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1 ASSIGNMENT Qualification BTEC Level HND Diploma in Computing Unit number and title Unit 2: Networking Infrastructure Submission date 22/12/2022 Re-submission Date Date Received 1st submission Date Received 2nd submission Student Name Tran Cong Hoang Student ID: BH00317 Class IT0601 Assessor name Le Van Thuan Student declaration I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my o work and that I fully understand plagiarism's consequences I understand that making a false declaration is a form of malpractice Student’s signature Cong Hoang Grading grid P1 ACER P2 P3 P4 M1 M2 D1 Contents I Introduction II Body A Definition of Network, Benefits, and Constraints (P1) What is Network? Protocol and Standards B Network Topology & Communication And Bandwidth (P2) 10 Network Topology Definition 10 Definition of Physical and Logical Topology 10 Examples Of Topology With Diagrams 11 Communication And Bandwidth 14 C Discuss the operating principles of networking devices and server types (P3) 15 Switch 15 Router 16 Other commonly used networking devices 18 Other types of servers 19 D Describe how relevant networking software and workstation hardware are (P4) 22 Explain the meaning of Interdependencies 22 Define Workstation Hardware 22 Define Networking Software 24 Discuss And Explain The Interdepencies Of WorkstationHardware With Networking Software 25 III Conclusion 25 IV References 26 ACER I Introduction In this report, I will talk about the definitions, benefits, and limitations of different types of networking standards Network topology requirements Operating principles of network devices and types of servers Interdependence of workstation hardware with related network software I will explain in the simplest and most accessible way Make it easier for readers to understand and better understand the Network II Body A Definition of Network, Benefits, and Constraints (P1) - What is Network? A network, also known as a computer network, is the activity of transporting and exchanging data between nodes on a shared medium in an information system Networking includes the design, construction, and use of the network and the management, maintenance, and operation of network infrastructure, software, and policies There are three popular networks today: Metropolitan Area Network (MAN Network) Wide Area Network (WAN Network) Local ArTCPea Network (LAN Network) ACER a) Favorable: ➢ Sharing: Users can share information and data over a wide network of devices thanks to computer networks We can converse and conduct business remotely using online chat applications like Google Meet and Zoom ➢ Storage: As long as the device is linked to the internet, users will be able to access data from the user or business from anywhere, at any time ➢ Security: Computer networks today are mostly safe to protect They use various methods to protect users from malicious elements in the cyber environment If the customer disagrees, no more institutions reveal and remove the data b) Disadvantage: ➢ Security flaw: Once a network is established, it introduces new methods to access remote computers, especially computers connected to the Internet These novel computer access methods could potentially present unknown threats to computers, people, and network data ➢ Independence: The network is based on a central server and most decisions are made by the network itself Purpose of restricting the user's freedom to use the computer ➢ Maintenance: For a computer network to function properly, periodic maintenance is required The issue is that this cannot be accomplished with basic skills and necessitates complex configurations and installations So a well-qualified network manager is required c) Metropolitan Area Network (MAN Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) commonly referred to as an urban network, links numerous LANs together using cables and other transmission methods, the capacity for broad communication, as in a town or city, conscious The MAN network model is frequently employed by enterprises and corporations connected with numerous branches and departments Man network is often used for businesses because this model provides many types of services such as voice connection (voice), data (data), video (image), and easy deployment of applications ACER d) Wide Area Network (WAN Network) A WAN, or wide area network, links networks in large areas, such as Vietnam, the UK, etc For a computer network to run properly, routine maintenance is required.UK schools can connect to Vietnam in seconds without paying for WAN phone units Half a world separates the two users with micro-equipped workstations and webcams transmitting real-time remote images WANs are rather complicated, and link-local networks to international communication networks like the Internet using multiplexing, bridges, and routers But users will not see any difference between WAN and LAN ACER e) Local Area Network (LAN Network) A network that is restricted to a very small area within a geographic area is known as a local area network (LAN) Laboratories, schools, or buildings Workstations and servers are the two types of computers that can connect to a network The server is not normally used directly by humans but will run continuously to provide "services" to other computers and users on the network Printing, faxing, hosting software, file sharing, messaging, data storage and retrieval, access control (security) to network resources, and many other services could be offered Protocol and Standards a) Network Protocol Definition The protocol is a rule file that specifies how to format, transmit, and receive data so that network machines, from servers and routers to endpoints, can communicate with one another, Regardless of any variations in the base layer, architecture, or standard facilities ACER Devices of a communication exchange on either side must accept and abide by protocol rules to send and receive data correctly Hardware, software, or both may have support for network protocols Network devices have a common language thanks to standardized network protocols Computers couldn't connect without them As a result, only a small number of networks can operate, and the internet as we know it today would not exist unless they were specifically constructed for a particular architecture Practically all users use network protocols to connect b) Some Protocols ➢ TCP/IP: It is a set of rules that computer networks on the Internet must follow TCP/IP provides the best instructions for a computer to access, receive, or find its destination on a network system system Bob Fahn and Vint Cerf created it in 1978 TCP and IP are two distinct protocols; TCP transmits data over internet protocols, and IP governs all network packets ACER ➢ HTTP: HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol Unlike HTML doc, the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) used in www HTTP is a resource-seeking protocol ➢ DNS: DNS (domain name system) - the full meaning is domain name system analysis Each online device connected to the Internet receives a unique IP address Simply mentioned, DNS is a system that converts web pages with domain names in the form http://www.domainname.com, into an IP address format suitable for a fallback domain name ➢ ICMP: Just like how routers send error messages to the source IP address when something goes wrong, ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is an error reporting protocol that lets the sender know when there is a data transmission problem The source IP address receives a letter from ICMP stating that there is no gateway to the Internet because the network limits the delivery of IP packets Any network device with an IP ACER address can send, receive, or process ICMP messages c) Standards Organizations ➢ American National Standards Institute (ANSI): The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is the official standards organization in the United States, coordinating and publishing computer and information technology standards ➢ The International Organization for Standardization (ISO): is an international standardization organization established on February 23, 1947 It is an international standards-setting body that sets out commercial and industry standards that are applicable worldwide The most well-known networking device offering from the ISO is the OSI Reference Model ➢ Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): An international organization that publishes several necessary networking standards, including the official standard for the Ethernet networking system ACER 10 B Network Topology & Communication And Bandwidth (P2) Network Topology Definition Network topology is a map used to express the type of sort, the layout of the computer, wire up, and other components on the method's network Definition of Physical and Logical Topology ➢ Physical Topology: It is the interconnected structure of a local area network (LAN) Connecting physical devices on a network system using cables forms the physical topology ➢ Logical Topology: It's a topology by logic The logical topology can be automatically maintained and reconfigured using network devices like routers and switches In contrast to physical topology, it refers to the physical connection of all network devices ACER 10 14 Communication And Bandwidth a) Define Communications In Terms Of Networking Network communication, also known as internetworking, refers to a collection of protocols (rules and standards) that allow application programs to communicate with one another regardless of the hardware and operating systems on which they are executed Internetworking enables application programs to interact with one another regardless of their physical network connectivity b) Rules of communication ➢ Protect your data, not rely on the network ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ Recognize the danger Design service protection as closely as appropriate to the service Publish routes by default Encrypt without compromising performance Protect your networks Layer your security ➢ Interworking and flexibility in the design ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ Use open standards Maximize the use of commoditized services Consolidate the use of data networks and migrate to IP-based technologies Publish DNS names Join to offer resiliency ➢ Understand the user ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ACER Understand your basic network requirements Design networks for the user base Design services to be accessed broader than your department Designed to allow organizations to share a site's network Capable of user support 14 15 c) Bandwidth ➢ Bandwidth requirements for the networks The term "bandwidth" is now widely used in technology and human life in general In the Website field, bandwidth refers to the maximum amount of data exchanged between a website or a server and a user in a given unit of time, usually a second The higher the bandwidth limit, the more data can be transferred (download/upload) Web access requests will be denied if bandwidth is exhausted Bits per second are the most commonly used unit of measurement for bandwidth Modern networks are frequently measured in millions of bits per second (Mbps) or billions of bits per second (bps) due to their high capacity (gigabits per second - Gbps) C Discuss the operating principles of networking devices and server types (P3) Switch A switch is a critical network switch used to connect network segments in a star topology In this model, the switch is the central device connected to all other satellite devices, including the computer The router then establishes a temporary connection to send data ➢ Switching principles in a network: Step 1: PC-HP sends a packet to PC-DN via its channel when connected to the switch ACER 15 16 Step 2: They will convert the data into a data frame, validate the MAC address in the data frame's source MAC field, and save the MAC address in the MAC address database alongside the incoming port number Step 3: Toggle checks the MAC address in the frame's destination mac field and the MAC address table to see if it is already in the table Step 4: If the destination mac address is already in the mac table, the switch looks for the corresponding outgoing port and forwards the unicast frame to that port Step 5: If the destination MAC address entry is not found in the MAC table, the switch will broadcast the frame data to all other connected ports Step 6: PC-HN, PC-SG, and PC-DN receive the frame as a packet and compare their IP addresses to the packet's destination IP address Step 7: PC-B and PC-C will reject the packet because their IP addresses not match the packet's destination IP address PC-IP D's address, on the other hand, corresponds to the packet's destination IP address Step 8: PC-DN will send an acknowledgment packet to PC-HP Step 9: Convert to receive an acknowledgment frame from PC-DN on port 4, validate the MAC address in the source MAC field, and store the MAC address along with the incoming port number in the MAC address database Step 10: Validate the destination MAC address from the frame, and check the MAC address table to confirm the MAC address entry The switch has learned and cached the MAC address of PC-HP, and now unicasts acknowledge the incoming packet to PC-A Step 11: When the switch learns the MAC addresses of all the PCs or nodes, it always sends unicast frames to the network's connected nodes Router A router is a network device that connects computers by sending data packets from one to another A router, in a nutshell, is a device that allows multiple devices in the same network layer to share Internet access ACER 16 17 The Wi-Fi router converts a wired network to a wireless network, allowing mobile devices to be connected more easily Allow multiple people in the house to connect to the Internet simultaneously without being restricted by a wired network ➢ Switching principles in a network: If the router cannot locate the configuration file, it enters setup mode The setting will be saved in the NV-Ram when done in setup mode Step 1: Start the router by loading the bootstrap The following are the three steps in the process of starting the IOS software: - Hardware testing -> IOS software download -> Locate and execute the startup configuration file Following the POST procedure, the router will perform the following actions: To begin, use the bootstrap loader from Rom gzip Step 2: Find, and locate IOS on the network or flash disk Step 3: Download and install the operating system Step 4: The configuration file in the NV-Ram is copied to the main memory and executed line by line Set network communication port addresses and use the routing command Step 5: If the configuration file does not exist in the NV Ram, the operating system will attempt to connect to the TFTP server If no TFTP is found, the installation mode will begin ACER 17 18 Other commonly used networking devices a) Gateway: A gateway is a piece of hardware that serves as a "bridge" between two networks It could be a server, firewall, router, or another device that freely allows data to flow throughout the network Before being routed, all data must pass through or communicate with the gateway; the gateway handles the network's input and output b) Firewall A firewall is a network security system that employs rules to regulate traffic entering and exiting the system It can be either hardware or software The secure network and the unsecured network are separated by firewalls Firewalls aid in the control of information flow between the intranet and the Internet by detecting and judging behaviors that are and are not accessed within the system, ensuring maximum information security ACER 18 19 Other types of servers a) Web Server The web server is the server that handles the client's HTTP protocol requests A web server can be either software or hardware or both simultaneously For instance, Apache Web Server, NGINX, Apache Tomcat, Lighttpd, etc b) Database server The database server is the server that contains the Database Management System software ACER 19 20 Examples: Oracle Database, MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server c) DNS server DNS Server, also known as Domain Name System, is an ordered naming system used by computers and services connected to the Internet It associates various pieces of information with the domain names assigned to them, allowing users to use that domain to find the information they require It is critical to select a domain name that is meaningful to the user and is linked to other network devices to locate and provide information to users worldwide For example, Google DNS Server: 8.8 8.8 and 8.8 4.4 or Cloudflare: 1.1 1.1 & 1.0 0.1 d) FTP server FTP, which stands for File Move Protocol, is a protocol that allows you to transfer files ACER 20 21 from one computer to another via a TCP network or the Internet This protocol will enable users to effortlessly upload material such as photographs, documents, audio files, movies, and so on from their computer to a remote server or download downloaded items from the server to their computer FTP is another protocol used to transport web data to a web server, even if the server is situated a long distance away Exam: BulletProof FTP, Core FTP Pro, TurboFTP, WinSCP e) DHCP Server DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol or Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a protocol used to control the allocation of IP addresses in a network in a rapid, automated, and centralized manner DHCP is also utilized to set the correct subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS server information ACER 21 22 D Describe how relevant networking software and workstation hardware are (P4) Explain the meaning of Interdependencies ➢ Network interface card (NIC): Establishing and controlling the network connection for the computer Converts digital computer data into a signal suitable for the connection medium to send and receive messages ➢ Device driver: a small, specialized program that represents a device to an OS and manages communications between the OS and NIC ➢ EX: The web browser communicates with the webserver to retrieve web page data using the hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) It is a TCP / IP-based communication protocol that provides data on the World Wide Web It provides standards for computers to communicate with each other HTTP determines how the client requests to build and send data to the server; and how the server responds to these requests ➢ HTTP client: a program (Web browser or another client) used to establish a connection to the server to send one or more HTTP request messages ➢ HTTP server: is a program (Apache webserver or Network Information Service - IIS) used to accept connections to the server from HTTP requests by sending HTTP feedback Moreover, a web client wants to get information from a web server They start with the web interface on the client’s pc to take the command request Then the web client communicates with the web server through a NIC card to take HTTP ➢ packets from the webserver The web client takes the HTTP from the web server and shows it on applications to the users Conclusion: Workstation hardware with relevant networking software is dependent on each other, as they must communicate with each other but achieve that, they need support from some hardware components Additionally, the hardware requires a driver to manage communications between the os and the hardware Define Workstation Hardware Computer hardware refers to the actual parts that a computer system needs to function It includes every component of a computer or laptop that has a circuit board, such as the ACER 22 23 motherboard, graphics card, CPU, ventilation fans, webcam, power supply, and so on… ❖ The motherboard: The motherboard is at the heart of what makes a computer operator, and it houses the CPU and serves as a hub for all other devices The motherboard functions as a brain, distributing power where it is required, connecting with and coordinating all other components, making it one of the most critical pieces of hardware in a computer ❖ CPU: The CPU (Central Processing Unit or processor) is in charge of processing all information from your computer's programs The processor's 'clock speed,' or the rate at which it processes information, is measured in gigahertz (GHz) This means that a CPU with a high GHz rating will almost certainly outperform a similarly stated processor of the same brand and age ❖ Ram: RAM, or Random Access Memory, is hardware present in the motherboard's memory slots RAM's job is to temporarily store on-the-fly information generated by programs and so in a fashion that allows this data to be accessed instantly Rendering pictures for graphic design, editing video or photography, and multi-tasking with many programs open are examples of tasks that demand random memory (for example, running a game on one screen and chatting via Discord on the other) ❖ Hard drive: The hard drive is a storage device that stores both permanent and temporary data This data can take numerous forms, but it essentially refers to everything saved or placed on a computer, such as computer programs, family pictures, operating systems, word-processing papers, and so on Storage devices are classified into two types: classic hard disk drives (HDDs) and newer solid-state drives (SSDs) (SSD) Hard disk drives store data by putting binary data onto spinning magnetic disks called platters that rotate at high speeds, whereas solid-state drives use static flash memory chips to store data Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) ❖ Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): The GPU, which is especially vital for 3D rendering, performs precisely what its name implies: it processes massive amounts of visual data Your computer's graphics card will have at least one GPU Dedicated graphics cards, as opposed to the basic - board visual capabilities provided by PC motherboards, interact with the motherboard through an expansion slot to work nearly entirely on graphic rendering This also implies that you may update your graphics card to get a little more performance out of your PC ACER 23 24 ❖ Power Supply Unit (PSU): A power supply unit, abbreviated as PSU, does more than merely provide electricity to your computer It is the point at which electricity enters your system from an external power source and is allotted to individual component hardware by the motherboard However, not all power supplies are created equal, and without the proper wattage PSU, your system will fail to function Define Networking Software A set of statements or instructions written in one or more programming languages in a certain order, as well as supporting data or documents, that are meant to some action or function automatically to solve a specific issue particular specific issue The software accomplishes its operations by directly delivering instructions to hardware or by supplying data to other programs or software ➢ Web server: A web server is a server control how web users access hosted files The web server can accept requests from web browsers and respond to them using HTTP or other protocols Web servers like Apache, Nginx, IIS, and others are readily available ➢ File server: It is a networked computer that stores and distributes data such as text, photos, audio, and video Workstations can access this information When these computers exchange access via a computer network, this workstation can connect to the server ➢ DNS server:: DNS Server, also known as Domain Name System, is an ordered naming system used by computers and services connected to the Internet It associates various ACER 24 25 pieces of information with the domain names assigned to them, allowing users to use that domain to find the information they require It is critical to select a domain name that is meaningful to the user and is linked to other network devices to locate and offer information to people all over the world ➢ DHCP server: DNS Server, also known as Domain Name System, is a naming system used by computers and services linked to the Internet It associates various bits of information with the domain names assigned to them, allowing users to use that domain to access the information they want To locate and provide information to people worldwide, it is necessary to choose a domain name that is significant to the user and is linked to other network devices Discuss And Explain The Interdepencies Of Workstation Hardware With Networking Software A network is formed when more than one computer is joined together for communication There are additional servers in a network that provide many data storage sites For servers to handle so many computers, an operating system is necessary When a laptop submits an internet request to a server, many scheduling algorithms decide which request receives which resource That is how a piece of software communicates with the hardware of a workstation A network is more capable than a single computer designed for individual use Because they are PCs with their software and storage, they may be used independently of the mainframe A network interface card (NIC) is a piece of computer hardware that enables computers to connect to a network, most often a local area network A network interface card is a piece of computer hardware that allows computers to connect to a network, most often a local area network III Conclusion In the above report, I talked about the definitions, benefits, and limitations of different types of networking standards Network topology requirements Operating principles of network devices and types of servers Interdependence of workstation hardware with related network software I have tried to explain in the simplest and most accessible way for readers to understand and better understand Network The importance and role of the network ACER 25 26 IV.References ➢ What is the network? https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/networking ➢ Man Network https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area_network ➢ Wan Network https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/switches/what-is-a-wan-wide-area-network.html ➢ Lan Network https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/network-layer/what-is-a-lan/ ➢ Network Protocol https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topology ➢ Standards Organizations https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standards_organization ➢ Network Topology https://www.tutorialspoint.com/data_communication_computer_network/computer_netwo rk_topologies.htm ➢ Communication and Bandwidth https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/bandwidth https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/communic.htm ➢ Switch https://www.spiceworks.com/tech/networking/articles/what-is-network-switch/ ACER 26 27 ➢ Router https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing) ➢ Workstation Hardware and Software https://it.sonoma.edu/kb/computers-software-devices/workstation-hardware-software ACER 27 28 ❒ Summative Feedback: Grade: ❒ Resubmission Feedback: Assessor Signature: Date: Signature & Date: ACER 28