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I SO I N TE RN ATI ON AL S TAN D ARD 849 Fi rst ed i ti on 9 4- 4- Th e rmal i n su l ati on stead y- state properti es th ermal of - Det ermi n ati on of tran smi ssi on th ermal i n su l ati on for ci rcu l ar pi pes I sol ati on de th ermi q u e ch al eu r en r6g i me - Dbtermi n a stati on n re ti on d es d an s l es propri && i sol an ts rel ati ves th ermi q u es au tran s fert pou r d u i tes Re f e re n ce I SO n u mbe r 49 7: 9 4( E) I SO 8497: 994( E) Con ten ts Pag e Scope Normati ve Defi n i ti ons Symbol s an d u n i ts si derati on s ~ Apparatu s Test speci men s Proced u re En d cap 1 Cal cu l ati on s Test preci si on Test report Req u i remen ts Gen eral ~ referen ces 1 accu racy 1 an d correcti on s I , An n ex A I SO ri g h ts or u ti l i zed reserved mi crofi l m, in an y wi thou t I nternati onal Case Pri nted 994 Al l ii Bi bl i og raphy in Postal e U n l ess form or otherwi se by an y Permi ssi on Org ani zati on 56 Swi tzerl an d l CH - l in for 21 speci fi ed, mean s, wri ti n g no el ectroni e from the part or of pu bl i sher Standardi zati on Gen eve 20 l th i s pu bl i cati on mech an i cal , Swi tzerl an d i ncl u di ng may be reprodu ced photocopyi ng and I SO I SO 49 7: 9 4( E) Fo re wo rd I SO ( th e I n tern ati on al fed erati on of of prepari n g tech n i cal wh i ch a St an d ard s I n tern ati on al commi tt ees tech n i cal represen ted an d Org an i zati on n ati on al on Es ch ( I EC) on Draft al l cl osel y mat ters I n tern ati on al ci rcu l ated St an d ard to th e in of is wi th I SO, approval by at in h as take worl d wi d e part Th e wo rk t h rou g h a I SO su bj ect th e ri g h t to for be g o vern men t al in th e El ectrotech n i cal work I SO Co mmi s s i o n stan d ard i zati on ad o pt ed for ou t org an i zati on s, al so I n tern ati on al bod i es carri ed est abl i sh ed a bod i es) i n terested I n tern ati on al the St an d ard s bo d y is me mbe r n ormal l y be en el ectrotech n i cal m e m be r req u i res h as l i son wi th Stan d ard i zat i on ) ( I SO me mbe r commi t tee n on - g o vern men t al , col l aborates St an d ard s co mmi t t ee th at for bod i es by voti n g l east 75 % th e tech n i cal Pu bl i cati on of th e commi t t ees as an me mbe r are I n tern ati on al bo d i es casti n g a vote I n tern ati on al St an d ard l SO/TC Th ermal me n t An n ex 63 , I SO 49 i n su l ati on , was prepared Su bco mmi t t ee by SC Tech n i cal , Test Co mmi t t ee an d meas u re- met h o d s A of th i s I n tern ati on al St an d ard i s for i n formati on on l y Ill @J I SO I SO 49 7: 9 ( E) I n trod u cti on Th e be th ermal tran smi ssi on d et ermi n ed ratu s su ch resu l ts teri al u si n g as th e to be are f ormed th at of g u ard ed fl at s ame often rel ati on i n h eren t th u s fl at be cou n t ered An o t h er in wi th of th e Pi pe, fi t on th e cases to th e be man n e r in a fl at Sti l l pl ate an ot h er l ati on on d i ti on s t emperat u res fl at g e n eral sh al l be a wi l l pl at e t h ermal f or an d repeat e d l y f ro m fl at o bt n ed g en eou s u sed to h eat fl ow met er apparatu s, fro m Fu rt h ermore, of or if ma- g eomet ry d i recti on pl an es to appa- I n su l ati on sh apes h eat fl ow el on g ated meas u remen t s rad i al n ot be t ests th e o bt n be g ood n at u ra1 in cel l s: may n ot fl ow en - h eat to t h ermal si mi l ar lt ch aract eri ze h as wi l l s u ch t ran smi ssi o n been d at a s h o wn , fo r pi pe th e are s ame in th e d et ermi n ed req u i red aro u n d wi th bo t h of bet t e r be pi pe ap p a- ag r e e me n t more the u n i form ag r e e m e n t u n i f orm, mat eri al s m ay i n su - temperatu res u si n g co mpari s o n s , i n su l ati on t h ose i n cl u d ed were d eg rees to In in apparat u s th ose i mperfect properti es cu rren ts t h at often d i amet er an pi pe be mat eri al ten d Fo r in su rface pl ate app e ar s pi pe n ot test is are th i ckn ess properti es varyi n g wh i ch in resu l t vecti on i sotropi c ag r e e m e n t ag re e me n t th e g ap pi pes ou tsi d e materi al tact s h o wn pro d u ct s more if i n a fl at pro pert i es d en si t y t h an n on - u n i form apparen t l y h ave r pl ate may on case th e vari abl e rath er th e Cau s e on of mo u n t ed d u pl i cated accept abl e s u ch is of apparat u s ap parat u s g ap for th an tol eran tes r effect wi l l i n su l ati on s l arg er d at a i s th at pi pe h e avi e r wh e n fi bre h ave speci men i n tern al th e as sl i g h tl y an wh e re s o me t i mes pl at e fl ow two- d i men si on al n ot t ran smi ss i on s h o wn ru l e, th e wou l d Co mp ari s o n an d me as u r e d t en th at si d erati on pl ate N OTE g en eral l y fl at Performan ce cyl i n dri cal commerci al i n su l ati on apparat u s Su ch rat u s h eat u po n th e th an d i fferen t su ch Performan ce Th i s i n stal l ed h as man u fact u ri n g th e so th at creati n g en d - u s e d et ermi n ed , l oose is th u s measu remen t s th e i n to si g n i fi can tl y d i ameter oth erwi se wh e re often of i n su l ati on rath er i n su l ati on i n si d e Pi pe, or on e- d i men si on al si d erati on mad e pi pe en d - u se fo rmed represen tati ve pi pe of ch aracteri sti cs speci men n ecessari l y pl ate sh eets d epen d of apparatu s h ot materi al properti es to test represen tati ve i n to th e properti es pi pe be pi pe u se j u sti fi ed test i n su l ati on s o f- h omo- wh i ch th e of is h ave of d ata As a appar at u s I N TERN ATI ON AL Th ermal I SO i n su l ati on th ermal for STAN DARD I SO - Determi n ati on tran smi ssi on ci rcu l ar properti es of of of I nternati onal properti es g eneral l y Stan dard of of lt speci fi es d oes th ermal speci fy a meth od th ermal i nsu l ati on s at apparatu s not speci fi es steady- state operati ng it for temperatu res ci rcu l ar above Performan ce apparatu s for type of to wh i ch ti on s speci fi ed speci men , in pi pes ambi en t requ i remen ts, I SO of - thi s temperatu res an d 8302: 991 , - fol l owi n g an d test Stan dard appl i es are of thi s ti on, are to edi ti ons su bj ect on to rentl y I SO ti ti es of val i d the th e an d provi si ons sti tu te At were an d th e Parti es of I nternati onal Th ermal of Al l to are appl yi ng Stan dards I SO N OTE terms n ot u sed 8301 : pu bl i ca- Stan d ard s Th ermal h ot - resi stan ce pl ate Determi n ati on an d rel a ted prop- apparatu s Th e en cou rag ed the most i ndi cated mai n tai n reg i sters re- bel ow of cu r- to - - of th e pi pe “Li n ear” d oes pi pe fl at a i n su l ati on speci men s based by total an d a uni t tan “l i n ear” l en g th si ze su bscri pt l oss th e th en (i n th e Th ese “1 ”, appl i cabl e speci al word i n su l ati on th e h eat l en g th requ i res Th e u pon speci fi ed i den ti fi ed si n ce th e of to properti es di recti on ) kn owi n g th i s n ot I n tern ati on al pred omi n an tl y For th e d en ote h eat Stan d ard , are be l i ncon - cal cu l ated temperatu re fl ow th e in th e axi al di recti on of d i recti on h eat In fl ow is radi al pu rposes fol l owi ng bol s Ph ysi cal qu an - in in Determi n ati on th e th e I SO l i near h eat of defi ni ti on s g i ven th ose of i n su l ati on d en ote axi s transferen ce Stan dards i n su l ati on g eometry ag reemen ts de fi ni ti ons 991 , i nsu l ati on th ermal appl i cabl e properti es, en ce I SO prop- wh i ch , provi si on s ti me val i d Stan dard possi bi l i ty of I EC 7345: 987, an d Stan dard I nternati onal edi ti ons Members text, i n di cated rel ated Defi n i ti on s ear contai n th i s revi si on, th i s i n vesti g ate cen t in I nternati onal the based Stan d ard s an d tu s di - referen ces referen ce appara Th ermal te Gu ard ed ven i en t Th e resi stan ce meter bu t pi pe throu g h fl ow desi g n I nternati onal cl au ses N ormati ve i n su l ati on th ermal H eat stead y- sta erti es is th ermal the tran smi ssi on Th e steady- state steady- state erti es determi n ati on 994( E) pi pes Scope Th i s 8497: thi s I nternati onal appl y Th e fol l owi n g 7345 cl au ses except Stan dard, defi ni ti ons for are th e an d based l i near th e symu pon th ermal (3 ) thermal fl ow rate between steady- state transferen ce, di vi ded the pi pe by su rface di ti on lt th e K, : Li near den si ty temperatu re an d rel ates th e to ambi en t a di fferai r speci fi c in i n- I SO 8497: (6 I SO 994( E) su l ati on si ze throu g h the an d is a measu re i nsu l ati on to th e of th e h eat ambi en t transferred atmosph ere th ermal resi sti vi ty, du cti vi ty, ;1 , steady- state w K, = - Ta l i near ou ter th ermal between su rface in ci fi c i n su l ati on l i near th e resi stan ce, th e pi pe di vi ded rate by steady- state si ze th ermal l i near d en si ty th e di ti on an d is To- Temperatu re an d th e d u ctan ce, lt th e of rel ates reci procal h eat fl ow to spe- of a the pi pe A, ou ter l i near th e thermal in th e (2) th e du ctan ce, ou ter A, : R, , from su rface lt Reci procal th e rel ates pi pe to a of th e the pi pe face, w' RI (3) To - by th ermal Temperatu re th e an d areal th e den si ty di ti on lt du ctan ce, is of as di f- i nsu l ati on of h eat th e fl ow reci procal A su rface other R: su rface (7) A su rface, or N OTE u po n =- (6) A mu st area someti mes Ch osen ; be th e see speci fi ed i n su l ati on n ote in (u su al l y ou ter su r- 8) su rface speci fi c si ze =- di vi ded Tz To c - - - - -z- R pi pe steady- state areal Th e uni t ran g e an d th at i ts often th e su rface area commo n are si n ce from ou ter Tz more area, i n su l ati on n, in T resi stan ce, th e @I A resi stan ce, i n su l ati on i nsu l ati on th ermal = thermal su rface rate th e the the Tz) between Al th ermal - I n(D, l D, ) areal wh ere to # feren ce of @l L l i near of materi al di f- i nsu l ati on Tz =- =- R, : su rface RI 3 Reci procal h omog en eou s di ti on WTO r = feren ce r: a (1 ) To - for of If area th e mu st pi pe t h ese l ocati on “areal ” fu si n g be Ch o sen su rface areal u sed properti es, wh en to th e to arbi trari l y th at properti es in based appl i ed of are pi pe an d th e may i n su l ati on compu ted , compu tati on mu st th e be re- ported su rface den si ty state of coeffi ci en t h eat fl ow condi ti on between For th e pi pe of rate di vi ded su rface at by an d i nsu l ati on h eat th e th e th e tran sfer, su rface 4: in th e temperatu re th e di fferente su rrou n di ng g eometry Areal steady- ambi en t fol l owi n g r th e areal areal @ xD2L( T2- K wh ere th e th ermal l ati on in du cti vi ty, rel ati on speci fi cal l y g eometry the lt steady- state ; : Defi n ed appl i cabl e appl i es to condi ti on by to th e th e h omog en eou s an d is the fol l ow- pi pe i nsu - materi al reci procal of N OTE is th ermal resi sti vi ty, Wz&) ) In A I SO 7345, g en eral th e Tz) = - F th ermal rel ati on l th erm exi sts al th e pi pe d u cti vi ty bet ween th e du cti vi ty = su rface wi l l th e it or of A, d efi n ed as other A area mu st someti mes as be th e i n- Ch osen ) areal u pon in of su rface, th e d epen d s h o mog en eou s is su rface pi pe th ermal an d u ct an ce, arbi trary materi al for 5, areal th e ch oi ce wh i ch th e of th e th ermal d u ct an ce, A, by - ; g rad is al so d efi n ed by T temperatu re, i n cl u d e i n su l ati on 2l rLA (5) th e area ( Dz - D, ) /Z from th e tween an d th e th e effect pi pe T, , of is u sed , an y ( sec g ap ) th e th at speci al l y is if th e to th e su rface, rel ati on s in Ch o s en Do) /I n ( D, /D, ) eq u al pi pe si n ce possi bl e on l y is d u ct an ce defi n ed an d (9) 1n ( o, /QJ KL( D~ - to Si mi l ar Si n ce a of th e val u e si n ce For g i ven eq u al more ( 8) su rface, Th e A If n= N OTES th e ou ter d u cti vi ty 27tL( To- of r A = - l ocati on arbi trary area, is th e (u su al l y su l ati on i ng Reci procal (4) Ta) speci fi ed A: R @I A c- z- - - - n rF m A = du ctan ce, resi stan ce, rel ati on appl i es h2 th ermal th ermal exi st Si n ce area fu si on , speci fi ed it for is th e A is th e is = an al og ou s for areal areal often “l og to - th ermal stated , recommen d ed th at area”, D, ) Si n ce measu red th e fl at coeffi ci en ts n ot mean 21 /( 0, th i ckn ess d u cti vi ty t h ese u sed be i n su l ati on th i s an d to t h en rel ati on sl ab be- g eometry resi stan ce, are th u s th ey R, arbi trary l ead i n g be to u sed I SO I SO Symbol s an d u n i ts For th e pu rposes of th i s I nternati onal Stan dard, Test speci men s th e Speti men s Symbol s an d u n i ts appl y (See cl au se may Th ey may i sotropi c fl ow @ rate den si ty (heat fl ow of rate areal den si ty (heat fl ow heat per of rate fl ow axi al heat per W l eng th) w rate of W/m2 @I A of temperatu re pi pe of su rface i nsu l ati on TO of ambi en t r or pi pes of be K g as di ameter of ci rcu l ar pi pe outer di ameter of ci rcu l ar i nsu - of of test secti on the sl i ts, i ncl u de be l eng th an d j oi nts j ackets u n i form or in (except for wei l wi th i n occu r same sh al l si ze as speci men s or other si ze an y an d i nten- the wi l l wi th bu t be test th e bore; th ermal for apparatu s h ave the on l y desi g n ed me- a u se ci rcu l ar other on avai l abl e ou tsi de ou tsi de tran sferen ce sh apes may th en determi n ed (i n the th e axi al may th e th ermal l i mi t transference su rface coeffi ci ent i n su l ati on m ou ter heat su rface n areal th ermal resi stan ce R (i n axi al for cap beyon d other th e speci men the or by th an su rface desi red to of Th e determi n ed g reater ou ter to apparatu s is su ffi ci entl y up speci men the temperatu re be operated to in cool ed may sti l l r the provi de Normal l y, mai n tai n ed possi bl e m hi g her of u sed, “C to ou ter be sh eath l ayer is fi xed “C, at or th e bl an ket Operati on th at bu t by a col d at th e u se or If th i s other speci men by i nsu l ati on provi ded 35 temperatu res, Th e al so ou ter j acket s of other vel oci ti es addi ti onal test di recti on) N u ki yama K) I W hz du ctan ce end it measu remen t temperatu re peratu re th ermal of of stru cti n g pi pe th e of is exten d ed transfer areal th i ckn ess in th at of temperatu res the an am- Wl ( m* K) Wl ( m* K) of th e preci si on bi ent resi sti vi ty of at temperatu re m ww d u cti vi ty th ermal operated u sed temperatu re be restri cti on apparatu s th ermal temperatu re Servi ce materi al s l ower wm resi stan ce pi pe th e m2 su rface du ctan ce th ermal Operati n g maxi mu m m speci fi ed th ermal factor n on h omog en eou s, i ncl u de shal l wh i ch secti on ) al l owed Th e di recti on) pi pe may thei r cen tri c m 02 l eng th of fl exi bl e tai n ed m l ati on l i near or may an d i rregu l ari ti es test are ou tsi de outer l i near or su i tabl y K temperatu re l i near h omog en eou s Speti men s tered sh ape K su rface area semi ri g i d l oose-fi l l , ani sotropi c, throu g h ou t Gen eral l y, a su r- face) temperatu re be rate fl ow area ri gi d, may el emen ts sh ape ti onal l i near be coveri n g s Un i t or or metal l i c heat be ) (bl anket-type) , Symbol 994( E) Req u i remen ts fol l owi n g 8497: l ow pi pe may g ases su rface of a be an d tem- h eated th e u se ou ter or of an sh eath or temperatu res is mai n tai n ed is at a temperatu re n cal cu l ati on Th e Pi pe test si ze pi pe an d shal l sh ape h ave a ci rcu l ar Cross- secti on N OTES Th e un it it axi al Th e is from “1 ” su bscri pt is u sed to d en ot e l i near properti es l en g th ) Th e su bscri pt i mportan t “cyl ” to is ad d ed i n d i cate measu remen t s on a to th e Symbol s th at th e pi pe apparatu s properti es l i sted were Ori en tati on ( per wh en d eri ved Other test pi pe n ormal l y ori entati ons si derati on s both wi th i n may becau se an d h as be of arou nd a hori zontal u sed bu t possi bl e the test ori entati on requ i re speci al vecti on pi pe an d effects th e speci - men Wh e n th ey are IO In bot h “1 ” wri tten an d “cyl ” su bscri pts are u sed tog eth er, “1 , cyl ” 5 areal q I SO 7345, d en si ty respecti vel y h ere are u sed of th e h eat Th e l i n ear fl ow more th rou g h ou t d en si ty rate are of g i ven d escri pti ve th i s h eat fl ow th e rati o I n tern ati on al rate Symbol s Symbol s Stan d ard an d Types of apparatu s th e qi an d g i ven Two di sti n ctl y covered: l ated en d th e di fferent g u arded types, wh i ch types en d an d di ffer of pi pe the in th e apparatu s cal i brated treatment or are cal cu - of axi al I SO 8497: heat tran sfer at th e men s i n corporati ng tan ce, su ch on g u arded th e 994( E) as en d s metal l i c en d Rel evan t of th e el emen ts test of j ackets, type of secti on hi gh Speci - axi al sh al l be l i near tested on l y It is i mpracti cal si ze apparatu s properti es th ermal of al l (defi ned in ) be cal cu l ated for u sefu l an te Kn owi n g of th e heat pi pe l oss di rectl y are in al l i ts val u e an d of a g i ven for speci men s qu anti fyi ng cal cu l ated comparabl e an d th e is th e of provi ded mean of from measu red data th ermal du cti vi ty cal cu l ate i nsu l ati on wh eth er In it r, pi pe th e tan condi ti on s en d- u se an y g ap to r h omog en eou s speci men s test th e 5) tan of pi pe cal cu l ate in u se practi ce, it is is often u sed ceptabl e be cal cu l ated cen tri c ti g h tl y often n ecessary errors i n trodu ced Th e on l y th ermal ci rcu l ar wi th to no r devi ate are d u cti vi ty transferen ce or si zes men t di fferent (see cl au se than 2) may Th e be from j u dg ed is other that n u mber may of di ffer materi al an d is si zes si zes of depen di n g th e test - non-i deal is i mperfect measu red fi t, for it is other n ot i ncl u di ng permi ssi bl e si zes materi al s an d condi ti on s that u sefu l in for properti es wh en speci fi ed h omog en eou s stan t or a wi th l i near th ermal fu n cti on an d wh i ch are tested u n der of u n i form di ti on s, it is possi bl e to Si n g l e test determi n e the In be du cti vi ty from a at a speci fi c temperatu re u si n g th e rel ati onshi p g i ven in acTh i s thermal du cti vi ty may then be u sed to deri vi ng for th e are ei ther i deal to properti es u sed other u sed oth er sh ape g aps the heat fl ow rate an d other thermal trans- i nsu mi ssi on l ati on for for cal cu l ate l i near l i mi ted properti es materi al s th e a the it in mean if properti es Performan ce th e I deal th ermal di ti on s match Th u s be temperatu re fi t or and/or temperatu re wh i ch to testi ng (see theory, the on apparatu s man u factu red speci men i deal du cti vi ty speci fi cati on s test Procedu res th e are Wh ere For Th e provi de ProPertY perform- ambi en t th e si zes tan temperatu res i nsu l ated that th ose th e i nsu l ati on su rrou n di ng l eng th wi th an d pi pe oth er i n su l ati ons to di ti ons most to pi pe n ecessary si mi l ar tran sference to du c- on Th e Appl i cati on I SO properti es for other si zes of pi pes, oth er measu re- defi n ed an d th i ckn esses of i nsu l ati on , feren ces the an d other temperatu re di f- in for same materi al operati ng at the same appropri mean temperatu re ate 2 Gen eral Non -i deal In practi ce, g en eou s materi al s an d condi ti on s si derati on s man y materi al s are n ot stri ctl y h omo- becau se Obj ecti ves - Two as di sti n ctl y speci fi ed rati on ti ve an d l in l by th e may be En d - u se obj ecti ves an d mou n ti n g mad e obj ecti ve di fferent depen d U ser u sed may Th e on shal l be th ermal du cti vi ty is a compl ex fu n cti on of temperatu re; prepa- ch oi ce of obj ec- med at ei ther fu l l y thei r ad dressed speci men the Procedu res an d be - du ri ng reported h eat - Performan ce measu remen ts speci men an is n ot transfer r g ap by tan at th e a ou ter u n i form vecti on exi st an d between su rface of temperatu re radi ati on; th e th e due to and/or apparatu s an d th e speci men If perfo en d- u se rman ce data are d e si red, th e speci A men remai shal l n u nal te l red an d be mou n ted in cri ti cal factors same man n er as wou l d occu r in n ormal appl i cati on case, th e measu red properti es i ncl u de the of th e practi cal i mpact th tese of shal l be mad e wh en ever data is to be ex- In ten ded thi s eval u ati on the to si zes an d di ti on s other th an th ose of th e effects measu remen t of an y g aps j oi nts or created sl i ts, by a an d l oose of fi t th e on resi stan ce th e of an y r Pi pe General l y, u l ar Materi al si zes properti es men ti g htl y the materi al be tog eth er speci men space of shal l properti es Ch osen wi th ou t fi ts th e or are al tered open test so j oi nts pi pe desi red, th at or ti g htl y th e al l sl i ts speci - pi eces an d wi th ou t so fi t that an r of men ts l i mi ts, of materi al ag ree in produ cts to th ermal th en other si zes or approxi mati n g val u es I f val u es measu remen ts produ ct an d be rang e may mean an d for be other temperatu re of from tran smi ssi on rang e mad e mi n i mu m th emsel ves averag e th ermal th e th e a du cti vi ty amon g thei r shal l on for of a i nterest th ose wi th i n u sed th e acceptabl e for cal cu l ati on for di ti on s, th e pi pe If measu re- properti es of parti c- two tests other for If th e th e I SO I SO me as u red t h ermal acceptabl e be d u cti vi ti es l i mi ts, empl o yed to t h en d et ermi n e t h ermal d u cti vi ty t h ermal tran smi ssi on th e me as u red t h en An tests on of ampl e, a on n ess of si zes proced u re are pi pe i n su l ati on to is to an d be be bu t th e s am e of If Th e d u ct ed th e pi pe bet ween ( for s am e an d po wer ex- Re q u i re d kn o wl e d g e on l y Th e pi pe th e it is wi d e ran g e covered h ave i mpracti cal by of types th i s i n cl u d e of Pri or al l d etai l s apparat u s I n tern ati on al appropri at e th ermal to an d Stan d ard , kn o wl ed g e an d rel ati n g to a be n ecessary u sers fi g u re in ) recti on s meas u remen t s an d trol Det l ed Th e i n stru cti on s i ng sh al l prepare i n stru cti on s to apparat u s to ci fi c d etai l ed d stru cti on bu i l d ers mee t an d g en eral n ot Operat ors of q u i remen t s req u i remen ts spe- be obj ecti ves u se An be in for th i s the i n su l ated met h o d to Mo n i t o ri n g G u ar d Mo n i t o ri n g Ce n t r e t h e rmo co u pl e s me as u r i n g Su ch t h e rmo co u pl e s me as u ri n g g ap of h e at e r acro s s g ap of t est pi pe pi pe t h e rmo co u pl e Fi g u re - Gu ard ed or d etai l ed for each b) acro s s en d a) Tes t pi pe g u ar d b) Tes t pi pe cen t re c) H e at e r pi pe g u ar d c) H e at e r pi pe ce n t re apparat u s cor( see eq u i pped pri n ci pl es i n cl u d e bu t d etai l ed Operat i on i n stru cti on s apparat u s A- A t h e rmo co u p l e an d St an d ard , to KW of an d h eat su rrou n d i n g the stru cti on A the to the provi d ed -i a) of u se of to uni - th e taps ro o m t an or en d s ( see r it ach i eve by en d or th e i n tern al fan s th e q u an ti ty I n tern ati on al speci fi cal l y to secti on s co n f o rm th i s at un- wi n d i n g apparat u s mi n i mi zed of an ci rcu l ati n g me as u re d I n stru - d et ermi n ed by l i qui d the me an i n su l ati on resi stan ce fl ow pi pe i n cl u d ed , be l arg e en cl osu re sh al l in apparat u s prepared of the al so set i n ten d ed parti cu l ar an d h eat be temperat u re sh al l In g u ard to apparat u s operat- an d Axi al the be to th e h eater h eat ed tran sfer ei th er th e fi g u re2) the l i mi tati on s U sers by al so is i n tern al h eat h eat ed or apparat u s a sh al l an d of el ectri cal Pi pe provi d e appl i ed sh al l test meas u ri n g secti on u n i forml y t emperat u res secti on test as an i n tern al wi th separatel y sh al l experi en ce pi pe th e tran sferen ce be to h eat ed an d me as u remen t s u ch separat e th e test pro ced u res sh al l h eat er th e temperat u res, t emperat u re t h ermal on fi l l in the su rface l ess form Si n ce for of trol l i n g r d i ssi pated ou t er t emperatu res si st for ambi en t men t at i o n th i ck- sh al l i n stru men tati on el ectri c re q u i rem en t s apparat u s an d me as u re men t s on G e n e r al wh i ch wi d el y, property Apparat u s sh al l obtai n ed di ffer f rom si zes at for i n terpol ate t ran smi ssi on wi th i n val u es si zes sh ou l d tran sferen ce) d i fferen t the d u cti vi ti es me as u red ag ree an al yses appropri ate to properti es ad d i ti on al th ermal t aken n ot tren d th e perti n en t th ermal al tern ati ve val u es su i tabl e 849 7: 99 4( E) of an d it is re- an y sh al l I SO 8497: 994( E) h omog en eou s, Di men si on s a No restri cti on is eter, bu t ci ent to the l arge en ou g h , pl aced l en g th en su re cu racy of desi red of that the the th e power apparatu s test total compared the test on to secti on pi pe shal l measu red en d be h eat l osses an d measu remen t, di am- to su ffi - fl ow to is th e ac- ach i eve the accu racy 88, 1 mm wi th a ( see secti on s men s or A n ormal l y di ameter, speci men m so me of or more esti mates of of propri ate Th ese error apparatu s test an d su i t 3) of en d n eed m, m h as to l en g th s for d i ti on s, be a mad e an d from ap- an al ysi s ven i en ce bri dg es may ti vi ty of accept an i n teg ral apparat u s n u mber sh ou l d stan d ard of be stru cted l en g th s Th e g u arded ratel y at each n ate axi al th e of at h eat u ni form Both desi g n ed to l en g th s of i n su l ati on at l eng th en d in of of both smal l errors an d u sed (or the th e di - shal l be expected Cau se h eaters a secon d requ i red to l i mi t, axi al to test thei r n ot combi n ed combi n ed fl ow over or if an in radi al Au xi l i aty speci men to the th e g u ards d h eat d oes su ffi ci en t th e compared transfer be secti on apparatu s in are el i mi - to al l that resu l ts be to h eaters sh own Si ng l e secti on , be u n i formi ty shal l shal l wi l l th at sepa- wh i ch an d secti on test of g u ard test amou n t h eat in en d, g u ards) so th i cker speci - in wi dth , th e test sh al l secti on , dou bl e-g u arded, test pi pe stru ctu ral in (except su pport) for materi al mu ch l ower th e th an th ermal Th ese that of d u c- th e Pi pe sh al l an d secti on s be i nstal l ed radi ati on Th ermocou pl es, of sh al l each for be g ap, th e n ot pu rpose each of in more g ap transfer n ected i n stal l ed an d at h eat as th e test th an mon i tori ng on mm the mi ni - di fferenti al pi pe 25 to between both from th e di fferenti al across i nstal l ed on an y provi de to each a g u ard g ap temperatu re h eater Th ermocou pl es pi pes hi g h l y or sh al l su pport d u cti ve al so members path from test secti on s Cal i brated Th e cal i brated or cal cu l ated en d apparatu s l ocated temperatu res been en ds each th e g u ard u ni form h as secti on apparatu s, temperatu re each dou bl e th e u ses temperatu re secti on an d it from ou tsi de g u ard, of test ach i eve u n acceptabl e the in ) “g u ards”, test secti on temperatu res test u n l ess devi ati on metered test fl ow speci men recti on at th e th e fi g u re cal l ed is barri ers secti on (see secti on s, of to apparatu s apparatu s pi pe en d ach i evi n g in en d h eated mai n tai n ed en d if the for wi th vecti on wh i ch Gu ard ed n eed ed mm an d secti on an d are Lon g er d u ct an ce g u ards an d di ameter testi n g axi al th an th e g u ard fi l l ed th ermopi l es, be wh en hi gh more pi pe if be wh i ch I nternal mi ze si d es th e I each h eater g aps g ap, As n ot pi pe apparatu s u n sati sfactory test req u i red of an i sotropi c th e of 0, speci men be so me l en g th l en g th cal cu l ated tan for ( see approxi matel y u su al l y l en g th s req u i red secti on of or d i ameter apparatu s th e a l en g th Cal i brated si mi l ar si zes en d be th an between between the mod eratel y speci men s provi ded an d on l y g reater may wi th g ap, be both g u ard ed sati sfactory 4) a ou tsi d e total proven of For n ot g u ard smal l N OTE are th i ckn ess I SO Th e secti on th e to en d cap ers are be over secti on test en d th e sh al l apparatu s each en d fl ow test be by (the u si n g to heat th e th e propel ectri c test secti on en d l en g th, in for di rect cal i brated I nternal secti on test materi al su ppl emen tary i n cl u ded (see th e ei ther apparatu s) If of Correcti on s di ti on s cal cu l ati on l en g th wi th i n h eaters en d determi n ed desi g n ed i ts at h eat be by cal cu l ated u sed su ch axi al th e or shal l u n i forml y taps sh al l u nder (the heaters to l oss apparatu s) erti es cal cu l ated i n su l ated mi n i mi ze cal i brati on en d or u ses th e heatpower measu red test power l eng th at each h eat fl ow acceptabl y secti on fi gu re2) measu red rate For Cal l i brated th e cal i brated h ave th e same men an d transfer en d taps an d en d apparatu s, Cross- secti on al shal l h ave cal i brator th e area approxi matel y properti es Esch en d en d as taps th e th e cap pi pe same shal l shal l test speci - thermal h ave a cavi ty N OTES of No l en g th kn o wn of th e u n i formi ty resu l ts in th e g u ard lt is h oped apparatu s to th at or ach i eve su ch th e a pred i cti n g d eg ree desi red sh ou l d g eometri cal an d for an al ysi s apparat u s approxi mate proven exi sts secti on s n ecessary mean ti me, s ame an al ysi s attempts of rati os sh ou l d be be of test forth comi n g ; d esi g n ed as exact temperatu re accu racy wi l l be th e th ose wi th of mad e to th e exi sti n g mi n i mu m ameter Pi pe ti on an d Th e of bi ned fi tted test temperatu res over th e g u ard A g u ard fou n d d i ameter secti on l en g th sati sfactory wh en testi n g for of i ncl u di n g speci men s of sh al l of a th e heaters an y hal f accept pi pe pi pe depth i nternal to on e th e the en d si st l en g th two of of a equ al en d taps to th ose si mi l ar test su ppl emen taty pi pe th e sh ort to com- sh al l u sed en d sec- the lt di test be in the of fou r th ermocou pl es heaters spaced 90” A apart l en g th s approxi matel y apparatu s si ze same cavi ty wi th pi pe a to ach i eve sh al l been of equ al cal i brator th e mi n i mu m u n i form depth of th at 00 88, s are mm mm h as ou tsi d e essen ti al l y to be provi ded measu re si ze 0, 64 as smal l mm i ts in th e su rface temperatu re as di ameter practi cal of Th ey bu t in th e shal l no cal i brator be case of pi pe a l arger wi re than I SO Cai i brati on Test a) Cal i brated end apparatu s En d cap En d cap \ b) For Cal cu l ated th e eter th at cal cu l ated of of shal l th e th e be su l ati on th e en d test pi pe restri cti on] ran g e fl ow of di fferent procedu re apparatu s, shal l l ow an d be meter thermal apparatu s di recti on s u sed (see Cal i brated l arge see by tests as h ave of over requi red en d a th an taps the th e i n- cavi ty d) th e g u arded lf l arger Th e du cti vi ty 3) or h ot CaLcu Lated or di am- h omog en eou s du cti vi ty u se ou tsi de fi g u re2) opti onal l y determi n ed th ermal as (see [bu t templ ated th e be the du cti vi ty may en d Th e sh al l i sotropi c, in of materi al materi al en d taps - confi g u rati on s: taps speci men mad e test h eat en d \ Speci men Al ternati ve Fi g u re 8497: 994( E) for for on e en d cap pl ate or end cal cu l ated apparatu s en d Pi pe Th e su rface secti on fou r 50 apparatu s su rface temperatu re temperatu re shal l be mm equ al or l eng th be l eng th s spaced of shal l of measu red th ermocou pl es, Th ey Speci men of th e l ocated of th e a metered ci rcu mferen ti al l y secti on a for wh i ch ever at an d hel i cal test n u mber th ermocou pl e Pi pe, in pi pe mi n i mu m l ong i tu di nal l y test Temperatu re th e by on e measu remen t is the sh al l of each g reater centre be of equ al l y Pattern sen sors temperatu re materi al shal l be by the is n ot determi n ed cal cu l ati on Bare eral l y fi ed bead be i n su l ated u sed th rou g h ou t th ermocou pl es for wi re sen si n g th i s shal l be th ermocou pl es temperatu re I nternati onal i ndi vi du al l y sh ou l d an d are Stan dard cal i brated g enspeci Su ch or taken I SO 8497: 994( E) from th e h as sh ou l d it same been be be as l arger su rfaces spool smal l th an or sh eath ed 0, be to by taki n g eral n ecti n g the el ectri cal th e ti on, to form be are di fferenti al by resi stan ce a may For be of sev- by - provi di ng an d th e power vol tag e If an d total test n ected power Poten ti ometer accu racy n ati on or di g i tal su ffi ci ent in sec- seri es System of System, l i mi t temperatu re th e error di fferen te a sh al l h ave in to the an d c an determi - acceptabl e amou n t In al l cases is recti on A percen tag e error in th e shal l error th e in d i fferen te th e th ermal rel ati on sh i ps tu re tabl i sh ed as l ow as measu remen t an d 0, th e mu st K th en If be an di fferen te) for wi th of by th e ( fi xed th e th e are A it r r of room req u i remen ts cl osel y reg u l ated su ppl i es for an d g u ard test n ormal g i on may be h eaters, if other au tomati c trol l ers of at measu ri n g power averag e cu racy measu ri n g shal l power of & 0, to % the test shal l be Cor- in l eads, Wattmeters measu remen t + an d to K for K be an d shal l al ter th e h eated th e + - Th e or for ambi en t in be speci men K bel ow Pattern exch an g e l ocated not ambi - encl osu re the above be desi red tempera- an d mai n tai n shal l sh al l th e wi th i n 200 to wou l d room pi pe val u e, r th e or test above cou l d h ave 0, 85 equ i pmen t a an d may an r vel oci ti es to i n di vi du al of tempera- re- cl ose to of Al l th e a natu ra1 su rfaces radi ati on wi th total h emi sph eri cal th e emi ssi vi ty to be si mu l ate of shal l as be th e provi ded wi n d th e at approxi matel y ambi en t to u se effects di recti on by an d r g ases th e Opti onal other establ i sh i n g mag n i tu de th an forced desi red Ai r temperatu re cated so other h eat sou rces by experi men t mi n ed th ey Sen sors are n ot shal l di rectl y desi g n ed affected Su i tabl e an d be by l ocati on s radi ati on an d th e may l o- pi pe be shi el di ng or deter- u sed if n ecessary ratu s shal l heater ei ther a c sh al l or be di rectl y sh al l above th e be appa- u sed l arg er shal l d c be not Locati on s absol u te for J acket opti onal a or ad d ed i n su l ati on temperatu re- trol l ed to mod i fy desi red th e ou ter temperatu re j acket su rface other of th an may th e be speci men ambi en t An al - be ternati ve procedu re peratu re of for rai si ng the ou ter su rface tem- Power a speci men is to su rrou n d it wi th an reg u l ated l ayer of th ermal i nsu l ati on In ei ther case, u sed be System System wh i ch temperatu re th ermocou pl es of capabl e secti on provi ded sf measu ri n g heater wi th an th e ac- face th e Pri or i n su l ati on of the speci men ) redu ce an y speci fi ed speci men i nstal l ed ti onal A di ssi pated wi thi n l ess, sti l l wh i ch l east same men t Power measu red secti on mai ntai n i n g th e apparatu s arou nd obj ects th e meter di ffer- in for u sed , are to desi red Th e obj ects of desi g n ed an y essen ti al l y addi ti onal u n l ess i nteg rati ng th e test en cl osu re capabl e or be val u e of be K at As i n di vi du al l y stri n g en t secti on that the an d between may provi ded the an (watth ou r) u n compen sated di fferentes temperatu re 1 for or in power trol 200 an d su ppl i es su ppl i es j oul e taken for temperatu re en t to Power be appl i ed shal l di fferen tes r di fferen tes Power be tu re An for resi stan ce) measu remen t s errors l ess a di ssi pated temperatu re- control l ed provi ded; es- measu red d etermi n ati on mu ch th e acceptabl e measu red bi as shal l that Ambi en t be d i fferen te be i n di vi du al K Obvi ou sl y accu racy are in ) i s j u d g ed mu st th e error, may ( see by tempera- of temperatu re d i fferen te 0, l i mi t a temperatu re % Stan dard fl u ctu ati ng , as cal i - of percen tag e speci fi ed an al ysi s error can cel a or a a System si st measu ri n g of cal cu l ated measu remen t tests ran d om, wi th i n eq u al acceptabl e temperatu res are wi l l measu remen t temperatu re If th e th e measu remen ts tu re K th en errors Th u s error i n trod u ced an properti es temperatu re si d er 20 error measu remen t, wi th i n Ch o s en Stan d ard exampl e, th e a th e u si n g extreme en ce of prod u ce cl au se an d req u i remen ts for in di fferen te wi l l tran smi ssi on may (u si ng su ch resi stors speci men temperatu re thi s vol tag e vari abl e care vecti on is onl y droppi ng or N OTE a u sed temperatu re u su al l y mi crovol tmeter, to or amperag e i npu t be power or measu ri n g steady, i n stru men t ambi en t measu ri n g temperatu re an d (energ y) shal l is that th e a th ermopi l e Temperatu re Th e i npu t Wattmeter measu remen t g u ards sh al l be bead cal cu l ated di rectl y paral l el equ al bare readi ng s If brated I SO may tan be i sol ated between th ermocou pl es Metal Sen sors read in el ectri cal l y resi stan ces g ap the 7 are metal l i c temperatu res i ndi vi du al may th ermocou pl es j u n cti on s of th e shal l su rfaces temperatu res or case measu ri n g i n di cated of no temperatu re th at mean in wh i ch di ameter th ermocou pl es, i n di cated th ermocou pl es th e an d wh en wi re wi re non- metal l i c other Mean the mm th e equ al g rade th e practi cal i nsu l ated if th ermocou pl e is for or u sed sh own as 0, 63 mi neral premi u m Gen eral l y, mm th ermometers, al so of cal i brated to be radi ati on in su rface pl acemen t l ayer j acket shal l ou ter Th e of of for th e emi ssi vi ty added g reater transfer th e j acket of i nsu l ati on th an 0, wi th i n measu re- temperatu re in th e th e sh al l or addi - i nner su r- (faci ng Order not speci men th e to In I SO su ch I SO cases it is n ot po s s i bl e to d et ermi n e th e t h ermal Di m e n s i o n 85 8497: 994( E) m e as u r e m e n t tran sferen ce After the s peci men me as u re men t s d escri be Tes t of the s h ape before an d me as u re men t s tape G e n e r al to of g en eral req u i remen ts, s ee an d obtai n u s ed taken Th e a resu l ts type etc , or of of In sh al l me n s to be si d ered or of prod u ct materi al th en fol l owed su l ts are a materi al s) , (i n th e abs en ce case prod u cti on of s u ch to l ot, Pl an s Pl an s, represen t th e on l y to be For m ad e wi th i n Pi pe, + ci rcu l ar u si n g ci rcu mferen ce D, ou tsi d e a to 0, % sh apes, fl exi bl e wh i ch Th e is steel d i vi d ed al tern ati ve d i amet er a su ffi ci en t u si n g n u mbe r of to i n cl u d e the ci rcu l ar sh ape averag ed a tru e be test re- speci - I n stal l ati on i n ten d ed obj ecti ve cati on to me an s the of of etc test seal an t s or t en d ed test in an d s peci men the to i ts the th e by proced u re cal i pers m ay me as u re men t s effects of d e- sh al l wi th an d an d sh eath s, are i n- secu red n ormal j ackets the j oi n ts, be the bei n g u l ari ti es mi d d l e sh al l be at i n t en d ed th ei r fro m t aken th at at l east be avoi d ed to d escri be of each sh al l an y i rreg - Ad d i ti on al th e apparatu s, cen tre to h ave l en g th a sh al l i rreg - ad d i ti on al g u ard m e an t h an of u n i form be meas u re men t the mo re i n to secti on l Spet i men s ‘ by except en d th e th rou g h ou t d i men si o n d i vi d ed meas u reme n t s sh al l be mad e be each , g u ard ed me as u reme n t s me n t s of i n vesti g ated Fo r al so sh al l d i men s i o n ( test the Cross- secti on rej ected test if an y secti on or secti on i n di - g u ard ) measu re- % N OTE i n n er Ad d i t i o n al d i ame t e r or d i me n s i o n t h i ckn ess , pro d u ct speci fi cat i on s mad e as d i rect ed Spe ci m e n in Th e s e th ose m e as u r e me n t s , t an be re q u i re d s u ch by as appl i cabl e me as u r e m e n t s sh ou l d be speci fi cat i on s to appl i cati on oth er at an d the Pi pe, obj ecti ves l en g th Parts meas u reme n t s d i ffers appl i - are test refl ecti ve s peci men i n cl u d e si d ered an d in oth er acco rd an ce be si d erati on s ban d s, U n l es s sh al l sh al l materi al s covers, speci fi ed , pi pe practi ce test spe ci men oth er i n cl u d ed or th e th e Some th e j ackets, are of Pi pe secu ri n g wh et h er of d etai l s secti on t aken u l ari ty sh al l th e be sh al l d etermi n i n g th e if an d eq u al vi d u al u se mad e testi n g ) d i amet er the fro m test fou r h o mo g e n e o u s sampl i n g of si d ered represen t ati ve parti cu l ar appropri ate th e be a as tested in test n e ed e d Sam pl i n g test Th e th e the on l y vi ati on s of after sh al l obtai n meas u ri n g are If be th e be sh al l on d i men si o n s req u i re me n t s 7cto For mo u n t e d ou tsi d e s pe ci m e n s ( both is the su rface t e m perat u re featu res m e as u r e m e n t n ormal l y u s ed in appl i cati on ( see l ) Th ermo co u pl es ou tsi d e Co n d i t i o n i n g th e for su rface i n su l ati on th e meas u re men t Tz, sh al l t emperat u re, su rface in acco rd an ce of be th e me an att ach ed wi th the to fol l ow- i ng Spet i men s stabl e h as to bei n g th e at sh ou l d the maxi mu m “C be be d ryi n g oth etvvi se Pri or resu l ts fol l owed 02 In for is to th e of cases, to “C, 40 “C th e exampl e, for pl asti cs l ower for stan t u n l ess For Locati on g yps u m are u su al l y t emperat u res Th e fou r test secti on eq u al parat u s wi l l cou pl es al so For be h el i cal mi n ed wh e n d i ti on i n g du e to d esi red , sh al l be d i ti on i n g an d mas s d etermi n ed may an d be d en si ty d eterafter j oi n t sh al l or req u i re a the an wi th l ocati on s sh al l , eq u al th e to i rreg u l ari ty u s ed as d i vi d ed cen tre g reater i n to of wh en ever an d n ecessary An y of of be ap- t h ermosh al l to fo rm co mpl et e bet wee n th e possi bl e, th i ckn ess ad d i ti on al to of spaci n g ” s peci men Larg e s paced n u mbe r an g u l ar to l east t h ermocou pl es eq u al l y 45” at sh al l each n u mbe r th e i n teg ral th e fro m be t h ermo cou pl es sh apes, wi th an d oth er be at ci rcu l ar l ocati on s d i stan ce sh al l su rface ci rcu mferen ti al l y revol u ti on s a an d l ocated Pattern s ad j acen t d esi rabl e ch an g e s t h ermoco u pl es l en g th Parts l on g i tu d i n al l y speci fi ed M as s of materi al appl i cabl e; d ry 20 it u n n eces - speci fi ed affected cel l u l ar s o me for to u n l ess are wh e n “C to ad versel y “C test, proced u res proced u re of to brou g h t proced u res temperat u res 60 reco mme n d ed tan be n o rmal wo u l d to or reprod u ci bl e a t emperat u re s peci men 55 su ch Con d i t i on i n g materi al an d th at ach i eve ot h erwi se d ri ed i mmed i at el y s h o wn tested mas s be d i ti on s bee n sary sh al l abo ve be offset from an y t h ermo co u pl es record th e su rface I SO 8497: 994( E) temperatu re peratu res In an d su ch si tu ati ons l ocati ons shal l th e be i ndi vi du al reported tem- (see to descri be Normal l y, 6) th ose Fasten i n g of 35 th ermocou pl es measu red “C If th at the wi re is bu t h el d d oes i sti cs sh al l j u n cti on in not of th e be an d cl ose al ter fasten ed th e th ermal th e adj acen t to requ i red th e tact radi ati on su rface l en g th of wi th may be obtai n ed at ambi en t su rface or kn own ch aracter- su rface may be ati ng For Non metal l i c n on metal l i c adj acen t On e wi re su rfaces su rfaces, shal l sati sfactory be hel d meth od a mi n i mu m in tact of of 00 wi th fasten i ng mm the determi n ed Stu ck to th e speci men is su rface th e speci men to u se or wrapped 20 an d mm x adheri ng 20 mm to or Test to th e cu rvatu re of th e i tsel f sh eets of th em metal sh ou l d i s smooth of su ch ered th at bu t to wi th u sed foi l s ach i eve the 2 th e sh al l an be pai nted or metal l i c j acen t l ead face i ng, as or ci al l y to wi re by th e a shal l be th e test the of su rface the l ead su rface oth erwi se may in tact Hi g h to Ou tsi de of be h eat Th ermocou pl es h eat l i ners the same wi th or su r- on shal l (speci men s a g u arded be wi th en d of to th e braz- metal the is spe- si mi l ar su rface to d oes + an d equ al on metal l i c su ch as el emen ts el emen ts in n eeded Order to th ermocou pl es bottom di stan ce % of g ap shal l to of hi g h j ackets be ti al l y l ocati ons shal l an d be shal l of approxi matel y between 45 mm is th e or cal cu l ated en d d i stan ce between th e th e speci men shal l be meas- of th e test secti on an d at l ocated an each each test ci rcu mferen ce, an d l en g th, Test other th e d i men si on s test attai n r more i ts shal l g as) vel oci ty pi pe ru n in it K or tem- (T, - u n l ess Ta) , essen - appreci abl e temperatu res is An y that + test be - so th an th e u n i form di ti on s an d en cl osu re temperatu re, desi red to of pi pe the of to be forced mag n i tu de or i ncl u ded vel oci ty an d as sh al l di recti on re- temperatu re a temperatu re g u arded of en d th e test apparatu s) pi pe to (the the test sec- desi red tem- si de Wh en tests temperatu res of data ampl e, L, Th e test by between g reater other or temperatu re test ambi en t (or room are to be ru n over a rang e of g u ard measu remen t secti on a th e effects th e a di fferente n eeded th e in ambi en t du ri ng measu red test di sen d s ported lf ou tsi de th e th e h eat i nstal l ed on r is Ch osen , Di men si on the is at axi al Proced u re Measu re g aps an d axi al be is sti l l mu m ‘ l l the tested measu re compu te the wh i ch ever pi pe of in desi red an d peratu re th e L, l en g th, of cal i brated L, apparatu s vary peratu re ti on of test req u i remen ts th e n ot patt el emen ts i nstal l ed th e to vel oci ty su rface su ch apparatu s) g radi en ts Th ese top speci fi ed Operate Ad j u st both For l en g th, Ambi en t transfer secti on test d i men si on s as trol l ed emi ssi vi ty wel di n g Straps d u ctan ce du ctan ce temperatu re the centrel i nes ad- the sol deri n g wel ded tact of th ermocou pl e di sch arg e thi n mm be axi al pi pes, th e Di ameter wh en so cov- equ al wi th fasten i n g tape Smal l metal of wel di n g , Capaci ti ve wi re in of metal l i c su rface th e di - be taps u red h el d peen i ng , recommen d ed hol d u pon shal l su rface Th e approxi matel y mi n i mu m mean s by u se based temperatu re th ey oper- fasten ed su rface su rfaces, are properti es at su rfaces Acceptabl e j u n cti on s en d between For or measu remen t su rface) speci men temperatu re emi ssi vi ty speci men Metal l i c in th e measu red expan si on , corre- speci men th ermocou pl es wh en n on u n i form metal of foi l be measu red Smal l smal l er, en d to th ose l eng th g u arded pi pes, spon di n g An y operati ng at tape of (approxi matel y di rect to i ed tan ce arou nd by be “C di men si on s previ ou sl y thermal di men si on s th e from shal l of of su rface For ei ther desi red, u si n g of requi red meth od actu al cal cu l ati on temperatu re i denti f u pon are coeffi ci en ts at thi s temperatu res based by oth erwi se in ambi en t temperatu re, men si on s at or u sed temperatu re adj acen t th e emi ssi vi ty so sh ape properti es operati n g Th ermocou pl es th e d i men si on s I SO speci men n eed ed th ree is sl i g h tl y requ i red for may qu al i ty be be above ru n characteri ze fou r approxi matel y may val u e or to at test on l y at that i nterpol ated an d bel ow spaced on e or materi al , temperatu res equ al l y control a temperatu re acceptan ce from the tests desi red th e as, th e be rang efor testi n g , or at mi n i - sh ou l d over temperatu re, a exthe desi red temperatu res temperatu re 0 I SO I SO N OTE th e Tes t s i n su l at i on Th e s e are co n d i t i o n s wh e r e th e an d If mai n t n a smal l ou ter l ayer A cl u d e d or rai s ed the or or by of th e s u ch of me an oth er s u rf ace of th e pi pe t e mpe rat u re th e ou ter by to s u rf ace ch an g i n g t emperat u re - co n t ro l l e d u se of an co n d i t i o n s Req u i red sh ou l d After stead y- state th e a) be averag e b) test en d apparatu s) ; secti on m e an t emperat u re of d i fferen te each across g u ard the met h o d , so g ap th at ad j u st th e the Pi pe) wi l l g u ard bet ween is ( meas u red zero or i n trod u ce fl ow the lt is n ot an often secti on l ati on bal an ce th e test mat i o n on mee t s t en g reater the % t h an al l to test th e an po we r is th at % of i n pu t, On e th e e) th e an d provi d es i n forwh i ch wh i ch h as of- be no sh al l t emperatu re th e d ro p bet ween test th e pi pe i n tern al al l is axi al n ecessari l y test an d su pport axi al h eat at correct for on l y to ( bet ween h ol d correcti on s i n tern al wh i ch test n eed ed bri d g es, of the wi th bri d g es, mu s t me as u red be po we r to the is h eater ( th e or esti mat e i n pu t to to th e ( or th e it el - g u ard ed th e s peci men omi tted if on l y ou ter th e th er- d esi red ) ; r the Ta, t emperat u re, r an d , if vel oci ty; po wer to i n stan t an eou s the val u e if test th e secti on to secti on it peri od if h eat In th e M eas u re en erg y d i vi d ed po wer by th e is me as - n ot) fl ow apparat u s th e bou n d ari es axi al an y i n tern al an d 4) 2 t emperat u re bet wee n for In Fo r th e h eater th e test g rad i en ts secti on pi pes or an d su pport at the the g u ard s bri d g es ( see s peci men speci men s cal cu l ate ei th er m e an the U si n g the is total wh ere th e est i mated i n pu t to hi gh th e to test axi al th e m e an in of th ermal axi al h eat s peci men mo re th e to g ra- co n d u c- d u cti ve be co n d u c- speci fi ed an d hi ghl y est i mat ed en d of d i men si on s of tests h eat el emen t s t h ermo cou pl es g rad i en ts kn o wn an y el emen t s, d u cti on axi al t h an h eat % fl ow of the secti on Test peri od an d stabi l i ty is Co n t i n u e no u s es the in the l osses from) axi al an d cessi ve of the properti es an d speci fi ed axi al d i en ts t an ce at wi th me as u re bal an ce u se properti es i n tern al total to the Pi pe, apparat u s su btracted test Wh e n g ap t h ermoco u pl es an d u sed , the Axi al Rej ect el i mi n ate zero n ecessary d i men si o n s ad d e d su rface the an y i n tern al test to ou ter n ecessary l osses g u ard s) th e d esi g n s, an d be g aps al on g to s o me ou t er pi pe it zero wi l l Wh e n i n tern al the it axi al an d are al on g su pport the secti on su pport read i n g s 3, bri n g in In th e bo th an d su rface an d apparat u s are of be Pi pe both ti me bri d g es test th e acro ss pi pe sh ou l d bal an ce s ame i n tern al su pport su ffi ci en t wi th i n sect i on s h eater me mbe rs to the g u ard i n tern al fl ow i mpossi bl e emen t s an d the g rad i en t is of be el ectri cal st ead y t an ce, t emperatu re ( for t h rou g h d i ti on s th e is m e an d et ermi n e I d eal l y, m ay bal an ces wi th for i mbal an ce n ot h eat bri d g es i mbal an ce d o es secti on , I n terpo- val u e cri teri on th e test wh i ch t h an l ower an d pi pe test on e h i g h er i n tern al al l owabl e the tests, accu rat e the T, ) Th i s ( Tz - t wo sl i g h tl y al on g cri teri on 0, it th e meas u re d sl i g h tl y d e- secti on of amo u n t the ru n g i ves fl ow th e in g u ard s m axi mu m u sed % attai n ed , t emperatu re su rface th an wi th t h ese speci men , u n d er th e secti on th e of on e h eat th e bee n the an d bet we en zero for of th e g reat er error d esi rabl e t emperatu re test on bee n th e g u ard ambi en t r u remen t an d of t emperat u re T2 ( th i s me an forced en d to tran sferen ce th e d g u ard ed t emperat u re th e th e bal an ce the h ave i n- mal u si n g co n d i ti on s Tor su rface, Wh e n d at a termi n e: i n su l at i o n repo rt G u ar d m e as u r e m e n t s th e a ad d i t i on al 51 d test i n- or by t est Th e r m al appl i cat i o n s as appl i cat i o n s l o we re d 95 994( E) t emperat u res maj ori t y d i fferen t e, rai s e d ou ter i n cre as e s d u pl i cat e be d es cri pt i o n in the t e mpe rat u re th e ambi e n t co rre s p o n d i n g t e mpe rat u re j acket , wi t h d i fferen t e to m ay r ru n n o rmal d u pl i cat e th e d e s i re d t e mpe rat u re ambi e n t wi l l to t e mpe rat u re t e mpe rat u re cre as e u su al l y e xp o s e d 49 7: the t i me i n terval mo re an d th e sets th an po wer n ot h of % 0, h fro m e ach in me an each val u e u n i d i recti on al is mad e Observat i on M o re s o me at ( mad e bet we en the exh i bi t d u rati on n ecessafy u n ti l observati on s meas u re men t stru men t, 0, observati on s of stri n g en t l east wi th set) of th ree a di ffer the tren d s wi th sh al l an be su c- mi n i mu m by th ree Wh e re i n teg rati n g of req u i remen ts no Sets, th e i n- mi n i mu m tan be cases 1 I SO 8497: Q 994( E) En d cap Correcti on s are en d cal i brated taps are n ot of requ i red requ i red 1 2 correcti on s for for or th e Cal i brated th e h eat cal cu l ated g u arded en d l oss en d en d th rou g h th e apparatu s bu t Meth od 2 Temperatu re Axi al h eat ward th e en d taps apparatu s over a l oss of th e drop l east ran g e requ i res of i nten ded th ree cal i brati on temperatu res u se cal i brati ons of lt is that cover ven i en t to el ectri cal at temperatu res power approxi matel y an d versu s pi pe is brati on cu rves an d to pl ot temperatu re th e onl y on e sh al l If set of i nterpol ate same ambi en t be the cu rve condi ti on s above th e th en each is it to may th en u sed two tests bu t carri ed wi th ou t the at an d sl i g htl y bel ow taps to th e wi th g l ass-fi bre ar d pi pe or power an d heater is ther- possi bl e thermal du cti vi ty to from the transfer rate cal cu l ates Th e meth od a temperatu re to of be van ad ded measu red Th e corrected on pi pe th e pi pe su rface su rface at temperatu re u sed in (see 5) th e Stan dard Th e th ermal meth od i s as du cti vi ty fol l ows th ermocou pl es, oth er s of even l y si des the shal l Si mi l ar at be spaced of fou r X di stan ce toward pi pe l ocated sets a an d test the at at the arou nd th e top, th e ci r- bottom mi ddl e of th ermocou pl es from other th e Th e the shal l mi ddl e an d toward X di stan ce test be i non e shal l be seal mm or g reater Th ese th ermocou pl es shal l be set j i ta bl e in th e an d it desi red 200 between pi pe cal i brator th e cal i brator th e kn own , Measu remen ts stal l ed Con n ect tempera- th e en d seal ant thi s at Assembl y Crack a (an d ven i en t Pi pe th e If pi pe ambi en t be be an d are temperatu re mi dpoi n t two en d speci men th e cal i - temperatu re th e th e of of Fou r Assembl e of speci men h eat cu mferen ce 1 is be- Separate for apparatu s temperatu re sl i g htl y to- wh i ch equ al l y a di fferente r obtai n ed test between ambi en t pi pe an d (see[sl ) 2 to temperatu re du cti vi ti es measu red the equ ati on temperatu re in su rface at is th e drop pi pe th e ru n i ts tween a test th e to pi pe th e du cti vi ti es Ri n su m spaced Cau se of th ermal heater) measu red of wi l l en d s cal cu l ate di ti ons meth od ran g e mal en d of taps tu re Cal i brated Ri n su m apparatu s i nternal l van Su mmary fu n cti on 1 of I SO g rooves an d fasten ed as descri bed in Mean eads th ermocou pl e readi ng s for each set of fou r th ermocou pl es sh al l be obtai n ed 1 Cal i brati on Ad j u st th e desi red h ave procedu re power i npu t temperatu re been to th e After attai ned, make h eater to ach i eve steady- state th e n ecessaty th e 2 Cal cu l ati on s di ti on s observati on s Cal cu l ate to determi n e an d to of th e th e th e temperatu re ambi en t h eater over r a an d of the mi n i mu m the mean 0, h cal i brator el ectri cal pi pe i ty, an ; ’, from approxi mate th e Con ti n u e ti me th e i nterval more an d th an power h n ot observati on s of 0, % h from du rati on in each mean val u e u ni di recti onal is mad e Observati on More some at (mad e between the exhi bi t each n ecessary u nti l of measu remen t stru men t, 0, observati on s sets l east set) of th e wi th an be by three no Sets, Wh ere - TA wh ere al l terms are except To mwh i ch face i ts at mi ddl e as is previ ou sl y th e defi n ed temperatu re (averag e of fou r of in th e cl au se pi pe su r- thermocou pl es) th e i nteg rati ng of condu cti v- su c- mi n i mu m di ffer tren ds shal l stri ng ent a th ermal @ W, l D, ) ;1 ’ = three wi th of power peri od WT, , cessi ve val u e equ ati on: i n- Cal cu l ate a correcti on factor, C, from th e equ ati on : mi n i mu m requ i remen ts tan 2n ; A be ’ cases = (A, ; , + A$ (1 ) n ( D, /D, ) wh ere Cal cu l ated en d taps A, Cal cu l ati on an d A, procedu res are th e th ermal Cross- secti on al du cti vi ty area of th e an d test th e pi pe respecti vel y; For h eat cal cu l ated l oss cedu res at that en d the apparatu s, en d s h ave is proven a correcti on requ i red An y sati sfactory of for th e axi al several pro- may be u sed A, an d L2 are th e h eater same Pi pe properti es of th e i nternal I SO I SO Cal cu l at e a correcti on to be appl i ed to th e pi pe 49 : 9 4( E ) su rface temperat u re at i ts mi d d l e, by AT&, , the eq u ati on : 48 Tot n - ATo m = To x ( 2) l t6 co s h ( X&) l4 C wh ere T, , face a d i st an ce at is th e th ermocou pl es, m e an X t emperat u re fro m fou r the of mi d d l e t o ward e ach th e pi pe ( averag e of su r- t2 ei g h t en d ) W3 Cal cu l ate th e the corrected t h ermal d u cti vi ty, , from eq u ati on : 86 Q, W* l D, ) A = =( T, , + 0, ( 3) ATo m - Tz) 02 0, 2 Me t h o d H eat th e test th e a me as u red u s ed In d i ti on s sh al l Th e th e to be en d me t h o d l en g th th ermal appl y t aps po wer correcti on secti on in Ord er Fi g u re me as u red l en g th test h as as th e en d of N u ki yama to be Th e sh al l be th e to th e l en g th an d th e an d eq u at i on fol l owi n g Me t h o d th e t h ermal of - An o t h er s peci men materi al i sotropi c; of th e en d cap th e be the ou t si d e s ame as th at d i amet er of of the the en d u si n g stru ct as th at of the error to th e test pi pe s peci men an d sh al l correcti on en d if wi th i n of th e a or l ot fro m esti mat es th e of d i fferen te d ata fl at u sed obtai n ed th e test t h ermal on materi al sh ow al l owabl e materi al fi n i te d et ermi n ed s ame t aps materi al be empl o y properti es on expect ed u n certai n ty properti es may be materi al ei th er by th e g u ard ed h ot pl ate met h o d ( see speci men ; taps sh al l be I SO 83 02 ) I SO 83 01 ) or th e h eat an d sh al l th e materi al fl ow be met er t aken in me t h o d al l ( see appropri ate di - th e if is n ot i sotropi c ( u su al l y the speci men ; axi al d) 0, d i fferen tes to from th e si mi l ar is th ermal t aken oth er recti on s s ame fi n i te pro ced u re an al ysi s m ad e sh al l d u cti vi ty N u ki yama - of Me as u re men t s b) Oh is speci men s h o mo g e n e o u s 0, ( see[ 41 ) corrected me t h o d materi al 0, s am e ad d ed d u cti vi ty th e th e met : cap 0, s l en g t h en i n g to a) 0, ( s m( ) ) me t h o d i n su l ated total secti on cal cu l ates th en of t h rou g h on 0, N u ki yama Su mmary l oss effect of be sh al l of be the s ame u n i forml y l en g t h h eat ed as over an d rad i al d i recti on s) th e th at l en g th 1 Th e Th e Cal cu l at i o n s Cal cu l ati on s t h ermal d u cti vi ty sh al l be cal cu l ated by d esi red t h ermal tran smi ssi on properti es sh al l be th e cal cu l ated for e ach of th e th ree or mo re observat i on s eq u at i on : @ 1n ( D, l Do) ( 4) A = 2rr; ( L + n D o ) ( To - T2 ) req u i red in ported in eq u at i on s in appropri ate Th e factor yt appropri ate t h i ckn ess sh al l be d i amet er to pi pe t aken rati o, d i amet er from fi g u re3, ( D2 /DO) ,an d rati o, ( SI D, ) th e u si n g en d th e cap recti on for u si n g th e be ( see or, in appl i ed l oss me as u red properti es pl y cl au se h eat th e m e an cal cu l ati on eq u ati on s sh al l axi al an d Th e for to g rad i en ts, 4) cal i brati on For Wh e n th e val u es mad e u si n g en d taps, appropri ate, me as u red i n tern al po wer su pport d i men si on s cal i brated correcti on t h ese be cal cu l ated t h ro u g h of sh al l en d d et ermi n ed an d th e corl oss bri d g es materi al apparat u s in reth e ap- 1 I SO 8497: 994( E) Test preci si on an d procu remen t accu racy sh ape si ty Esti mates Th e preci si on th e an d apparatu s properti es an d qu an ti tati ve al l tests to th e erti es condi ti on s each th e th en stati sti cal tan set of errors to of the I nterl aboratory to of of si mpl e appl y is i tems enteri ng to fi nal prop- errors, th eory, u si n g test obtai n the an d 3 Di men si on s an Th e may preci si on of be th e If other th an of A vol vi n g ni ne l aboratori es Same speci men mean val u e tested 20 in “C from th e di d Th i s compari son ( see[s] ) n ot vary by Prog ramme a trol l ed s h o wed ambi en t “C an d covered th e 60 “C to 60 “C preci si on di ti on s u n d er th e in au spi ces ran g e an d I SO/TC & of th e 63 tests th e of th e i n su l ati on Th e in test th e report th e tai n the or of cover test procedu res, an d, wh en rang e of reported, ate th e test th e ad di ti on al of measu red shal l an d at temperatu re di men si on s obtai ned, before th e temperatu res an d be th e after th e mean s reported an y if an d an d th e th e appl i cati on i n cl u di ng ban d s u sed, th e wh eth er an Pi pe Con d i ti on i n g secu ri n g type of fi tted of l o- j acket seal an ts pi pe th e th i ckn ess an d of an y th e between th e of type th e l ocati on exi sted possi bl e, be an d speci men g ap mean s n u mber, fasten ers, type the r If or an d th e ti g htl y speci men th e r g ap reported ou tsi d e compari - pl an n ed i nformati on speci men s, test a properti es appl i cati on i tems, are wh en both descri pti on of an d, an y condi ti oni ng wh en ch an g es obtai ned, du e to or dryi ng th e procedu res mass, di ti oni ng den si ty or or dryi ng speci fi ed Temperatu res fol l owi ng temperatu res shal l be i n di cated: req u i remen ts appropri ate, th e an d, den si ty th e sh ou l d a) of measu red an d pi pe wh eth er Th e th e both reported su bcl au ses Gen eral Descri pti on s of test observed be an d den- den si ty d i men si on s th e di men si on al shal l al so an d temperatu res report fol l owi n g an d ambi en t, descri pti on fol l owed Test di ti on s shal l si ze mass I n stal l ati on u sed, A n omi n al approxi matel y met h od are i n- on % fi bre mean of of u n proven of th an g l ass temperatu re 25 Th e Prog ramme th at more i n vol ved to reported son s i n terl aboratory test di men si on s obtai n i ng to or On e the mass test cati on meth od N OTE after measu red measu red Prog rammes of speci men before th e n omi n al resu l t compari son s esti mate u n u su al th e to possi bl e tran smi ssi on the Sou rce, desi red u pon no wi l l it i ndi vi du al error compari son an th at An y an d wh en speci men th u s i ndi vi du al the u n certai n ty obtai n mad e th ermal combi n e depen d u pon di ti on s, th e I n terl aboratory u sed be the test an d Ch osen , test in of th e Operati on propag ati on esti mate 2 test cal cu l ati on an d of i ts Statemen t For esti mate i nto accu racy an d date an d I SO u ni ts apparatu s versu s th ose al so I i sted the n u meri cal stated an d to th e mean temperatu re of b) th e mean temperatu re for th e su rface, T2, an d val u es are readi ng s an d posi ti ons Th e 2, of the pi pe test of the speci men secti on, q- J ; resu l ts, represen tati on temperatu re be in sampl i n g an d g raphi cal Wh en ever sh al l th e appropri shal l descri be be for u n even i rreg ul ar of th ermocou pl es su rface ou tsi de speci men s, th e u sed temperatu res to (see 8*6 ) i ncl u ded Th e Speci men speci men cl u di ng eri c the type of descri pti on descri pti on trade an d materi al , an d other man u factu rer’s th e date of i denti fi cati on n ame, th e man u factu re, i ng enthe Ambi en t Th e type an d wh en di recti on) of trol l ed ambi en t forced, or temperatu re d i ti on s detai l s g as, th e of su ch as sh eath s or i ts vel oci ty mean (both oth er mean s extra i nsu l ati on bl an kets of temperatu re, mag n i tu d e control l i ng or Ta, an d ou ter temperatu re- I SO 63 I SO f) P o we r the i n su l ati on su rface coeffi ci en t 49 7: 9 ( E ) of h eat tran sfer, h 2I Th e test recti on s secti on averag e po wer i n pu t an d an y corg) u sed the areal t h ermal d u ct an ce, A, an d th e su rface referen ced ; Th e r m al t ran smi ssi on pro pert i es h) th e areal t h ermal R, resi stan ce, an d the su rface referen ced Th e d esi red an y or al l th ermal of th e correspon d i n g sh al l a) be th e th e tran smi ssi on fol l owi n g m e an m e an l i n ear properti es wh e n ( T + t emperat u re val u es t h ermal i n cl u d i n g appl i cabl e cal cu l ated in tran sferen ce, an d th e cl au se K, , 1 th e Est i mat es corre- 1 spo n d i n g ambi en t t emperat u re, Erro r est i mat es T2) /2 Th e s e Ta, an d th e of error of Except i on s th e test to th i s resu l ts I n tern ati on al su r- St an d ard face coeffi ci en t of h eat tran sfer- , b; Ref eren ce b) the l i n ear t h ermal d u ct an ce, cept i on s d th e l i n ear t h ermal d) th e t h ermal resi stan ce, th e t h ermal resi sti vi ty, I n tern ati on al St an d ard an d an y ex- Speci al cal cu l at i on s 2; Ou tl i n es e) th i s mad e R, ; d u cti vi ty, to A, ; r; of, or referen ces to an y speci al cal cu l ati on s u sed I SO 8497: 994( E) An n ex A (i nformati ve) Bi bl i og raph y Cl ASTM C335, sta te h ea t Stan d ard tran sfer i nsu l ati ons, test Ameri can Materi al s, meth od properti es of Soci ety Phi l adel ph i a PA, for steady- hori zontal for VI Testi n g J U RY, Pi pe pi pe DI N - 52 61 3, der Normu n g , ASTM Deu tsch es n ach I nsti tu t L- BI KI MBALL, su l a ti on für STP Berl i n C691 , en ce of Stan dard temperatu res for test for n on - h omog en eou s above Testi n g an d th ermal pi pe ambi en t, transfer- i nsu l ati on Ameri can Materi al s, JI S A 9504 i nsu l ati ng cover, (or 95051 , materi al , J apan ese Rock Soci ety Phi l adel ph i a (or Th ermal Stan d ard s Pl Gl ass) wool Con du cti vi ty, Associ ati on , L R - A 544, feu erfesten sowi e Stei n en u nter Verfah rens VDI H 228 62 Wärmel ei tfäh i g kei t bei h oh en der PA, S 601 ; i n su l ati ons apparatu s, Ph i l adel phi a von of ASTM the STP Ameri can Phi l adel phi a An 660, Speci al Soci ety for PA, I nterl aboratory C335 U SA, Pi pe Tech n i cal Dec 978 an d of pi pe i n- ASTM Ameri - Materi al s, 974 for U SA, J , of RU PP, A hi g h i nch di ameter Tech n i cal Testi n g Dec M an d temperatu re pi pe Pu bl i cati on , an d Materi al s, 978 Pi pes) , Wärmel ei tfäh i g kei t an Th ermal I sol i eru ng Mü n ch en , von Roh rl ei tu n g en I n su l ati on No 3/82, Wärme- (Th ermal Con - Materi al s Lambd a on Verl ag , 982 n eu en t-1 1 SU LLI VAN , J I n g wes su l ated Compari - I nsu l ati on Testi n g a Speci al PA, of M pi pe Tech n i cal ASTM u si n g Soci ety du cti vi ty (1 920) H OLLI N GSWORTH , M son U SA, apparatu s, an d STEFFEN , R ZEH EN DN ER, H Testi n g ca P for PA, Pu bl i cati on , June Eval u ati on test Ameri can und ei n es Forsch g sarb test Testi n g U SA, C , W pi pe pi pe Obeti l äch en temperatu rmessu n g , (1 91 8) Soci ety d u ctan ce Tech n i cal for SVEDBERG, R heat Temperatu ren Verwen d u n g J Speci al Tokyo, Dampfroh rsch u tzmassen von Mau erwerk Z Di e Th ermal Speci al d ämmstoffen W 660, Phi l adel phi a /arg e- scal e Soci ety SADLER, J Cl 01 RI N SU M, MOORE, STP Ameri can Materi al s, Ph i l adel phi a PA, J apan L- SI VAN an d at U SA VI an d L ASTM 978 tan Pl D testers, Prü fu n g en Wärmel ei tfäh i g kei t Roh rverfah ren, MCELROY, Pu bl i cati on , Testi n g Wärmesch u tztech n i sch e Besti mmu n g d em H , Tech n i cal an d U SA Dec VI S i nsu l ati on J r , Th ermal Systems, Pu bl i cati on , an d Materi al s, Performan ce ASTM STP Ameri can 789, of Soci ety Phi l adel phi a i n- Speci al PA, for U SA, 983 Test, Pu bl i cati on , Materi al s, Im Nordtest mal 2, NT WS transference, SF- 00340 01 Pi pes Nordtest, Hel si n ki , Fi nl and, - I nsu l ati on: Ther- Prastbordsg ran den 982- 06 This page intentionally left blank This page intentionally left blank This page intentionally left blank I SO 8497: I CS 27 220 00 Descri ptors: th ermal Pri ce 994( E) th ermal nsu l ati on, measu remen t based on pag es pi pes (tu bes) , tests, determi nati on , th ermal proper- Ges, thermal du cti vi ty, th ermal resi stan ce, I SO