy san caa Viet Nam 66 2.1.3.2 Kim ngach xuat khau hang thuy san caa Viet Nam 72 2.1.3.3 Co cau hang thuy san xuat khau 74 2.I.3.4 Gia 1^1^ thiiy nan x.xat kkhu, 77 2.2 Thuc trang xuat khau hang thuy smi cua nganh thuy san Viet Nam vao thi tru'dng My then gian vua qua 78 2.2.1 Kim ngach xuat khau .78 2.2.2 he can hang duty san xuat Ithc^u 81 2.2.3 Phitang didc xuot khau 85 2.2.4 Kha nang canh tranh cua hang thuy san xuat khau 86 2.2.5 Hoat dong cua nganh thuy san Viet Nam viec thuc day xuat khau thuy san vao thi trudng My 88 2.2.6 Su tac dong cua cn che chinh sach hien tai cua Viet Nam doi vdi xuat khau thuy san vao thi tru’dng My .911 2.3 Nhung ket luan rut qua nghien cUu thuc trang xuat khau hang thuy san caa nganh thuy san Viet Nam vao thi truong My 94 2.3.1 Nhung uu diem 94 2.3.2 Nhung van de ton tai va nguyen nhan 95 -Trang 3- CH00NG BA: PHUONG HUdNG VA GIAI PHAP CHU YEU THUC DAY XUAT KHAU HANG THUY SAN VAQ THI TRUONG MY 3.1 Dinh hudng phat trien cua nganh thuy san Viet Nam giai doan 2000-2010 100 3.1.1 Cac quan diem ve day manh xuat khau thuy san cua Viet Nam 100 3.1.2 Nhitng phuang hutting phat trien xuat khau thuy san cua nganh thuy san Viet Nam nhing nam ttii 101 3.1.3 Muc tieu phat trien xuat khau thuy san cua Viet Nam den nam 2010 102 3.2 Phuong hu'hng xuat khau hang thuy san vao thi trudng My 103 3.3 Giai phap phap thuc day xuat khau hang thuy san vao thi tru'hng My 105 3.3.1 Giai phap tang cutting nghien cuu thi trutting My 105 3.32 Giai phap tang cutting hoat dong xuc tien xuat khau vao thi truting My 107 3.3.3 Giai phap nang cao tinh canh tranh cua mat hang thuy san 109 3.3.3.1 Nang cao tlnhcanh tranh ve chatlucng cua hang thuy san 110 333.2 NNngcaotihh canh tranh ve g,ifi cua thuy san xuat khau 110 3.3.4 Giai phap on dinh kinh doanh xuat khau thuy san 113 3.3.5 Giai phap hoan thien phutang thutc xuat khau hang thuy san 110 a 3.3.6 Giai phap nang cao trinh cho doi ngu lao dong nghe ca 117 3.3.7 Giai phap ho tra thphia Nha nutic doi vtii cac doanh nghiep xuat khau thuy san 118 KET LUAN 121 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 124 -Trang 4- DANH MUC BIEU, BIEU DO, SO DO TRONG LUAN VAN Bieu 1.1 San lucmg khai thac thuy san cua My Bieu 1.2 Gia tri san luong khai thac tom he cua My Bieu 1.3 Gia tri san lucmg khai thac cua bien cua My Bieu 1.4 Gia tri san luong khai thac tom hum cua My Bieu 1.5 Gia tri san luong khai thac ca hoi cua My Bieu 1.6 Gia tri san lucmg khai thac ca ngir cua My Bieu 1.7 Gia tri san luong khai thac ca tuyet cua My Bieu 1.8 Gia tri san luong khai thac ca trich cua My Bieu 1.9 Gia tri va san luong nuoi thuy san cua My Bieu 1.10 Gia tri va san luong ca nheo cua My Bieu 1.11 Gia tri cac san pham thuy san che bien cua My Bieu 1.12 Kim ngach xuat khau thuy san cua My Bieu 1.14 Gia tri nhap khau tom dong cua My Bieu 1.14 Gia tri nhap khau tom dong cua My Bieu 1.15 Gia tri nhap khau mot so san pham tom cua My Bieu 1.16 Kim ngach nhap khau ca ngir cua My Bieu 1.17 Cac khu vuc xuat khau thuy san vao thi truong My nam 1999 Bieu 1.18 Cac quoc gia dan dau ve gia tri xuat khau thuy san vao My Bieu 1.19 Tham hut ve kim ngach xuat nhap khau thuy san cua My Bieu 1.20 Mure tieu thu thuy san thuc pham cua Ngudi My Bieu 1.21 Mire tieu thu 10 mat hang thuy san chfnh cua My nam 2000 Bieu 2.1 Nganh thuy san Viet nam qua 11 nam phat trien Bieu 2.2 Dong gop cua nganh thuy san so vdi tong gia tri nong san Bieu 2.3 Kim ngach xuat khau thuy san cua mot so mat hang chii yeu cua Viet nam nam 2000 -Trang 5- Bieu 2.4 : Kim ngach va co cau thi trudng xuat khau thuy san cua Viet nam qua cac nam Bieu 2.5 : Kim ngach xuat khau thuy san cua Viet nam Bieu 2.6 : Kim ngach xuat khau thuy san theo tu’ng nhom mat hang Bieu 2.7 : Co cau san luong thuy san xuat khau theo tUng nhom mat hang Bieu 2.8 : Gia xuat khau trung binh cua hang thuy san Viet nam Bieu 2.9 : Cau truc vd thi trudng xuat khau cua thuy san Viet nam 1998-2001 Bieu 2.10 : Kim ngach xuat khau thuy san cua Viet nam vao thi tru’dng My Bieu 2.11 : Ty mat hang thuy san xuat khau tong so kim ngach xuat khau vao thi trudng My Bieu 2.12 : Co cau mat hang xuat khau thuy san vao thi trudng My Bieu 2.13 : Ty mat hang tom xuat khau tong kim ngach xuat khau thuy san vao thi trudng My Bieu 2.14 : Kim ngach xuat khau cua mot so mat hang thuy san chinh vao thi trudng My Bieu 2.15 : Gia cua mot so mat hang thuy san xuat khau vao thi trudng My Bieu 2.16 : Thue nhap khau thuy san vao thi trudng My nam 2000 Bieu 2.17 : Danh gia mu'c kho khan cua cac doanh nghiep xuat khau thuy san vao thi trudng My Bieu 2.18 : Phan tich SWOP xuat khau thuy san vao thi trudng My Bieu : Tong san luong thuy san Bieu : Tong san pham thuy san nuoi va khai thac Bieu : Kim ngach xuat khau thuy san cua Viet nam qua cac nam Bieu : Dien tich nuoi thuy san Bieu : So luong tau thuyen khai thac hai san cua nganh thuy san Viet nam Bieu : So' luong lao dong nghe ca Bieu : Co cau thi trudng xuat khau thuy san cua Viet nam Bieu : Kim ngach xuat khau thuy san cua viet nam vao thi trudng My -Trang 6- nghien cuu ky thi hieu tieu dung cua ngudi dan My, thuc hien lien doanh, lien ket vdi cac cong ty My de ho bao tieu san pham, tang cudng dau tu cho cong nghe che bien + Hoan thien he thong kiem tra chat luong va ve sinh an toan thuc pham quoc gia Mot thuc te hien cho thay ton tai thuc trang la co qua nhieu cac co quan thuc hien tra - kiem tra nha nudc ve chat luong va ve sinh an toan thuc pham: trung tam y te du phong, trung tam tieu chuan- ludng- chat luong san pham khu vuc hoac chi cuc tieu chuan -do ludng-chat luong; trung tam kiem tra chat luong va ve sinh thuy san quoc gia (NAFIQACEN); chi cuc bao ve nguon loi thuy san; chi cuc thu y Su quan ly chong cheo, phan doan cong tac kiem tra, tra va quan ly nha nudc ve chat luong gay kho khan va ton kem cho doanh nghiep xuat khau Bo thuy san va cac co quan ban nganh hoan chinh lai he thong van ban phap quy ve quan ly chat luong va ve sinh an toan thuc pham tren co so cac van ban hien hanh va nghien cuu quy dinh cua cac nudc ve van de de xay dung cac tieu chuan mang tinh hoi nhap, dam bao cho san pham thuy san dat tieu chuan quoc gia cung dat tieu chuan quoc te Hoan thien ve co ban he thong cac van ban phap quy va phap che' ky thuat lien quan den quan ly chat luong nganh thuy san bao gom: quy dinh dieu kien dam bao an toan ve sinh toi thieu cho cac co so che' bien va bao quan thuy san, quy che' kiem tra dieu kien an toan ve sinh cua cac co so che' bien va bao quan thuy san; quy dinh ap dung he thong tieu chuan chat luong HACCP, quy che kiem tra va cong nhan cac doanh nghiep ap dung he thong quan ly chat luong HACCP; sua doi quy che' kiem tra va chung nhan chat luong hang thuy san theo hudng giam kiem tra san pham cuoi cung doi vdi cac doanh nghiep da ap dung chuong trinh quan ly chat luong HACCP; xay dung thong tu lien nganh Hai quan- Bo thuy san va lien Bo y te' - Bo thuy san de phoi hop thong nhat thuc hien nhiem vu quan ly nha nudc; xay dung cac van ban quy dinh ro viec phan biet san pham che' bien, san pham gia tri gia tang vdi cac san pham nguyen lieu so che' de lam co so xay dung va ap dung chinh sach mien giam thue', khuyen khfch xuat khau -Trang 111- Bo thuy san thay mat chinh phu can phai nd luc de ky duoc hiep dinh tranh kiem tra hai lan thuy san xuat khau vdi co quan FDA Hoa ky de hang thuy san xuat khau da lay duoc giay chung nhan cua trung tam kiem tra chat luong thuy san quoc gia (NAFIQUACEN) thi nhap khau vao My khong phai giam dinh lai 3.3.3.2 Nang cao tinh canh tranh ve gia cua hang tlaui san xuat khau Trong thdi gian vira qua xuat khau thuy san noi chung va xuat khau thuy san vao thi trudng My noi rieng dung trudc mot kho khan bien la cac doanh nghiep che bien thuy san xuat khau deu thieu nguyen lieu dau vao so vdi cong suat thiet ke cua nha may, cho nen phai tranh gianh thu mua nguyen lieu vdi gia cao dan tdi gia xuat khau thuy san chua mang tinh canh tranh De thuy san xuat khau canh tranh duoc ve gia phai tap trung vao giai quyet cac van de sau : + Giam ton that khau thu hoach ( danh bat va nuoi trong) Theo thong ke cua bo thuy san ton that khau thu hoach thuy san chiem tu’ 20 - 30% tong san luong thuy san Nhung nguyen nhan dan den ton that la viec danh bat d nhieu noi khong khoa hoc; phuong tien bao quan thuy san phuc vu danh bat xa bd kem dan den thuy san hu thoi phai loai bo; tan dung phe lieu thuy san chua tot, Tat ca nhung nguyen nhan tren dan den gia danh bat thuy san cao Muon giam ton that khau thu hoach can dau tu dong bo: danh bat, hau can cho danh bat, che' bien, bao quan thuy san danh bat xa bd Khuyen khich va bien cong nghe tan dung cac phe' pham tu’ thuy san de lam nudc mam, thuc an gia xuc, phan bon, nhd ma giam gia san pham The che' hoa bang luat nghiem cam danh bat thuy san gay hai cho moi trudng Ban hanh, trien khai ap dung cac tieu chuan ky thuat toi thieu nham bao dam ve sinh va an toan chat luong cho nguyen lieu thuy san qua trinh mua ban tren thi trudng; tang cudng cong tac khuyen ngu, cung cap kien thuc va hd tro dau tu cong nghe, bien phap bao quan nguyen lieu + To chuc tot cong tac hau can cho hoat dong danh bat xa bd Tang cudng he thong bao quan thuy san tren tau, xay dung cac trung tam cong -Trang 112- nghe che bien hien dai gan he thong cho ca tai cac cang cua cac tinh diem nghd ca + To chuc tot cac trung tam giong quoc gia de tranh hien tirqng giong thuy san tot nhirng khan hiem da day gia len cao hoac giong xau dim den nang suat nuoi thap + Lap ngan hang thuy san co cac chi nhanh tai cac trung tam thuy san ldn cua Nha nude de phuc vu cho tat ca cac khau kinh doanh thuy san tranh duoc hien tuong bien hien la thieu von + Nang cao nang suat danh bat va nuoi thuy san, hien viec danh bat va nuoi nhin chung ky thuat lac hau, ap dung phuong phap quang canh la chu yeu lam cho nang suat thap anh huong de gia xuat khau, cho nen cong nghiep hoa san xuat va nuoi thuy san, ap dung cong nghe tien tien se gop phan nang cao nang suat va giam thieu rui ro mdi trudng thdi tiet, hau thay doi, giam chi phi san xuat kinh doanh thuy san + Don gian hoa thu tuc hanh chinh lien quan den kiem tra, kiem soat thuy san xuat khau de giam duoc chi phi kinh doanh xuat khau 3.3.4 Giai phap on dinh kinh doanh xuat khau thuy san Muon thuc day xuat khau thuy san cua nganh thuy san Viet nam noi chung va dac biet la xuat khau hang thuy san vao thi trudng My rat can thiet phai cd giai phap lam giam di nhung yeu to bat on dinh anh huong den su tang trudng xuat khau thuy san On dinh kinh doanh xuat khau thuy san bao ham tao lap va on dinh moi trudng kinh doanh va on dinh va phat trien nguyen lieu dau vao cho hoat dong che bien xuat khau Dieu duoc giai quyet thong qua thuc hien nhung giai phap cu the sau day: + Nhanh chong xay dung va phe chuan luat thuy san Nganh thuy san phai xuc tien nhanh xay dung du thao luat thuy san de trinh quoc hoi thong qua nham on dinh moi trudng kinh doanh thuy san, tao hanh lang phap ly cho hoat dong dau tu kinh doanh thuy san, tao co sd thuc hien kiem tra, kiem soat hoat dong kinh doanh thuy san va xu ly cac trudng hop vi pham phap luat cd lien quan den thuy san -Trang 113- + Xay dung chien lucre giong thuy san d tam quoc gia Mac du, tir nam 1996 Bo thuy san da co quyet dinh ve viec quy hoach sSp xep lai ccr so giong nuoi thuy san thdi ky 1996-2000, co trung tam giong quoc gia nude ngot thupc cac vien nghien ciiu nuoi thuy san, 10 trai giong cap mot thuy san nudc ngot, trung tam giong quoc gia hai san, nhung tren thuc te cac trung tam chua dupe dau tu xay dung de thuc hien chiic nang cua he thong giong quoc gia Tom la mat hang xuat khau chu lire chiem gan 50% kim ngach xuat khau thuy san vao thi trudng My nhung viec quy hoach he thong trai san xuat giong chua dupe trien khai, cac trai san xuat tom giong tap trung d midn trung do van chuyen tom giong di cac tinh mien tay Nam Bo va chuyen tom giong cac tinh phia Bdc lam tang chi phi, chat lu’png tom giong bi anh hudng va dac biet la khong bao dam thdi vu nuoi Van de giai quyet tom bo me thuc, co chat lupng cho cac co sd san xuat giong nhan tao la van de but xue vln chua co giai phap hieu qua Gia ca tom me bien dong rat ldn tir vai tram ngan dong /I con, cd luc len 10 trieu dong /I Viec nghien cun xay dung quy trinh san xuat giong ca bidn cham, den nuoi bien vim phai dua vao giong tu nhien Giai quyet nhung bat cap can phai xay dung chien luoc giong thuy san d tam quoc gia de dinh hudng phat trien thuy san theo hudng cd hieu qua nhat; phat trien giong phii hop vdi dieu kien quy hoach lanh tho, giam thieu tinh tien sir dung giong, kiem soat dich benh va phong chong dich benh nuoi thuy san, dam bao tao nguon nguyen lieu nuoi thuy san on dinh cung cap cho hoat dong xuat khau + Xay dung chien luoc nguon nguyen lieu thuy san ben virng Hien xuat khau vao thi trudng My, nhidu doanh nghiep che bien hang xuat khau khong the dap ung cac don dat hang ldn tir phia doi tac My vi thieu nguyen lieu, hoac cd nguyen lieu nhung gia cao phai canh tranh thu mua Muon xay dung chien lupc nguon nguyen lieu thuy san ben virng can ap dung cac bien phap: -Trang 114- - Tiep tuc hoan chinh chuong trinh danh bat xa bd, nhung chu y tinh dong bo cua viec thuc hien chuong trinh nay: khong chi dau tu vao tau co kha nang danh bat xa bd, ma phai dau tu dong bo cho tau co kha nang che bien va bao quan thuy san xa bd - Lap ban quy hoach vung nudi thuy san de hudng dan ngu dan chuyen doi cd khoa hoc san xuat nong nghiep sang nudi thuy san Tranh tinh tranh nhu hien nay, nuoi thuy san mang tinh tu phat cao, thieu sir chi dao, hudng dan cua Nha nudc khien ngudi dan dau tu ldn, nhung ty le that bai cung rat nhieu, dan den thieu nguyen lieu md rong thi trudng xuat khau - Bo thuy san can phai lay mot phan ngan sach nghien cuu khoa hoc va cong nghe danh cho nganh de in cac tai lieu khuyen ngu phat khong hoac ban re cho ngu dan nudi thuy san Nhung tai lieu chua dung nhung thong tin bien ve cac loai giong thuy san phu hop, cd hieu qua; each nudi chung; nhung kinh nghiem phong benh va chua benh cho cac loai thuy san - Xay dung chien luoc nhap khau nguyen lieu thuy san tir nudc ngoai de che bien hang xuat khau Nguon nguyen lieu thuy san cd duoc tir viec tang cudng phat trien nudi va khai thac thuy san Tuy nhien, thuc te vSn chua dap ling duoc day du va on dinh nguyen lieu dau vao cho che bien xuat khau thuy san Hien tai nha nudc v£n giu muc thue nhap khau nguyen lieu thuy san rat cao( 30% ), vi vAn cho ding nhap khau thuy san nguyen lieu dSn den lam suy yeu nganh san xuat thuy san nudc nha Nhung can phai khuyen khich nhap khau thuy san nguyen lieu vi : mot mat giai quyet tinh trang thieu nguyen lieu cho che bien, mat khac kfch thich nganh thuy san phai nd luc tim bien phap tang tinh canh tranh, giam gia Nhap khau nguyen lieu cho nhap khau xuong 0% -5%( tung loai ); the che hoa quy dinh nhap khau nguyen lieu thuy san luat thuy san; tieu chuan hoa cac cac quy dinh ve chat luong va ve sinh an toan thuc pham ddi vdi cac nguyen lieu thuy -Trang 115- khau nguyen lieu thuy san - Co chinh sach uu dai dau tir nudc ngoai cho phat trien cac co sd cung cap giong va nuoi thuy san Nganh thuy san Viet nam co trinh phat trien cong nghe san xuat giong, nuoi thuy san, che bien di sau hang chuc nam so vdi cac quoc gia xuat khau thuy san hang dau the gidi Cho nen muon giam bdt yeu to tir nhien, tir phat san xuat thuy san thi can phai cd quy che dac biet tru dai ve thue sir dung tai nguyen mat nirdc, thue gia tri gia tang VAT, thue thu nhap doanh nghiep va nhieu cac iru dai khac + Xay dirng he thong kho thuy san quoc gia tai nhung trung tam ldn ve danh bat va nuoi thuy san Phai tien hanh xay dung he thong kho thuy san quoc gia tai Da nSng, Quang ninh, Ho Chi Minh de thuc hien cac hoat dong quan nhu: tham gia on dinh gia thuy san xuat khau tranh tinh trang doanh nghiep ban thap hon gia gia thuy san the gidi xuong thap; giup cac doanh nghiep on dinh nguon hang thuc hien cac hop dong ldn; nhan giu hang thuy san cua cac doanh nghiep; tien tdi cho cho xuat khau thuy san de la noi moi gidi khach hang, cung cap thong tin thi trudng, tinh hinh cung cau, gia ca thuy san xuat khau, phuc vu cho dau gia thuy san; phoi hop cung cap cac dich vu giam dinh chat luong va ve sinh an toan thuc pham doi vdi thuy san xuat khau; thu tuc hai quan Xay du'ng kho vdi von dau tu ban dau bang nguon von ngan sach hoac nguon von ODA, von cd phan, kho phai hoat dong theo che hach toan doc lap 3.3.5 Giai phap hoan thien phuong thuc xuat khau hang thuy san Thuc trang xuat khau hang thuy san cua Viet nam vao thi trudng My thdi gian vua qua da cho thay gan nhu 100% cac doanh nghiep thuy san Viet nam xuat khau theo gia FOB, cho nen toan bo viec giao hang cho khach hang la tai Viet nam, toan bo hoat dong phan phoi ban hang d thi trudng My la doi tac ndm giu Xuat khau thuan theo phuong thuc ban hang qua trung gian nhu vay ve lau dai kho tri va phat trien duoc mot each vung trSc tai thi trudng My, kho cd the phat hien duoc nhung nhu cau mdi de kip thdi dap -Trang 116- ting, hieu qua tir hoat dong xuat khau se khong cao Can phai hoan thien phuong thiic xuat khau thuy san vao thi trudng My theo hudng tirng budc tien tdi xuat khau true tiep, tirng budc tien tdi phan phoi thuy san true tiep tai thi trudng My De thuc hien duoc giai phap doi hoi cac doanh nghiep xuat khau thuy san phai chu dong nghien cuu va ndm vung he thong phan phoi hang thuy san tren thi trudng My, nghien chu kinh nghiem cua cac nudc da rat cong xuat khau hang thuy san vao thi trudn my nhu : Canada, Thai lan, Chile, Trung quoc Dac biet can phai tan dung duoc dong dao doi ngu nhung ngudi Viet kieu, Hoa kieu de dua hang thuy san vao thi trudng My Ben canh do, can phai co sir tai trq mot phan cua Nha nudc, cua hiep hoi che bien va xuat khau thuy san de xay dung hoac thue mudn lau dai kho bai d thi trudng My de to chut tham gia ban buon d nudc nay, to chuc hoi nghi khach hang mua thuy san xuat khau tai My 3.3.6 Giai phap nang cao trinh cho doi ngu lao dong nghe ca Nganh thuy san Viet nam dang dung trudc mot thach rat ldn la str yeu kern vd trinh chuyen mon cua nhung ngudi lao dong nghd ca Thach thuc cang ldn nganh thuy san dang hoi nhap tfch cue vao nen kinh te the gidi, dac biet la xuat khau sang cac thi trudng chu luc cd thi trudng My Thi trudng My doi hoi rat cao vd chat luong thuy san, quy dinh rat chat che, khdt khe ve ve sinh an toan thuc pham va noi trudng nuoi thuy san Thuy san xuat khau vao thi trudng My duoc quyet dinh rat nhidu d kien thuc va chuyen mo cua nhung ngudi nuoi trong, khai thac, che bien va xuat khau thuy san Nhung cong nghe tien tien nghien cuu va san xuat giong, nhung ky thuat nuoi tot, nhung chuong trinh quan ly chat luong quoc te tien tien chi cd the ung dung va phat huy hieu qua duoc ngudi thuc hien nd phai cd kien thuc, cd chuyen mon nghd nghiep Mudn nang cao trinh chuyen mon cho doi ngu lao dong nghe ca mot mat nganh thuy san phai dau tu giup de cac co so dao tao nguon nhan luc cua nganh doi mdi chuong trinh dao tao cho phu hop vdi yeu cau thuc tidn Mat khac nganh phai chu va cung md rong he thong khuyen ngu den tan -Trang 117- huyen,xa nghe ca, phai dat he thong moi lien he che vdi cac vien nghien cuu, cac trudng dai hoc nhSm chuyen giao true tiep cong nghe moi va huan luyen ky thuat cho lao dong nghe ca Nganh thuy san cung phai chu tdi viec dao tao cac chuyen gia gidi cua nganh tai cac quoc gia cd nganh thuy san phat trien va chu boi dudng chuyen mon nghiep vu cho nhung ngudi quan tri kinh doanh xuat khau thuy san cua nganh 3.3.7 Giai phap hd tra tir phia Nha nudc ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep xuat khau thuy san Cd the noi, Nha nudc dong vai tro quan trong viec tri va phat trien xuat khau thuy san noi chung va dac biet la phat trien xuat khau thuy san vao thi trudng My Viet nam cd nen kinh te chua phat trien do sir phat trien nganh thuy san mang nhidu yeu to tu phat thieu on dinh, chua dung nhieu yeu to rui ro De hudng nen thuy san nhu the tiep can vdi thi trudng thuy san the gidi noi chung va thi trudng My noi rieng co hieu qua thi vai tro cua Nha nudc la rat quan trong: Nha nudc vira dong vai tro cua nhac trudng dieu tiet nganh thuy san phat trien dung hudng vira dong vai tro la nha thuong thuyet de tao mdi trudng xuat khau thuy san thuan loi, la nha can thiep tao dong lu'c hd trp cac doanh nghiep kinh doanh thuy san xuat khau Trong nhu’ng kho khan hien dua hang thuy san vao thi trudng My, cd nhu’ng kho khan nSm ngoai kha nang cua doanh nghiep va doanh nghiep khong the tu khac phuc dupe Noi com hien la viec 5/10/2001 Ha nghi vien My thong qua du’ luat HR2964 chi cho phep sir dung ten casfish cho rieng cac loai ca nheo thuoc ho Ictaluridae ( ca tra, ca basa cua Viet nam thuoc ho Pangasiidae) Ngay 25/10/2001, Thuong vien My thong qua dieu luat bo sung cho du luat HR2330 phan bo ngan sach nong nghiep cho nam tai chinh 2002, quy dinh co quan quan ly dupe pham va thuc pham Hoa ky ( FDA ) khong dupe dung ngan sach cap de lam thu tuc cho phep nhap khau cac loai ca mang ten Catfish neu chung khong thuoc ho Ictaluridae Ngay 13/5/2002, Tong thong My phe chuan dao luat An ninh trang trai va dau tu nong thon HR2646, cam hoan toan -Trang 118- viec dung ten Catfish dan nhan, quang cao san pham lam tir cac loai ca khong thuoc ho Ictalusidae, thdi ky ap dung mam va co the keo dai Ngay 28/6 /2002 vira qua hiep hoi ca nheo My (CFA) da kien Viet nam ban pha gia ca tra va ca basa vao thi trudng My Tat ca nhung didn bien da gay bat loi cho viec xuat khau thuy san vao thi trudng My noi chung va ddi vdi rieng mat hang ca tra va ca basa noi rieng Nhung kho khan cho thay tham nhap vao thi trudng My hoan toan khong don gian luong hang thuy san cua chung ta it tren thi trudng thi moi van dd khong co gi dang noi, nhung da chiem thi phan kha hon, vdi luong hang va gia tri tang nhanh han se xay cac tranh chap thuong mai Nhung kho khan rat can can co su tro giup tir phia chinh phu, dac biet la tir Bo thuy san, Bo ngoai giao, va Bo thuong mai, can phai nd lire giai quyet tranh chap tranh khong cho phia Hoa ky ap dung luat chong pha gia ddi vdi hang thuy san xuat khau cua Viet nam vao My Ngoai ra, nhung yeu kem ve hieu biet thi trudng, vd kha nang tiep thi cung rat can thiet co su tro giup tir phia Nha nudc Giai phap hd tro tir phia nha nudc khong han chi la co che chinh sach ma ca van dd dau tu nang cao nang lire cho nganh thuy san, hd tro thong tin, tro giup vd mat phap ly, co gdng thuc day ca hai phia thuc hien nghiem chinh nhung cam ket hiep dinh thuong mai Viet My Nhung hd tro tir phia nha nudc cu the la: Nha nudc phai giu vai tro chu dao viec tao mdi trudng phap ly thong thoang, khuyen khich moi phan kinh te, moi nguon luc vao viec san xuat, khai thac va sir dung co hieu qua cac nguon lqi thuy san cua nudc ta nham gop phan thuc hien tot chien luoc hudng vd xuat khau noi chung va xuat khau thuy san vao thi trudng My noi rieng; Nha nudc can phai thuc hien nhat quan chinh sach nhieu phan kinh te tham gia dau tu vao moi khau cua quan trinh san xuat kinh doanh thuy san, sdm ban hanh chinh sach phii hop va dong bo de khuyen khich dau tu nudc ngoai vao nuoi trong, khai thac, che bien thuy san xuat khau; Nha nudc can sdm ban hanh cac chinh sach khuyen khich doanh nghiep nhap khau cac cong nghe hien dai, thue chuyen gia gidi cua nudc ngoai va tang dau tu' cho nghien cu’u, ung dung cac cong nghe mdi, phat trien cac mat hang mdi -Trang 119- Nha nude can sdm co cac quy dinh cong nhan dia vi phap ly cua cac to chu'c lien ket cua cac doanh nghiep nhu hiep hoi, cau lac bo doanh nghiep, hoi nghe nghiep, nhSm phap che hoa cac quy tSc luat le cua cac to chu'c lien ket bao ve quyen loi hop phap chinh dang cua cac to chu'c bi vi pham vao thi trud'ng My -Trang 120- KET LUAN Thuy san la nganh kinh te mang lai hieu qua xuat khau cao, vdi toc phat trien nhanh nganh da dua nen kinh te Viet nam hoi nhap vdi kinh te the gidi va khu vuc Dong gop vao nhung tfch to ldn hoat dong xuat khau thuy san thdi gian vha qua mot phan dua vao nhung nd luc to ldn cua nganh tham nhap va day manh xuat khau vao thi trudng My Ben canh nhung cong nhu toc tang trudng cao, nhieu mat hang da tim duoc chd dung vung chdc, budc dau cac doanh nghiep da chu dong nghien cuu ndm vung thi trudng My, thi van chUa dung nhieu nhung yeu to bat on dinh, thieu tinh ben vung, de doa den kim ngach va toc tang xuat khau, bdi vi day la mot thi trudng qua rong va ldn, lai cach xa Viet nam, quy che" quan ly nhap khau ngoai thue' ca mot hang rao ky thuat phuc tap can trd viec tham nhap thuy san th ben ngoai, phai do'i mat vdi cac doi thu canh tranh da co chd dung lau dai tren thi trudng Nghien cuu giai phap thuc day xuat khau hang thuy san cua nganh thuy san Viet nam vao thi trudng My co mot y nghia thuc tien cao Can cUa vao muc dfch va pham vi nghien cUu, luan van da giai quyet duqc nhung van de sau; He thong hoa duoc nhung van de ly luan lien quan de xuat khau hang thuy san: lam ro khai niem ve xuat khau, vai tro cua xuat khau, nhiem vu cua xuat khau, hoat dong xuat khau thuy san, to chu’c quan ly xuat khau thuy san Phan tfch duoc cac dac diem cua thi trudng My, thi trudng thuy san My: nhung dac diem ve kinh te', chinh tri, xa hoi, luat phap cua thi trudng My Tinh hinh khai thac nuoi thuy san, tinh hinh xuat nhap khau thuy san, tinh hinh che bien thuy san, he thong phan phoi thuy san va cac quy dinh ve nhap khau thuy san vao thi trudng My Phan tfch lam ro cac nhan to anh hudng thuan loi va khong thuan loi den hoat dong thuc day xuat khau hang thuy san vao thi trudng My -Trang 121- Khai quat duqc tinhl^inh phat hien cua ng anh thuy san Vi et nam, qua thay dugc cac tiem nang, thay dhgc cac co hoi cho viec thuc day xuat khac thuy tan cua nganh vao thi trhdng My Phuong phap phan tich trang hoat dong xuat khac they tan cua nuanh they tan Viet nam vao thi trudng My la khoa hoc va dung dan Dieu duoc the hien: th lieu tu dung ngnieh cuu phong phu, to lieu nghien cuu thong doi cap nhat va dung dan, phan tich thong doi toan dien Ket qua phan tich thuc trang hoat dong xuat khau thuy tan cua huann thuy tan Viet nam vao thi trhdng My la dung dan va xac thuc th luan van da phan tich dhoc toan dien thuc trang, va rut dhgc hnUhg hhdn xet xac dang ve nhung cong, ^10^ han che va cac nguyen nhan anh ^01^ den xuat khau thuy tan cua nuann thuy tan Viet nam vao thi trhdng My, lam co to dn tac gia de xuat he thong cac giai phap thuc day xuat khau thuy tan vao thi trhdng My Luan van dn dexuat duou nhu’ng gihi ngltp thuh day xuat l^hau thkh tan cua hganh thuy tan Viet nam vao thi trhdng My phu hop vdi dieu kien thuc te cua hganh thuy tan Viet nam hien Nhung giai phap tap trung vao hhunu van de tang chdng nghien cuu thi trhdng thuy tan My, tang chdng xuc tien xuat khau thuy tan, nang cao tinh canh tranh cua hang thuy tan xuat khau, tao lap moi trhdng on dinh cho hoat dong kinh doanh xuat khae thuy tan, nang cao trinh cho doi ngu lao dong nghe ca va nhung hd trg cua Nha nhOc cho ngtanh thuy tan cung nnn doi vdi cac doanh huhiep che bien thuy tan xuat khau Ben canh nhuhu phat hien mdi, hhung diem cong, kan van vfm hhu■hg diem han che nhat dinh nhh thieu cac to lieu dieu tra rong khap th cac doanh huhiep den cac nha lam ^1^ tach, va cac nha nghieh cUu, qua trinh phan tich vhn chha lhgng hoa dhgc day du mu'c tac dong cua cac cong cu chmh tach, nhung hoat dong thuc day xuat knae thuy tan cua hgahh thuy tan Viet nam thdi giam vha qua -Trang 122- Thi trudng My co nhung thuan loi va kho khan rieng; nhung nhan to anh huong cung da dang va mang tinh dac thu Tuy nhien, no cung co nhung bat loi giong vdi thuc day xuat kh£u vao cac thi trudng khac nhu: yeu to ve co' che quan ly cua Nha nudc, su phat trien mang yeu to tu phat, thieu su dau tu dong bo, tinh canh tranh cua hang thuy san Viet nam chua cao, nhieu doi thu xuat khau khac tren the gidi da co mot nen cong nghiep thuy san hoan chinh, co be day kinh nghiem chiem linh thi trudng Giai phap thuc day xuat khau hang thuy san vao thi trudng My chi co the cong no duoc thuc hien dong bo o cac cap, cac nganh, su nd luc cua doanh nghiep va su hd tro toan dien cua Nha nudc va khong ngung tim hieu ve thi trudng My, day manh hoat dong tiep thi, nghien cuu va khai thac co hieu qua nhung co hoi cua hiep dinh thuong mai Viet - My doi vdi hang thuy san xuat khau.Nhung phan tich danh gia va de xuat phuong hudng giai phap cua de tai hy vong se gop mot phan nao vao nd luc cua nganh thuy san viec tiep tuc tri on dinh ve toc phat trien va gia tang kim ngach xuat khau thuy san vao thi trudng My cua Viet nam thdi gian tdi -Trang 123- TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Ban xuc tien thuong mai - Bo thuong mai -Nhung dieu can biet doi vdi hang hoa nhap khau vao thi trudng Hoa ky Bo thuy san- Bao cao tong ket nam 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 Bo thuy san - Quy hoach tong the phat trien kinh te - xa hoi nganh thuy san 2000-2010 Bo thuy san - Chien luoc xuat khau thuy san Viet nam thdi ky 1996 - 2000 Bo ke hoach va dau tu, Bao cao dieu tra, tong ket thuc hien chu truong phat trien nuoi thuy san nam 2000 Bo thuy san - Bao cao ve tinh hinh nuoi thuy san va ke hoach phat trien nuoi thuy san cac tinh ven bien giai doan 2001-2005 Bo Thuong mai - De an phat trien xuat khau d Viet Nam 2000 - 2010 PGS,TS Nguyen Duy Bot (nam 1997) Giao trinh Thuong mai quoc te - Dai hoc kinh te quoc dan Ha noi - NXB Giao due PGS ,TS Dang Dinh Dao va PGS, TS Hoang Due Than (nam 2001) - Giao trinh Kinh te thuong mai -Nha xuat ban thong ke 10 PGS, PTS Tran Minh Dao (nam 1998) - Dai hoc kinh te Quoc dan Ha noiGiao trinh Marketing- NXB thong ke 11 PGS, TS Hoang Minh Dudng va TS Nguyen Thira Loc ( nam 2000) - Dai hoc kinh te Quoc dan Ha noi - Giao trinh Quan tri doanh nghiep Thuong mai - Nha xuat ban Giao due 12 Garry D.Smith- Danny R.Arnold - Bobby G.Bizzell nam 1997 - Chien luoc va sach luoc kinh doanh Bui Van Dong dich - NXB Thong ke 13 Ian Chaston - Marketing dinh hudng vao khach hang -ngudi dich TS Vu Trong Hung va TS Phan Dinh Quyen (nam 1999)- NXB Dong nai 14 James M.Comer- Quan tri ban hang- Ngudi dich Nguyen Thi Hiep Thuong va Nguyen Thi Quyen (nam 1999) - NXB Thong ke 15 PTS Nguyen Viet Lam (nam 1999) Dai hoc kinh te Quoc dan -Ha noi Giao trinh nghien cuu marketing - nha xuat ban Giao due -Trang 124- 16 Nafiqacen - Bao cao tong ket 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 17 Nien giam thong ke cac nam 1995-2001 18 Philip Kotler- Marketing can ban - nam 1997 - NXB Thong ke 19 TS NguySn Xuan Quang ( nam 1999) - Dai hoc kinh te Quoc dan Ha noi Giao trinh Marketing Thuong mai - NXB Thong ke - Ha noi 20 TS Nguyen Xuan Quang va TS Nguyen Thira Loc (nam 1999) - Dai hoc kinh te Quoc dan Ha noi - Giao trinh Quan tri doanh nghiep thuong mai NXB Thong ke Ha noi 21 Thu tudng Chinh phu - Quyet dinh 224/1999/QD-TTg 08/12/1999 phe duyet chuong trinh nuoi thuy san thdi ky 1999 - 2010 22 Thu tudng Chinh phu - Quyet dinh 103/2000/QD-TTg ban hanh 25/08/2000 ve mot so chinh sach phat trien giong thuy san 23 Thong tin khoa hoc va cong nghe thuy san Cac sd nam 2000 va 2001 24 Tap chi Thuong mai Thuy san - cac sd - 4/2000; 6/2001 va 2-4/2002 25 Thong tin Thuong mai - Thuy san Trung tam Thong tin Khoa hoc ky thuat va Kinh te thuy san thuc hien Cac so nam 2000 va 2001 26 Thong tin chuyen de Trung tam Thong tin Khoa hoc ky thuat va Kinh te thuy san phat hanh 4ky/nam nhung sd nam 2000 va 2001 27 Ha Xuan Thong (nam 2000) - Co so ly luan chuyen doi co cau kinh te nganh thuy san - Nha xuat ban Nong nghiep 28 PGS, TS Vo Thi Thanh Thu ( nam 2002) Nhung giai phap ve thi trudng cho xuat khau thuy san cua Viet nam - Nha xuat ban thong ke -Trang 125-