INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 12106 Second edition 2017-03 Metallic materials — Fatigue testing — Axial-strain-controlled method Matériaux métalliques — Essais de fatigue — Méthode par déformation axiale contrôlée Reference number ISO 12106:2017(E) © ISO 2017 ISO 12106:2017(E) COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT © ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland All rights reserved Unless otherwise specified, no part o f this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country o f the requester ISO copyright o ffice Ch de Blandonnet • CP 401 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland Tel +41 22 749 01 11 Fax +41 22 749 09 47 copyright@iso.org www.iso.org ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved ISO 12106:2017(E) Page Contents Foreword v Introduction vi Scope Normative references Terms and definitions Symbols 4.1 4.2 Specimens Fatigue testing 4.2.2 Subscripts Expression of results 4.3 Apparatus 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5 6.2 Reco rding sys tems Cycle co unter C hecking and verificatio n 6.1.1 Round bars 6.1.2 Flat sheet products 10 Preparation of specimens 14 6.2.1 General 14 6.2.2 Machining procedure 14 6.2.3 Sampling and marking 15 6.2.4 Surface condition of specimen 15 6.2.5 Dimensional check 16 6.2.6 Storage and handling 16 Geo metry Procedure 16 16 Test machine control 16 Mounting of the specimen 17 f f 17 Start of test 18 18 7.5.2 Test commencement 19 Number of specimens 19 Data recording 19 19 7.7.2 Data acquisition 19 End of test 20 Failure criteria 20 Lab o rato ry enviro nment 7.4 Cycle s hap e — S train rate o r 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.5 Test machine 5.1.1 General 5.1.2 Force transducer 5.1.3 Gripping of specimen 5.1.4 Alignment check Strain measurement Heating device and temperature measurement Instrumentation for test monitoring Specimens 6.1 Symb o ls requency o 7.5 Preliminary meas urements 7.7.1 S tres s - s train hys teres is lo o p s cycling High-temperature strain-controlled creep-fatigue testing 22 Expression of results 23 9.1 Basic data (recorded data (see 7.7)) 23 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved iii ISO 12106:2017(E) 9.2 Analysis o f low-cycle fatigue results at Re 23 9.2.1 Distinction between di fferent types o f strain values 23 = − Determination of fatigue life (see 7.9) 24 Stress-strain and strain-fatigue life relationships 24 9.3 Analysis o f creep- fatigue results 25 10 Test report 25 10.1 General 25 10.2 Purpose of the test 26 10.3 Material 26 10.4 Specimen 26 10.5 Test methods 26 10.6 Test conditions 27 10.7 Presentation of results 27 10.7.1 Presentation of single test results 27 10.7.2 Presentation of results of test series 28 10.8 Values to be stored in a low-cycle fatigue database 29 Annex A (informative) Measurement uncertainty 31 Annex B (informative) Examples of graphical presentation of results 33 Bibliography 37 9.2.2 9.2.3 iv © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved ISO 12106:2017(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies) The work o f preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters o f electrotechnical standardization The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part In particular the different approval criteria needed for the di fferent types o f ISO documents should be noted This document was dra fted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part (see www.iso org/directives) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some o f the elements o f this document may be the subject o f patent rights ISO shall not be held responsible for identi fying any or all such patent rights Details o f any patent rights identified during the development o f the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso org/patents) Any trade name used in this document is in formation given for the convenience o f users and does not constitute an endorsement For an explanation on the voluntary nature o f standards, the meaning o f ISO specific terms and expressions related to formity assessment, as well as in formation about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso org/iso/foreword html This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 164, Mechanical testing of metals, Subcommittee SC 5, Fatigue testing This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 12106:2003), which has been technically revised © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved v ISO 12 106:2 017(E) Introduction M ateri a l s and thei r m icro s tr uc tu re may change when s ubj e c te d to c ycl ic de formation s me ch an ic a l prop er tie s c an b e s ign i fic antly a ltere d when comp are d with that re s u ltant from and thei r mono ton ic deformations, for example, uniaxial stress-strain response The design of mechanical components s ubj e c te d to fatigue lo ad i ngs and c ycl ic de formation s re qu i re s , in a nu mb er o f i ndu s tri a l s e c tors (i e nucle ar, aero s p ace, grou nd veh icle s , me d ic a l device s , e tc ) , knowle dge o f the c ycl ic b eh aviou r o f the materi a l s u nder revers e d s tra i n control cond ition s , re ferre d to a s low- c ycle fatigue, when c ycl ic plas ticity i s pre s ent I n order to en s u re rel iabi l ity and s i s tenc y o f re s u lts from d i fferent lab oratorie s , it i s ne ce s s ar y to col le c t a l l d ata u s i ng te s t me tho dolo gie s th at comply with a nu mb er o f key p oi nts This document concerns both the generation of such strain-controlled fatigue data at room or elevated R-ratios (strain) and the presentation of results for fatigue properties, strain-life f Re there is a close relationship with strain-controlled, high-temperature testing, there is also a section temp erature s at fi xe d b eh aviou r and c ycl ic s tre s s - s tra i n re s p on s e s o me ta l l ic materi a l s de term i ne d at an -ratio = −1 Si nce devo te d to c re ep - fatigue te s ti ng me tho dolo g y This c u ment e s no t add re s s s a fe ty or he a lth concern s , shou ld s uch i s s ue s exi s t, that may b e as s o c iate d with its u s e or appl ic ation T he u s er o f th i s c u ment h as the s ole re s p on s ibi l ity to e s tabl i s h any appropri ate s a fe ty a nd he a lth concern s , as wel l as to de term i ne the appl ic abi l ity o f any nationa l or lo c a l re gu lator y l i m itation s rega rd i ng the u s e o f th i s c u ment vi © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 12106:2017(E) Metallic materials — Fatigue testing — Axial-straincontrolled method Scope This document specifies a method o f testing uniaxially de formed specimens under strain control at constant amplitude, uni form temperature and fixed strain ratios including at Re = −1 for the determination of fatigue properties It can also be used as a guide for testing under other R-ratios, as well as elevated temperatures where creep de formation e ffects may be active Normative references The following documents are re ferred to in the text in such a way that some or all o f their content constitutes requirements o f this document For dated re ferences, only the edition cited applies For undated re ferences, the latest edition o f the re ferenced document (including any amendments) applies ISO 7500-1, T e n s i o n / c o M e m ISO 9513, ISO 23788, p M e t a r e t a M e s l l i c s i o l l i c t a m l l i c m n a t e a t e m a t e s r i a t i n r i a t e g l s r i a l s m — a — l s C a c h C a — i n l i b e l i b V e s r a r a t i o — t i o r i f i c a n C a n o t i o a l i b f n n e o d r a x f v e t i o t e t h n e r i f i c n s o a a n m l i g a d e n t i o v e t e m r e n o f r i f i c s n y s t s a t e o t a m ff t i c t i o a s n u t i g u o s u n f e e i a t h d x e i n t e s i a f o u l n t i n t e r c e i a g s - t i n m x i a m a e l g a t e c h m s u s i n a c h r i n t i n e i n g s e s y s — t e P a r t : m g s Terms and definitions For the purposes o f this document, the following terms and definitions apply ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses: — IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia org/ — ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso org/obp 3.1 engineering stress instantaneous force divided by the initial cross-sectional area o f the gauge length S = F / AO 3.2 true stress instantaneous force divided by the instantaneous cross-sectional area o f the gauge length σ =F/A Note to entry: At strains to approximately 10 %, the true stress is approximated by the engineering stress, F/A o It is also important to note that at strains to approximately 10 %, it is the engineering strain that is actually measured by the extensometer and it is the controlled parameter in a test 3.3 initial length gauge length Lo initial length between extensometer measurement points at test temperature © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved ISO 12106:2017(E) 3.4 parallel length Lp length between transition radii of the test specimen 3.5 strain engineering strain DL = L i − Lo e = Lo true total strain ε = where Li Lo Li ∫ Lo dL Lo L is the instantaneous length of the gauge section; is the initial or gauge length Note to entry: At true strain values to approximately 10 %, ε is approximated by the engineering strain e = Δ L/L It is also important to note that at strains to approximately 10%, it is the engineering strain that is the quantity measured by the extensometer and the controlled parameter in a strain-controlled fatigue test 3.6 cycle smallest segment o f the strain-time function that is repeated periodically 3.7 maximum greatest algebraic value o f a variable within one cycle 3.8 minimum least algebraic value o f a variable within one cycle 3.9 mean one-half of the algebraic sum of the maximum and minimum values of a variable 3.10 range algebraic difference between the maximum and minimum values of a variable 3.11 amplitude half the range of a variable 3.12 fatigue life Nf number o f cycles that have to be applied to achieve a failure Note to entry: Failure criteria are defined, for example, in 7.8 The failure criterion used shall be reported with the results and be consistent through a series of fatigue tests © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved ISO 12106:2017(E) 3.13 hysteresis loop clo s e d c u r ve o f the s tre s s - s trai n re s p on s e du ri ng one comple te c ycle N o te to entr y: I t i s qu ite com mon th at the b e gi n n i n g fe w hys tere s i s lo op s i n a te s t s e quence m ay no t b e co mp le tel y “clo s e d” due to c ycl ic s o ften i ng , c ycl ic h a rden i ng , c ycl ic s tre s s rel a xation , s tre s s “s h a ke down”, or ratchetting Symbols For the pu r p o s e s o f th i s c u ment, the s ymb ol s defi ne d i n 4.1 4.1 to 4.3 apply Specimens See Table Table — Symbols and designations concerning specimens Specimen Symbol o Li Ao L A A f r L Cylindrical z d D Flat-sheet t W w 4.2 4.2.1 Designation Initial or gauge length Instantaneous gauge length Initial area of gauge section Instantaneous area of gauge section with AL = A o L o Minimum area at failure Transition radius (from parallel length into the grip end of the test specimen) Overall length of specimen Unit mm mm mm mm mm mm mm Diameter of grip end of specimen mm mm Thickness Width of grip end Width of gauge section mm mm mm D i a me ter o f c yl i nd r ic a l gau ge s e c tion Fatigue testing Symbols Table — Symbols and designations for variables and properties Symbol Definition E M o du lu s o f E l a s tic ity E T C E f N © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved Units mean value of the slope of the initial linear portion of a stressstrain curve unloading modulus following a maximum stress (see Figure 1), unloading modulus following a minimum stress (see Figure 1) nu mb er o f c ycle s to Gigapascals (GPa) Gigapascals (GPa) Gigapascals (GPa) fa i lu re ISO 12106:2017(E) Table Symbol D f t σ S e e ε Δ z e R R = de dt e (continued) f i n i t i o Units n time to failure; tf = T· Nf in which T is Seconds (s) the period of the signal (duration of the wavelength) true stress Megapascals (MPa) engineering stress Megapascals (MPa) engineering strain strain rate Seconds to the power of minus one (s ) where t = time true strain range of a variable mean surface roughness Micrometres (µm) strain ratio = (emin/emax) −1 Figure — Stress-strain hysteresis loop at Re NO TE For the pu r p o s e o f de fi n i ng p l a s tic s tra i n fro m = − a s tab i l i z e d s tre s s - s tra i n hys tere s i s lo o p , it i s th at no n- max + Smin S re co verab le s tra i n at the me a n s tre s s e s tab l i s he d b y ( ) /2 fo r the s te ady- s tate s tre s s re s p o n s e i n a control le d s tra i n te s t Fre quentl y, it i s the width o f the hys tere s i s lo op at z ero s tre s s c ro s s i ng b ut it m ay no t b e i n some metals © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved ISO 12106:2017(E) This information is indicated in 10.2 to 10.8 10.2 Purpose of the test State the aim o f the study 10.3 Material — Standardized designation; — composition in mass percent; — product; — heat treatment; — microstructure/hardness; — mechanical properties at test temperature 10.4 Specimen Provide a drawing of the specimen indicating: — the direction and location o f sampling from the product; — the final machining phase and mean longitudinal roughness value Ra 10.5 Test methods — Test machine: — frame capacity: ± kN, calibration: kN (10 V, X-bit resolution); — type o f actuator (hydraulic, electro-mechanical, etc.); — force capacity o f actuator: ± kN; — controller type (analog, digital, hybrid) NOTE A hybrid controller has an analog servo-loop plus a digital operator inter face — Load train: — type o f grip (manually or hydraulically preloaded + description or photo); — method o f ensuring axially and level o f bending at typical test force(s) — Heating system: — type o f furnace (resistive, radiant, inductive, etc.); — estimate o f axial temperature gradient in gauge length o f specimen: °C; — temperature and variation in temperature during test: °C ± °C; — type o f thermocouple; 26 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved ISO 12106:2017(E) — heat-up time, time at test temperature prior to test commencing, and time at test temperature during test — Extensometer: — description o f extensometer used (diagram or photo); — gauge length: mm; — operating range: ± mm (10 V, X-bit resolution); — calibration procedure and results; — date o f last calibration: 10.6 Test conditions — Axial-strain range: ; — strain ratio Re (= e min/e max): ; — wave form: ; — strain rate or frequency: ; — first quarter-cycle (tensile or compressive); — details o f dwell period(s) and the control strategy adopted 10.7 Presentation of results 10.7.1 Presentation of single test results For each test, prepare — a table giving the total engineering strain values (max., min., range), engineering stress (max., min., range) and plastic-strain variation as a function o f number o f cycles in accordance with Table 8, — two curves giving the variation in the maximum and minimum engineering stresses as a function o f the number o f cycles in log-linear coordinates and in linear coordinates, and — hysteresis loops representative o f test start-up and near mid-li fe, and those representative o f failure NOTE Log-linear coordinates are normally pre ferred © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved 27 ISO 12106:2017(E) Table — Variation in engineering strain and engineering stress as a function of number of cycles during a low-cycle fatigue test Material: Specimen reference: Total engineering strain applied: Test temperature: f E: Engineering strain rate: M o du lu s o el a s tic ity, Total engineering strain Cycle max % range Engineering stress MPa max Engineering plastic strain % range range 10.7.2 Presentation of results of test series For a series of tests, prepare: Table 9, summarizing the results in order of decreasing strain amplitudes, — a tab le, — the c u r ve s repre s enti ng the vari ation i n: — the to ta l engi ne eri ng — the engi ne eri ng s tre s s ampl itude — the engi ne eri ng s tre s s ampl itude s coordinates), log coordinates), s tra i n ampl itude e ta as a fu nc tion nu mb er o f c ycle s ( lo g-lo g Sa at m id fatigue l i fe a s a fu nc tion o f the numb er o f c ycle s ( lo g- Sa as a function of total engineering strain amplitude e ta (loglog coordinates), indicating the values for K, n , K n ′ a nd 28 o f the ′, © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved ISO 12106:2017(E) — the engineering total-, elastic- and plastic-strain amplitudes as a function o f the number o f cycles (log-log coordinates), indicating the values o f the coe fficients Sf′, b, e f′ and c For parametric relationships, the number o f tests for which the coe fficients have been determined shall be stated in addition to the domain o f the fit Examples of graphical representations are shown in Figures B.1 to B.4.[13][18] Table — Summary of results of a test series Strain amplitude Number of cycles to failure Stress amplitude at mid-life e10 Nf,10 S10 e8 Nf,8 S8 e6 Nf,6 S6 e9 e7 Nf,9 Nf,7 e5 Nf,5 e3 Nf,3 e1 Nf,1 e4 e2 Nf,4 Nf,2 S9 S7 S5 S4 S3 S2 S1 10.8 Values to be stored in a low-cycle fatigue database It is good practice to store data essential for the use o f results o f low-cycle fatigue tests in an easily accessible and user- friendly form These data include but are not limited to: a) the table summarizing individual test results (Table 8); b) the table summarizing the test results for the series (Table 9); c) a table summarizing the analysis o f the results in accordance with Table 10 Tables 8, and 10 , prepared using a computer and spread sheet-type so ftware, may serve as a basis or preparing a database that is exportable by means o f a communication network or disk (data files generally being in ASCII format) f © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved 29 ISO 12106:2017(E) Table 10 — Analysis of low-cycle fatigue test results Date: Data source: Material (standardized designation) — C hem ic a l comp o s itio n: — H e at tre atment: — Sp e c i a l s p e c i fic ation s: — P u r p o s e o f te s t: — P ro duc t: — S a mp l i ng — Sp e c i men typ e: — Te s t temp eratu re: — Te s t m ach i ne(s) : — C o ntro l mo de: — Wave fo rm: — Fre quenc y or s tra i n rate: — D e fi n ition o f — Nu mb er o f s p e c i men s a nd dom a i n o f the fit: Test conditions C y c l S y′ i c s t r e s s fro m - s t pro duc t: fa i lu re: r a i n p r o p e r t i e s ( s t a b i l i z e d c y c l e ) c ycl ic yield s tren g th n′ c ycl ic s tra i n h a rden i ng e x p onent K′ c ycl ic s treng th co e ffic ient Fatigue properties σ f′ b ε c 30 f′ fatigue s tren g th co e ffic ient fatigue duc ti l ity co e ffic ient fatigue strength exponent fatigue duc ti l ity e x p onent © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved ISO 12106:2017(E) Annex A (informative) Measurement uncertainty A.1 General A.1.1 Evaluating measurement uncertainty is highly desirable but not a mandatory requirement in the present document A.1.2 ISO/IEC 17025 [6] requires all calibration and testing laboratories to provide the uncertainty estimates or the procedure for estimating the uncertainty associated with their test results A customer may also demand requirements for measurement uncertainty information or the testing laboratory itself may want to gain a better understanding o f which aspects o f the test procedure have the greatest e ffect on results so that these may be monitored more closely or improved A.1.3 Where information is available, it is recommended that the uncertainty is estimated in accordance with the GUM [10] All the terminology used should be in accordance with GUM [10] and VIM [11] A.1.4 Measurement uncertainty is defined[7] as “non-negative parameter characterizing the dispersion of the being attributed to a measurand, based on the information used” q u a n t i t y v a l u e s A.1.5 According to the GUM, measurement uncertainty comprises, in general, many components Some o f these may be evaluated by Type A evaluation of measurement uncertainty from the statistical distribution o f the quantity values from series o f measurements and can be characterized by standard deviations All the other components, which may be evaluated by Type B evaluation of measurement uncertainty, can also be characterized by standard deviations and evaluated from probability density functions based on other information For a given set o f in formation, it should be understood that the measurement uncertainty is associated with a stated quantity value attributed to the measurand A modification o f this quantity value would most likely result in a modification o f the associated uncertainty A.2 Guidelines for evaluation of uncertainty in axial stress (or strain) controlled testing A.2.1 It is recommended to identi fy, rank and list all the significant sources that contribute (either directly or indirectly) to the uncertainty o f the fatigue li fe, Nf, result (or results) being reported It should be noted that the list is uniquely associated with the testing procedure, specimen, apparatus, laboratory environment and possibly operator This means that the list should be care fully reconsidered each time a source changes A.2.2 For example, in axial stress-controlled (or strain-controlled) fatigue testing, it is envisaged that A.2.1 relating to fatigue life will (in order of ) include significant sources o f input uncertainties identified in s i g n i f i c a n c e a) uncertainty due to superimposed bending in the specimen resulting from misalignment between the direction of the applied force and the specimen’s axis, b) uncertainty in controlling the applied stress (or strain), © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved 31 ISO 12106:2017(E) c) u ncer tai nty i n the te s t temp eratu re (i n elevate d te s ti ng) , and d) u ncer tai nty as s o c iate d with the cho s en defi n ition o f A.2.3 fai lu re Where in fo rmatio n is availab le, it is reco mmended that uncertainty is es timated in acco rdance with a GUM-based protocol The protocol should include all the p arameters identified in A.2.2 It should 23] als o b e agreed b e fo re undertaking the wo rk b etween the tes ting lab o rato ry and the client E xamp les o f p ro to co ls A.2.4 fatigue fo r es timating meas urement uncertainty in fatigue tes ting can b e fo und in Re ference [ Evaluating uncertainty may neces s itate p er fo rming s p ecific meas urements and/o r additio nal tes ts It may als o invo lve p er fo rming M o nte C arlo s imulatio ns requirements should be agreed with the client before undertaking the work C o ns ideratio ns fo r s uch A.2.5 The rep o rted uncertainty s ho uld als o include the level o f co nfidence and a s tatement des crib ing A.2.6 I t s ho uld b e reco gnized that there will b e s ituatio ns where a reliab le uncertainty es timate canno t how the calculations were made b e o b tained due to lack o f in fo rmatio n needed 32 fo r the uncertainty calculatio n © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved ISO 12106:2017(E) Annex B (informative) Examples of graphical presentation of results Material: Temperature: Specimen: Total strain amplitude: 316 L 550 °C 5E47 , 47 % Figure B.1 — Variation of tensile and compressive stresses as a function of the number of cycles (linear-log and linear-linear coordinates) © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved 33 ISO 12106:2017(E) Material: Temperature: Monotonic stress-strain curve: 316 L 550 °C σa = K (Δ εp /2 ) n (K = 316; n = 0,126 7) < εpa (K n < εpa (1 ,9 × 10 −3 C ycl ic s tre s s - s tra i n c u r ve: σa =K ′(Δ εp /2 ) n ′ ′ = 41 , 8; (1 , × 10 −3 Total stress-strain curve: < , × 10 −3 ) ′ = , 67 4) < 7, × 10 −3 ) /n ′ σ σ = a = a E K′ ∆ε Figure B.2 — Monotonic and cyclic stress-strain curves (upper curves are lg-lg and lower curves are linear coordinates) 34 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved ISO 12106:2017(E) Material: Temperature: 316 L 550 °C )/2 )/2 Figure B.3 — Variation of strain amplitude (Δ ε t and stress amplitude (Δ σ at Nf function of the number of cycles to failure Nf (log-log coordinates) © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved /2 as a 35 ISO 12106:2017(E) Material: Temperature: Key 316 L 550 °C Δ εt/2 Δ εp /2 Δ εe /2 Figure B.4 — Variation of total-, plastic- and elastic-strain amplitude as a function of the number of cycles to failure Nf (log-log coordinates) 36 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved ISO 12106:2017(E) Bibliography General references [1] [2] [3] [4] ISO 377, Steel and steel products — Location and preparation of samples and test pieces for mechanical testing ISO 1099, f ISO 3785, Metallic materials — Designation of test specimen axes in relation to product texture ISO 4965-1, f f f M e l l i c M e T e [5] t a s t i n g s y s t e ISO 4965-2, D y n a m i c c a m t a a l l i c t e m r i a a t e l s — r i a l F a s — t i g D u y e n t e a m s t i n i c g o — r c e A c x a i a l i b l o r a r c t i o e n - c o o n r t r o u n l l e i a x d i a m e l t h a o t i g d u e t e s t i n g — P a r t t a r a l l i c t i o n m d e a v t e i c r i a e l s ( D — C D ) D i n y s n a m t r u f i c m e o n r c t a e t i o S t a n d a r d P r a M e G u ) , r m s ( V I M ) , i d e c a l i b r a t i o n f o r u n i a x i a f l a t i g u e t e s t i n g — P a r t p a n e s t o t h e t a e l c t i c p x p r o r e s e o d u s r c i o S t r a t s n — o i n L u - o n C o w - c e n c : t r o y c l e r t a i n l l e a t y d F a t i g i n u t i g e u t e m e e s a T e t s s [ I n u r e t i n g F r e m e n n t c h ] G U M 9 w i t h m i n o r t e r n a t i o n a l v o c a b u l a r y o m e t r o l o g y — B a s i c a n d g e n e r a l c o n c e p t s a n d a s s o c i a t e d M e t h o d o f h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e l o w c y c l e f a t i g u e t e s t i n g f o r m e t a l l i c m a t e r i a l s [ I n e ] [13] M i tchell , M.R., f f f , ASM Handbook, Fatigue and Fracture, Volume 19, Chapter 18, 1997 [14] ASTM/STP 465, , Ed R.M Wetzel, L.F Co ffin, ASTM, 1969 [15] ASTM/STP 770, f , Ed C Amzallag, B.N Leis, P Rabbe, ASTM, 1982 [16] Fatigue at high temperature, Ed R.P Skelton, Elsevier Science Publishers, 1983 [17] ASTM/STP 942, f , Ed H.D Solomon, G.R Halford, L.R Kaisand, B.N Leis, ASTM, 1988 [18] B oller, C., S eeger, T., f , Materials Science Monograph 42, Elsevier Science Publishers, 1987 [19] , Society o f Automotive Engineers, 1988 [20] T hom as , G.B., Varm a, R.K., Review o f the BCR/VAMAS low-cycle fatigue intercomparison programme, Harmonisation of testing practice for high temperature materials, Elsevier Science Publishers, 1992 [21] Verrilli , M.J., E llis , J.R., S windem an, R.W., Current activities in standardization of high temperature low-cycle fatigue testing techniques in the United States, Harmonisation of testing practice for high temperature materials, Elsevier Science Publishers, 1992 F u n M a L d a n o L u a w - o m l e o t i g u e d e s i g n h a n C y c w - d b © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved o n n c o k t a L l e y c M a F a B I P M [12] JIS Z 2279:1992, J a B I P M I n t e : n ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories ASTM E 606-12, f AFNOR A 03-403:1990, f BS 7270:2006, Method for constant amplitude strain controlled fatigue testing JCGM 102, f ( corrections [11] JCGM 200, f [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] s M e l i b m A o a r i a E o w F a l e t e l s m t i g s d e C y c l e t i g l o u u e r n F a a n a t i g d t i g u L i e e u e T e P s a n t i n r e a l y s i s o r d e s i g n g d i c t i o n e d a t a o r c y c l i c l o a d i n g 37 ISO 12106:2017(E) [22] Kitagawa, M., Yam aguchi K., Japanese activities in VAMAS low-cycle fatigue round robin tests, Harmonisation oftesting practice for high temperature materials, Elsevier Science Publishers, 1992 [23] K andil , F A et al , (eds.) 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