Sinh kế bền vững cho người dân ven biển tỉnh Nghệ An.Sinh kế bền vững cho người dân ven biển tỉnh Nghệ An.Sinh kế bền vững cho người dân ven biển tỉnh Nghệ An.Sinh kế bền vững cho người dân ven biển tỉnh Nghệ An.Sinh kế bền vững cho người dân ven biển tỉnh Nghệ An.Sinh kế bền vững cho người dân ven biển tỉnh Nghệ An.Sinh kế bền vững cho người dân ven biển tỉnh Nghệ An.Sinh kế bền vững cho người dân ven biển tỉnh Nghệ An.Sinh kế bền vững cho người dân ven biển tỉnh Nghệ An.Sinh kế bền vững cho người dân ven biển tỉnh Nghệ An.Sinh kế bền vững cho người dân ven biển tỉnh Nghệ An.Sinh kế bền vững cho người dân ven biển tỉnh Nghệ An.Sinh kế bền vững cho người dân ven biển tỉnh Nghệ An.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING VINH UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THI PHUONG THUY SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS FOR COASTAL RESIDENTS IN NGHE AN PROVINCE Major: ECONOMIC MANAGMENT Code: 31 01 10 SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL DISSERTATION OF ECONOMICS NGHE AN, 2023 The work has been completed at Vinh University SUPERVISORS: ASSOC PROF DR DO THI PHI HOAI ASSOC PROF DR NGUYEN THI MINH PHUONG The dissertation is presented at the University-level Dissertation Assessment Council at Vinh university Time (date) (month) 2023 The dissertation can be found at: - Information Center Nguyen Thuc Hao – Library of Vinh University, 182 – Le Duan, Vinh, Nghe An - National Library of Vietnam, 31 Trang Thi, Tran Hung Dao, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi INTRODUCTION Rationale for the study Nghe An, with an area of 16,498.5 km2, is the largest province in the country It has a territorial sea of 4,230 square nautical miles; in general from the depth of 40m towards the coast, the seabed is relatively flat, from the depth of 40m outwards, there are many reefs and sand dunes Nghe An waters are home to many marine species of high economic value Cua Lo beach is one of the beautiful and attractive beaches, which is an advantage for the development of tourism in Nghe An Nghe An’s coast has a length of 82 km, with estuaries that are convenient for sea transportation, seaport development and salt production (1000 ha) However, people's livelihoods have not developed commensurately The livelihood strategy of households is still highly dependent on fishing, the proportion of average income from fishing to total income of households is still high (nearly 30%) [10] Activities and models of livelihood remain monotonous Thus, the livelihood outcomes are still limited and the imbalance of economy, society, and environment leads to unsustainable livelihood development, especially for the group of households that are highly dependent on marine fisheries The social and environmental aspects are quite secure for the residents, however, the economic factors are still inadequate The households’ income is quite low with an income average of about 34 million VND/household/year which is unstable due to high dependence on marine resources and small agricultural activities [9] Thereby, the implementation of the thesis "Sustainable livelihoods for coastal residents in Nghe An province" is crucial in order to propose an innovative and breakthrough direction for economic development for the coastal residents in Nghe An province in the near future This is a very critical and scientifically meaningful Research purposes and assignments + Research purposes: The objectives of the study is to systematize and clarify theoretical and practical issues relating to sustainable livelihoods for coastal residents; therefore, perspectives and solutions to create sustainable livelihoods for coastal residents in Nghe An province are proposed + Research assignments: - The clarification of a number of theoretical issues on sustainable livelihoods for coastal residents; - The experience of several countries and some localities in the country on creating sustainable livelihoods for coastal residents, thereby drawing lessons in creating sustainable livelihoods for coastal residents in Nghe An province - The proper assessment of the current situation of sustainable livelihoods for coastal residents in Nghe An province in recent years, in order to highlight the achievements, challenges, limitation and its causes - The recommendations on perspectives and measures to create sustainable livelihoods for coastal residents in Nghe An province Objectives and scope of study + Objectives of the study: Sustainable livelihoods of coastal residents + Scope of study: Scope of content: The thesis only focuses on studying the mechanisms and policies of the state and local authorities (management decisions makers and organizers of the implementation of management decisions on the use of livelihood resources and strategies of coastal residents (subjected to management) The subject of sustainable livelihood management for coastal residents mentioned in this thesis is the government of Nghe An province through its management decisions making and organization of the implementation of management decisions to impact the livelihood activities of coastal residents Spatial scope: The thesis studies the sustainable livelihoods for coastal residents in Nghe An province Time scope: The thesis focuses on the period of 2018 - 2021, and proposes solutions for the period of up to 2030, with a vision to 2045 Analysis framework and research methodology 4.1 Research approach 4.1.1 Sustainable livelihood approach 4.1.2 Public - Private - Partnership Approach 4.1.3 Regional study approach 4.1.4 Participatory research approach 4.1.5 Systematic approach The systematic approach is used to analyze and evaluate the interrelationships A system is an ordered whole of various elements that are interrelated and interacting The systematic approach is applied in this study to show the binding relationship, mutual influence between livelihood activities and livelihood capital sources, between livelihood activities and outcomes, impacts between livelihood measrues and other solutions This approach also points out the most limiting points which hinder the livelihood development and ranks the settlement order of each problem In this thesis, the study approach of the economic management major is to study the central and local management mechanisms (policies, measures, management principles, results, ) that developed and implemented by the management subjects to take impact on the management objects which are coastal residents in order to realize the management objectives set by management subjects Management objectives include long-term objectives (sustainable livelihoods) and short-term ones (people's income, residents' spiritual lives, local economic growth, environmental and social issues) 4.2 Research methodology 4.2.1 Analysis framework Diagram No.2 Analysis framework of sustainable livelihood for coastal residents 4.2.2 Research methodology * Method of information collection - Secondary documents General information and data on fishing livelihood activities, lives and employment of the residents, fishing situation, number and capacity of ships and marine resources; the organization and implementation of policies for residents are collected from published research works such as books, magazines, thesis, projects, conference records of ministries and competent agencies - Primary documents Using PRA tool [20], information and data on the status of livelihood resources, vulnerable environment, resident's livelihood strategies, assessment by relevant undertakings and policies of the Party and State are collected through fact survey * Data processing method Data encoding: the collected qualitative data will be converted and encoded into numbers for calculation Data entry and correction: collected data, including encrypted data, will be entried and archived for further processing and calculation During the data entry process, the data with errors in the collection process will be checked and corrected Processing tools: The primary and secondary data will be synthesized and processed mainly by excel software * Analysis method Descriptive statistics method Comparative method New scientific contributions of the thesis As a systematic study related to sustainable livelihood development for coastal residents in Nghe An, the thesis has made new important theoretical and practical as follows: - The thesis has systematized and clarified the theoretical issues on the concept of livelihoods, livelihoods for coastal residents, sustainable livelihoods for coastal residents; and resources to develop the livelihoods of coastal residents - The thesis has analyzed and clarified the resources and criteria for evaluating those resources for the sustainability of coastal people Thereby, it identifies the factors that impact the livelihood resources to the sustainable livelihoods for coastal residents in Nghe An province At the same time, the thesis has analyzed the influence of coastal residents’ sustainable livelihood strategies on the change of their livelihood resources From tha t, it can be seen that the influence of resources on people's livelihoods, especially coastal residents, is a gap in both theory and practice - This study was conducted in Nghe An province - where there has yet been any in-depth research on this issue for coastal residents This study not only is scientifically meaningful but also has great practical significance in creating sustainable livelihoods for coastal residents in Nghe An province, which is the "gap" that the thesis expected to remove Theoretical and practical contributions of the thesis + The theoretical contributions of the thesis - Theory on sustainable livelihood development for coastal residents developed in the thesis contributes to affirm that promoting sustainable livelihood development for coastal residents is the most important factor to ensure the sustainable development of coastal livelihoods (the greatest concurrent benefit of the economy, society and environment), is the necessary basis for further research - Research results show that in order to develop sustainable livelihoods for coastal residents, it is necessary to pay attention to their livelihood resources - Research results show that in order to attract and promote sustainable livelihood development for coastal residents, it is necessary to pay attention to all three aspects of economy, society and environment in the implementation process Therefore, the consistency in the measures implementation needs to be paid special attention + The practical contributions of the thesis - The thesis has proposed some measures to promote sustainable livelihood development for coastal residents in Nghe An province; these measures, if applied, will contribute to increase the efficiency of sustainable livelihood development activities for coastal residents of Nghe An in the coming time - The research results of the thesis can be a useful reference for those wishing to learn about sustainable livelihood development for coastal residents in Nghe An; These information can be useful for other localities in the country Structure of the thesis Beside the introduction, conclusion, appendices and references, the thesis is structured into chapters as follows: Chapter Overview of research works related to livelihoods and sustainable livelihoods for coastal people and research methods Chapter Theoretical basis and practical experience on sustainable livelihoods for coastal people Chapter The current status of livelihood for coastal residents in Nghe An province Chapter Perspectives, orientations and solutions to create sustainable livelihoods for coastal residents in Nghe An province CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW ON RESEARCHES RELATING TO LIVELIHOODS AND SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS FOR COASTAL RESIDENTS AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1.1 Literature review on related researches 1.1.1 Studies on development, sustainability and sustainable development According to the author, sustainable development is understood as an integrated and balanced development of all three dimensions of economy, society and environment All three dimensions need to be reflected comprehensively on the basis of a close and harmonious combination of sustainability and stability In which, stability is assessed by the extent to which there are no significant fluctuations or changes; Sustainability is considered by growth over time 1.1.2 Researches on livelihood, and sustainable livelihoods In view of the content approach of this study, sustainable livelihood development is to ensure a balance in all three dimensions, namely economy, society, and environment, which is reflected in an integrated manner on the basis of close and harmonizing combination of sustainability and stability This is a process that ranges from reviewing the sustainable livelihood development policy of local authorities, formulating livelihood strategies, developing livelihood activities to assessing sustainable livelihood outcomes under the influence of livelihood capital, and livelihood development context 1.1.3 Livelihood for coastal residents Sustainable livelihood development for coastal residents is a process that ranges from reviewing sustainable livelihood development policies of local authorities, formulating livelihood strategies, livelihood development activities, etc to the assessment of sustainable livelihood outcomes That process is reflected on the basis of a close and harmonious combination of sustainability and stability in all three dimensions: economy, society, and environment for coastal households whose sources of living and income are sea-originated and sea-based significantly 1.1.4 General evaluation on literature review of research documents 1.1.4.1 Achievements The studies that discuss issues on many levels and different aspects are quite comprehensive on livelihoods, livelihood development and sustainable livelihoods for coastal residents as well as analyze the influence of livelihoods approach for people in other regions Livelihood policies and approaches according to impact chain, by region and by beneficiary group, approaches by region, by sector, by stage and by multi-dimensional perspectives to assess sustainable livelihood development thereby pointing out the limitations and inadequacies in creating sustainable livelihoods, the studies have clarified the limitations and inadequacies; effectiveness and the positive spreading effects of livelihood creation, sustainable livelihoods, so that highly practical solutions can be offered 1.1.4.2 Existing limitation and research “gap” The studies mainly evaluate each aspect, each indicator in livelihood creation and sustainable livelihoods with separate economic and social impacts or assess the overall livelihood status and livelihoods of coastal residents in particular, have not analyzed deeply the impacts of sustainable livelihood creation on livelihoods and changes in livelihood resources to residents in general and coastal residents in particular Thus, it can be seen that the influence of resources on resident's livelihoods, especially coastal residents, is a gap in both theory and practice In short, the above studies have mentioned the separate issues of livelihoods, livelihood strategies, and livelihood activities Some of the dissertations have used approaches that based on the livelihood analysis framework of DFID, IFAD more specific research, but only focus on analyzing livelihood resources, livelihood change, livelihood activities, vulnerable context or institutional environment There have not been many studies on developing sustainable livelihoods or livelihoods in specific in Nghe An province Therefore, this thesis systematizes and clarifies sustainable livelihood development, which comes from considering policies for sustainable livelihood development at all levels of government, formulating livelihood strategies, livelihoods development activities, the results of livelihood development based on the influence of factors such as livelihood capital, policies of different levels of government, and vulnerability context At the same time, this study was conducted in Nghe An province - where there has yet been any indepth research on this issue for coastal residents This will be a study that is not only scientificially meaningful but also practically significant in creating sustainable livelihoods for coastal residents in Nghe An province; and that can remove the mentioned “gap” From the above analysis and evaluation, the author confirms that the study of the thesis "Sustainable livelihoods for coastal residents in Nghe An province" is of theoretical and practical significance, suitable for the major of Economics Management 1.2 Methodology and method of study 1.2.1 Methodology and research approach 1.2.1.1 Methodology Following are the basis for the author to complete the thesis: - The methodological basis of the thesis is dialectical materialism (that is, the study of objects on the basis of historically specific viewpoints, development principles, principles of universal relations) and historical materialism of Marxism-Leninism The historical materialism methodology is specified by the viewpoints and orientations of the Party, the guidelines and policies of the State's and of Nghe An province on issues related to sustainable livelihood development - The thesis also inherits the results of a number of published research works related to the research topic 1.2.1.2 Research approach The thesis uses several approaches: systematic and interdisciplinary approach, institutional policy approach, historical approach, sustainable development approach to study the livelihoods for coastal residents in Nghe An province The thesis uses qualitative research methods combined with quantitative methods to collect and process data as follows: 1.2.2.1 Method of data collecting * Collection of secondary data The secondary data used in the study were collected from the General Administration Division of the Department of Planning and Investment of Nghe An Province, the SubDepartment of Fisheries, the Sub-Department of Cooperative Development under the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development of Nghe An Province, the Statistics Department of Nghe An Province, internet-originated data, etc and works related to livelihood resources for coastal residents The above data is only for statistics, evaluation and intepretation of some criteria related to sustainable livelihood development for coastal residents in Nghe An province * Collection of primary data The study’s main subject is the coastal residents of Nghe An province with the following characteristics: Diverse livelihood resources, including farming land, aquaculture area, marine resources and coastal mangroves Diversified livelihood activities, mainly dependent on marine resources Vulnerable livelihoods regarding to typical coastal weather hazards such as typhoons, high tide, and saline intrusion The author conducted a survey in coastal districts, with a total of 240 questionnaires, including: Quynh Luu (Quynh Thach commune, Son Hai commune), Dien Chau (Dien Kim, Dien Ngoc), Nghi Loc Nghi Thiet, Nghi Tien) and Cua Lo town (Nghia Tan, Nghi Thuy, Thu Thuy, Nghi Thu, Nghi Huong, Nghi Hai), in which 140 sheets are for the districts and 124 sheets are for Cua Lo town The surveyed content: livelihood resources which include resources at the household and local community levels According to the livelihood analysis framework reviewed in the introduction, there are five types of livelihood resources, however the study in Nghe An province is based mainly on natural resources (cultivated land, forests, and natural resources in coastal areas), corresponding to the livelihood activities associated with that resource as the criterion of stratified sampling The combination of livelihood activities based on the existing resources of the household, in the context of the vulnerable environment and policy institutions, shall formulate the livelihoods of each different group of households The results of key staff interviews and group discussions in coastal districts show that some key livelihoods are linked to resources and livelihood activities in each context 1.2.2.2 Method of information processing Secondary and primary information will be aggregated, classified according to specific criteria and processed as follows: -Regarding qualitative information: classified, synthesized and stored according to each research content box -For quantitative information: classified, synthesized and processed by SPSS software according to each research content 1.2.2.2 Analysis method a Overview on policy The policies related to the research issue include official documents, laws, programs and projects related to coastal livelihoods issued by all levels of government The policies are reviewed generally and its impacts on livelihoods at the studied area shall be analyzed b Situation analysis Climate change and its impacts have different effects on communities with different socio-economic background Therefore, it is critical to comprehend the specific background of each community group (for example, what kind of resources people in that community have, how are their livelihoods, and how are they able to adapt ) for the design and proposal of solutions to improve livelihoods, stabilize lives and production for coastal residents c Livelihood analysis Livelihood analysis focuses on how individuals, households and communities make a living? how they access resources and services? in what socio-economic and political conditions? Thus, livelihood analysis helps to identify the activities and livelihoods that people engage in to meet their basic needs and increase their income In this study, livelihood analysis is applied throughout the research process: from context analysis (vulnerable environment, institutions, policies, seasonality), to livelihood, factors affecting livelihoods, and solutions to improve livelihoods d Method of economics statistics * Coastal area of Ben Tre province * Coastal area of Da Nang city * BA Ria Vung Tau 2.4.3 Lesson learnt for Nghe An province Firstly, focus on developing coastal cities Secondly, exploit the advantages to strongly develop the coastal economic sectors Thirdly, uniform the policies on coastal economic development Fourthly, attach importance to investment in building infrastructure CHAPTER CURRENT SITUATION OF LIVELIHOODS OF COASTAL RESIDENTS IN NGHE AN PROVINCE 3.1 Potential and advantages on coastal products of Nghe An province 3.1.1 Natural conditions and characteristics of coastal area Nghe An has a coastline of 82 km and a sea area of 4,230 square nautical miles, along the coast there are estuaries (Con creek, Quen creek, Thoi creek, Van creek, Cua Lo, Cua Hoi estuary) With a long coastline and many estuaries, Nghe An has a lot of potential for marine transport development, including Cua Lo port and Cua Hoi fishing port Cua Lo Port (currently 10,000 ton ships can easily enter and exit, the warehouse area is about 13,000 m²) has been invested by the State to upgrade and expand it into a deep-water port with capacity of up to 50,000 tons, and to start the exploitation in 2015 This is a favorable condition, meeting the needs of socio-economic development of the province and the North Central region in the future 3.1.2 Socio-economic development - The average growth rate of gross regional domestic product (GRDP) in the period 2015 - 2020 reaches 7.20%; - Agriculture has a high growth rate (average growth is estimated at 4.65%), shifting towards concentrated production, technology application, and efficiency improvement - Industry is developing in the right direction, with good growth (average increase of 13.21%/year); processing and manufacturing industries account for a large proportion Infrastructure of economic zones and industrial zones continues to be invested and built more and more synchronously 3.1.3 Characteristics of livelihoods of coastal residents in Nghe An province Table 3.1: Livelihoods strategies for groups of households, period of 2010-2020 Unit: % Period 2010 - 2011 No Strategy types Based on agriculture - Mainly based on agriculture - Mainly based on animal husbandry Period 2014 - 2020 Lowincome househo lds Moderate -income househol ds Welloff house holds Lowincome househo lds Moderate income househol ds Welloff house holds 53,7 34,3 14,7 43,4 13,2 22,3 39,8 10,4 12,3 44,3 32,1 11,5 38,3 10,7 17,5 33,4 7,6 9,2 Based on agricultures and industries 16,1 Based on agriculture & being hired/worker Based on being workers Trade – Services Being hired in other locations 33,8 40,2 11,4 32,4 47,5 42,1 12,3 21,2 5,2 10,2 18,4 7,2 10,9 13,4 17,1 10,6 12,8 22,3 19,6 22,3 12,1 17,3 20,1 9,7 (Source: summaried from surveyed data, 2021) 25,7 43,2 21,3 23,1 44,2 * Selection of sea area for exploitation Table 3.3 The residents’ harvesting situation in the coastal area of Nghe An province Off-shore fishing labor Nearshore fishing labor Total of labors Quantity Structure Quantity Structure (pp) (%) (pp) (%) (pp) 2016 13.669 3.127 22,9 10.542 77,1 2017 13.959 3.194 22,9 10.765 77,1 2018 13.669 3.227 23,6 10.442 76,4 2019 13.478 3.361 24,9 10.117 75,1 2020 13.098 3.482 26,6 9.616 73,4 Source: Sub-departments of Aquatic Resource Exploitation and Protection of provinces in the North Central, 2020 Year * Selection of exploitation jobs Table 3.4 Fishing labor according to occupational groups (2017-2020) No Occupation al group Year 2018 No.of labors (pp) Year 2019 Struct ure (%) No.of labors (pp) Struct ure (%) Year 2020 No.of labors (pp) Struct ure (%) Comparison (%) 2019 /2018 2020 /2019 Avera ge Drag net 1.844 13,5 1.765 13,1 1.692 12,9 95,7 95,9 95,8 Gill net 3.484 25,5 3.342 24,8 3.162 24,1 95,9 94,6 95,3 Fishing 472 3,5 469 3,5 362 2,8 99,4 77,2 87,6 Squid grabbing 1.635 12,0 1.726 12,8 1.812 13,8 105,6 105,0 105,3 Others 6.234 45,6 6.176 45,8 6070 46,3 99,1 98,3 98,7 Total 13.669 100,0 13.478 100,0 13.098 100,0 98,6 97,2 97,9 Source: Sub-department of Aquatic Resource Exploitation and Protection of the North Central * Selection of secondary job Table 3.5 Residents doing seafood harvesting in combination with secondary jobs Percentage of residents having secondary jobs (%) Types of vessel Under 20 CV From 20 - under 50 CV From 50 - under 90 CV From 90 CV and higher Sea food Fisheries Small Agricult- Aquacult Other processilogistics, vendor ure -ure jobs ng services Percentage of residents having secondary jobs (%) 3,3 6,7 16,7 16,7 3,3 16,7 63,3 3,3 3,3 6,7 10,0 10,0 10,0 43,3 0,0 10,0 10,0 0,0 0,0 10,0 30,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 15,0 Total 2,2 4,4 8,9 10,0 5,6 11,1 42,2 (Source: Survey data, 2020) 3.2 The current status of sustainable livelihoods of coastal residents in Nghe An province 3.2.1 Current status of policies and management mechanisms of the central government and Nghe An province government for the livelihoods of coastal residents The policies of sustainable livelihood development in recent years have demonstrated the strategic vision of the governement, which contribute to the output increase of coastal production, business and service industries However, the policy is still limited in focusing more on production development than market access; lacking of evaluation and feedback which leads to overlapping and slow-paced improvement; lacking of integration of climate change adaptation strategies and lacking of policy tools associations For example, the production and consumption of aqua-products has not been associated to Decision 80, Decision 63/2010/QD-TTg and 65/2011/QD-TTg on supporting mechanisms and policies to reduce post-harvest losses for agriculture and aquaculture products or financial and credit support mechanisms for chain connection Therefore, the existing policies are still unsustainable because they have not shown the harmony of interests among the parties, exports have increased, but coastal residents are still poor and suffer the most On the other hand, a number of supporting policies such as investment policies and credit support policies are currently spread out, ununiformed, and out-of-focus, outdated and inefficient for coastal residents Some support policies are not clearly distinguished between economic objectives in agricultural production investment and the implementation of social security policies People often not benefit much from the realization of those policies 3.2.2 Current status of livelihood resources of coastal residents in Nghe An province 3.2.2.1 Human resources Table 3.6: Education level of coastal residents in Nghe An province Criteria Average ages of employees Primary school Educational level Junior high school High school Intermediate College University Professional qualification Vocational training Training by experience No degree Seafood harvesting Economics Field of expertise Captain Average number of people/household Average number of employees/household Percentage (%) 45 4,3 73,9 21,7 13,6 4,5 9,1 13,6 59,1 8,7 4,3 4,3 (5,95) (3,19) (Source: Surveyed data, 2021) 3.2.2.2 Social capital - Relationship between households: (between relatives, friends and neighbors in the village, within the village and outside the village) Table 3.15 Relationship and collaboration forms of coastal residents in Nghe An province No Collaboration form Relationship Share Jointly dcapital participate for in production production Exchange of information and experience Support product consumption Relatives 23,2 43,8 3,5 27,9 11,2 47,2 15,3 36,5 5,6 31,2 6,3 33,3 Neighbors Not neighbors but in the same village Outside the village, friends 2,1 45,6 6,2 40,6 Friends 8,3 46,3 36,7 7,5 (Source: surveyed data, 2021) 3.2.2.4 Financial capital Financial capital includes financial resources that households have or can access and use to achieve their livelihood goals Table 3.18 Income and savings of coastal residents in Nghe An province Unit: million VND/year No Studied location Cua Lo town Quynh Luu district Dien Chau district Nghi Loc district Average Average income/household 56.32 48.56 52.13 77.52 58.64 Average savings/year/household 22.30 19.78 25.44 33.78 25.33 (Source: Surveyed data, 2021) Savings According to the survey, annually, the saving of each household living in the coastal area of Nghe An province is about 26 million VND/year (Table 3.18) In fact, the poor and near-poor households not have savings or they even not have enough money to spend; besides, there are households - that produce and trade in traditional occupations such as farming of flowers and ornamental plants, garments, etc., with a high amount of savings, often of above 80 million VND and even several hundred million VND Borrowed capital m thị xã 8.3 % 22 2% 32 4% 37 1% Table 3.3 Structure of borrowed capital of coastal residents in Nghe An province (Source: Surveyed data, 2021) 3.2.2.5 General evaluation on livelihood capital sources of coastal residents in Nghe An province The sources of livelihood capital of households are measured by many different indicators For the general evaluation, the thesis used a scale to score the criteria and then aggregate those scores to get the average score of each type of livelihood capital The livelihood capital of two groups of households in the coastal area of Nghe An province, namely the group under the management of the town and the group under the management of the districts, are compared Table 3.19 Score of livelihood capital types (points) No Capital Human capital Natural capital Financial capital Material capital Social capital Total Symbol H N F M S Town 2.2 1.1 1.9 2.3 2.3 9,8 District Suburban 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.9 2.1 2.2 9,1 9,5 (Source: Surveyed data, 2021) 3.2.3 Strategies for the development of sustainable livelihoods of coastal residents in Nghe An province 3.2.3.1 Strategic adaptability of coastal residents in Nghe An province a Livelihood strategies by income Table 3.20 Livelihood strategy based on income and dependence on natural resources Districts Cua Lo town General Livelihood Percent Percent Qty Percent Qty Qty (%) (%) (%) I Livelihood strategies based on natural resources Farming and Breeding 21 20,2 10 7,4 31 12,9 Aquaculture 50 48,1 77 56,6 127 52,9 Fisheries 16 15,4 10 7,4 26 10,8 II Livelihood strategies not base or based less on natural resources Labor for hire in 2,9 4,4 3,8 agriculture Non-agriculture Total 14 104 13,5 100,0 33 136 24,3 47 19,6 100,0 240 100,0 (Source: Surveyed data, 2021) Although up to 19.2% of households are engaged in wage employment in agriculture, the number of households choosing this as a livelihood strategy (by income criteria) is low (3.8%) This is because that households consider seasonal jobs as an additional income generating activity in their leisure time, rather than their main livelihood b) Livelihood strategies selected in practice Table 3.21 Livelihood strategies classified according to the general criteria of households Districts Cua Lo town Livelihood Percent Percent Qty Qty (%) (%) I Livelihood strategies based on natural resources General Percent Qty (%) Farming and Breeding 39 37,5 41 30,2 80 33,3 Aquaculture 54 51,9 74 54,4 128 53,3 Fisheries 11 10,6 11 8,1 22 9,2 II Livelihood strategies not base or based less on natural resources Labor for hire in agriculture Non-agriculture Total 0,0 0,7 0,4 0,0 6,6 3,8 100,0 136 100,0 240 100,0 10 (Source: Surveyed data, 2021) Table 3.22 Comparison of livelihood strategies of coastal households Unit: % Districts Cua Lo town General years years years Present Present Present ago ago ago I Livelihood strategies based on natural resources No Livelihood selection Farming and Breeding 37,5 30,8 30,1 20,6 33,3 25,0 Aquaculture 51,9 50,0 54,4 51,5 53,3 50,8 Fisheries 10,6 10,6 8,1 6,6 9,2 8,3 II Livelihood strategies not base or based less on natural resources Labor for hire in agriculture Non-agriculture Total 0,0 1,0 0,7 2,9 0,4 1,7 0,0 7,7 6,6 19,1 3,8 14,2 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 (Source: Surveyed data, 2021) 3.2.3.2 Changing in the livelihood strategies of coastal residents in Nghe An province Changing trend of each group of livelihood strategies (1) Group of households with a livelihood strategy based on agriculture (2) Group of households with a livelihood strategy based on aquaculture (3) Group of households with a livelihood strategy based on fisheries Reasons for not changing livelihood strategies in the long term Table 3.23 Reasons for not changing livelihood strategies in the long term Classified according to current livelihood strategy Reason Unit Agriculture Total no of not-changing house households hold - Be used to existing % livelihood % - Afraid of change - Do not have resource for % changing - Afraid of risk - Current livelihood is more effective % % Aquacult ure Fisherie Labor for Non- General hire in agricul s agriculture ture 64 119 22 214 85,9 96,6 100,0 0,0 8,5 93,0 90,6 63,9 86,4 0,0 50,0 73,4 87,5 71,9 15,6 82,4 72,3 79,8 90,9 63,6 72,7 100,0 100,0 0,0 37,5 75,0 75,0 83,2 71,5 59,3 (Source: Surveyed data, 2021) b) Short-term changing In the short term, households not tend to change their livelihoods but will change towards improving existing livelihood activities to adapt to risks Only 10.8% of surveyed households chose to change their livelihood, but 98.3% of households chose to change and adjust their livelihood activities to adapt to climate change This figure reaches 100% in the groups of households whose livelihoods are not/slightly dependent on natural resources, including labor for hire in agricultural and non-agricultural work Changing of livelihood of group of households whose livelihoods are dependent on natural resources (1) Changing of production scale Table 3.24 Changing production scale in the context of climate change Livelihood depending on natural Production scale Unit General resources Agriculture Total no of households household - Farming scale % - Husbandry scale % - Aquaculture scale % 80 18,8 17,5 7,5 Aquacult ure 128 10,2 3,1 32,8 - Fisheries scale 2,5 0,8 % Fisheries 22 0,0 18,2 0,0 230 12,2 9,6 21,3 18,2 3,0 (Source: Surveyed data, 2021) (2) Breed change (3) Change of seasonal production schedule (4) Change of production method Table 3.26 Changing of production methods in the context of climate change 1) Farming 2) Husbandry Livelihood depending on natural resources Qty (n=230) 21 54 Percentage (%) 9,1 23,5 3) Aquaculture 44 19,1 Change of production method (Source: Surveyed data, 2021) (5) Upgrading and improvement of production resources Table 3.27 Production resources Upgrading and improving activities Sector /activities Upgrading and improving activities - Embankment - Clearing ditches Farming - Soil improvement: (i) Invest in microbial organic fertilizers; (ii) Desalting sea water through the use of chemicals and frequent water changes - Upgrade the barn Husbandry - Enhance health for pets: (i) Using nutritionally balanced foods and complementary foods (ii) Clean the barn regularly - Improvement of ponds and lagoons: dredging ponds, embanking, netting around ponds, periodically pumping sand (clam farming grounds) Aquaculture - Cleaning ponds - Enhance resistance for pets: (i) Using nutritionally balanced foods and complementary foods (ii) Regular water changes Fisheries Repair and maintain vessels Invest in more fishing equipment (Source: Surveyed data, 2021) (6) Other responsive activities Changing the livelihood of group of households whose livelihoods are not/slightly dependent on natural resources Table 3.11 Sustainable livelihoods for coastal residents in Nghe An province 3.3 Evaluation on current status of sustainable livelihoods for coastal residents in Nghe An province 3.3.1 Achievements Table 3.30 Livelihoods’ outcomes of coastal residents Income generating activities Agriculture (cultivation, livestock) Outcome - Increased Reason - Increased productivity (a few households) - Crop yield decreased due to pests and typhoons in - Decreased August 2019; animal husbandry suffers from many diseases; The selling price of agricultural products decreased (especially waterpipe tobacco decreased from 110k/kg down to 50k/kg) - Increased - Very few farming households have increased income Aquaculture in (households selling in time) lagoons/ponds - Decreased - Due to the cold, many shrimp and fish died, the survival rate was not high, so the output and income decreased; Due to more investment than before (gradually shifting to intensive farming due to the loss of livelihoods based on fishing) Aquaculture in - Decreased - Due to environmental pollution, the quality of farming the intertidal zone water is not qualified, thus the black tiger shrimp farming has lost revenue in the past years Exploitation 4.1 Natural exploitation - Decreased - Due to environmental pollution, domestic and production waste, the production of aquatic products has decreased - Due to aquaculture activities on the edge of/in the mangrove forest, the production of aquatic products has decreased - Due to overexploitation 4.2 Offshore/near- - Decreased - Due to environmental pollution, domestic and shore exploitation production waste, the production of aquatic products has without decreased engine/with engine - Due to the activities of clam farming encroaching on the sea/free fishing area by fishermen - Due to rough seas, the tides rise and fall not according to the rules should affect fishing activities (Source: Surveyed data, 2021) In general, livelihoods’ outcome based on coastal resources tend to decrease because livelihood activities are affected by abnormal weather fluctuations, environmental pollution and overexploitation 3.3.2 Several limitations and reasons 3.3.2.1 Limitations and Existence * Natural disasters, epidemics * Price erratic * Land recovered * Environmental pollution */ Reason: +/ Objective reasons: Firstly, because the starting point of the coastal economy of the province is low, while the resources of the state and private businesses are still very limited Secondly, the coastal industries are not comprehensive, manifested in the small scale of production investment, weak production investment capacity, and scattered resources; Thirdly, the occurrence of aquatic diseases, especially in farmed shrimp, some diseases such as white spot disease, hepatopancreatic syndrome, intestinal disease, etc., have had a great influence on the growth of numbers, quality and quantity of products and other livelihood activities +/ Subjective reasons: Firstly, planning and policies related to sustainable livelihood development for coastal residents of Nghe An have been established, but some policies have not yet solved the requirements raised by the actual realization Secondly, investment in the coastal economy is still limited compared to its position, role and development requirements Thirdly, the quality of human resources directly investing in coastal livelihood activities is still low Fourthly, there is a lack of basic and practical measures to organize the implementation of sustainable livelihood activities for coastal residents Fifthly, there are inadequacies in the organization and mechanism of coordination of components to develop sustainable livelihoods for coastal residents CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE, ORIENTATION AND SOLUTIONS FOR THE GENERATION OF SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS FOR COASTAL RESIDENTS IN NGHE AN PROVINCE 4.1 Background, perspective and orientation for the generation of sustainable livelihoods for coastal residents in Nghe An province * International integration background * Perspective on the generation of sustainable livelihoods for coastal residents in Nghe An province Firstly, the improvement of people's livelihoods must be based on immediate and long-term planning and strategies for the development of socio-economy, security and defense of the whole country, the region and Nghe An province Secondly, the improvement of livelihoods for people should be associated with the goal of building new rural areas in coastal areas, and building rich, beautiful and civilized fishing villages Thirdly, the improvement of people's livelihoods is to create a premise for strongly developing marine fishing in a sustainable and modern direction, bringing into play the advantages and potentials of the marine economy, together with other marine economic sectors such as oil and gas, tourism, seaports to step by step building Vietnam into a seaadvantageous country Fourthly, the formulation of policies to develop fishing, the policies on encouragement and support to improve the livelihoods of coastal residents should be based on the actual situation and practical needs of the people, and at the same time need to attach to the national security and defense policy for sea and islands * Orientation on the generation of livelihoods for coasteal residents in Nghe An province Firstly, to promote and effectively use livelihood resources Secondly, to proactively prevent and deal with natural disasters, climate change and sea level rise to limit and minimize damage to people Thirdly, to strengthen state management, review, supplement and perfect the legal system, mechanisms and policies to develop fishing activities, support people, in which special attention is paid to development policy of offshore fishing, combining the objectives of economic development of fishing with protection of national security and sovereignty of sea and islands Fourthly, to rationally arrange and restructure the number of boats and fishing workers in the direction of developing offshore fishing, gradually reducing and reasonably maintaining the number of boats and workers in coastal exploitation Fifthly, based on the natural, socio-economic and livelihood characteristics of coastal residents, the livelihood strategy for coastal residents in Nghe An province shall be improved in three directions: (1) Consolidate and develop offshore fishing vessels in a professional and modern direction; (2) Combine sustainable coastal fishing model with a number of other secondary occupations such as logistics services, tourism, aquaculture in order to increase people's income and gradually reduce dependence on fisheries; (3) Help people switch to a new, more effective job, and get away from seafood exploitation 4.2 Solutions to develop the sustainable livelihoods of coastal residents in Nghe An province 4.2.1 The solution group on improving the livelihood resources of coastal residents in Nghe An province Firstly, the solution with financial resources Secondly, the solution with human resources Thirdly, the solution with material resources Fourthly, the solution with social resources Fifthly, the solution with natural resources 4.2.2 The solution group on completing the policies of the State and Nghe An province on supporting the livelihoods * Policy on infrastructure * Policy to support land access * Policy on mobilization and use of investment * The development of incentive mechanisms for finance, tax, and credit for coastal economic development * Policy to create a market for coastal products * Policy on training and developing human resources for coastal areas 4.2.3 Solution group on the adaptation and transfer of livelihood activities of coastal residents in Nghe An province 4.2.3.1 Group of key occupations of coastal areas Firstly, fishing/exploitation activities (priority number 1) Secondly, processing and preliminary processing of seafood Thirdly, seafood vendoring Fourthly, quality enhancing of fisheries logistics services (supplying petroleum, ice, fishing net, building and repairing ships) Fifthly, planning aquaculture areas 4.2.3.2 Secondary occupation groups Firstly, raising pigs for meat combined with small-scale winemaking at the household level Secondly, occupational change for people to become workers in industrial zones Thirdly, strengthen the handicraft industries (rattan, bamboo, hat, crochet) 4.2.3.3 Groups of solutions to support sustainable livelihood development for coastal areas of Nghe An province * Support infrastructure development and promote policies to encourage research and application of science - technology in production and business industries in coastal areas * Capacity building for managers in localities and coastal residents * Diversify resources and livelihoods for poverty reduction and income enhancement * Enhance market opportunities and market access * Non-farm livelihoods CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusion (1) The thesis has systematized theoretical issues, perspectives of authors and researchers on livelihood issues, sustainable livelihoods, livelihood concepts and livelihood improvement for coastal people The thesis has developed the content of researching sustainable livelihoods for coastal people including: (1) Sustainable livelihood resources for coastal people (According to DFID's sustainable livelihood framework, living resources The plan includes: (i) financial resources; (ii) human resources; (iii) physical resources; (iv) social resources and (v) natural resources) (2) Strategies to develop people's livelihoods for coastal people ((i) Based on state and local policies and institutions; (ii) Adaptability of the strategy; (iii) Change livelihood strategy change) At the same time, clearly explain the influencing factors that have an impact on sustainable livelihoods for coastal people, including: Objective factors (Natural conditions; International economic integration; Market factors; Ways Industry 4.0; Climate change) and Subjective factors (Soil and water surface resources; Investment capital; Human resources; Infrastructure; State policies on sustainable livelihood development) (2) The thesis studies the current situation of livelihoods in the coastal area of Nghe An shows that the livelihood of the population in the coastal area of Nghe An province in the process of urbanization has changed, but is still unsustainable The organizational apparatus is not uniform, there is no full-time monitoring officer at district and commune levels; professional staff capacity is still weak and lacking, especially since the merger of the Department of Fisheries with the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development The investigation of resources, planning and implementation of the master plan on development of seafood exploitation and fisheries infrastructure is not good The inspection, examination and handling of violations are still not serious, the status of violations in mining activities is still quite common, there are no sanctions and thorough handling measures The system of legal documents, mechanisms and policies on coastal economic development of the Central Government and Nghe An province has been promulgated quite fully, initially encouraging and encouraging people However, besides that, there are still some policies with low feasibility, difficult for people to access (3) The system of solutions to create livelihoods for people consists of groups around the following issues: Group of solutions to improve the livelihood resources of coastal people; Group of solutions to complete the State's livelihood support policies; Group of solutions to adapt and transform livelihood activities of coastal people Recommendations 2.1 For the State There should be strategies, plans and regular and long-term vocational training programs for workers whose land has been acquired in rural areas so that laborers have the opportunity to work on their own land, and orient the affected workers land recovery Improve the information system, improve access to services and market information for the people 2.2 For local government - It is necessary to coordinate with businesses in training and vocational training for the neighboring working class of the people - Strengthen agricultural and fishery extension for farmers to develop commodityoriented agricultural production - Actively orienting and finding capital sources for people who lost their agricultural land to switch to production, non-agricultural business, services, trade, or open new professions 2.3 For now There should be a mechanism to attract local workers, especially those whose land is acquired; coordinate with authorities at all levels in providing free vocational training for workers, giving priority to recruiting laborers to work (both vocational training and working) for laborers whose land is acquired for industrial purposes; pay attention to the rights of workers for sustainable industrial development 2.4 For households It is necessary to find a new, more dynamic direction by yourself, actively learn from the experiences of successful people in order to bring into full play their inherent abilities Changing customs, ways of thinking, ways of doing things arbitrarily, in order to meet the needs of human resources of enterprises when they have recruitment needs Should comply with all guidelines and policies of the State Boldly invest in production and business activities but at the same time must use capital effectively LIST OF WORKS ANNOUNCED RELATED TO THE THESIS Nguyen Thi Phuong Thuy (2017), Discussing current social security policies in Vietnam, Asia-Pacific Economic Review, No 507 December 2017, pp 45-46 Nguyen Thi Phuong Thuy (2019), Livelihood strategy for fishermen in the North Central Coast, Asia-Pacific Economic Review, No 546 August 2019, pp 48-50 Nguyen Thi Phuong Thuy et al (2019), Sustainable livelihood development for coastal residents in Nghe An province, National scientific conference “Theoretical basis and current situation of sustainable development policy in the coastal areas of North Central", Labor and Social Publishing House, pp 151 - 171 Thuy Nguyen Thi Phuong et all (2020), The Impact of environmental pollution on acquaculture development: The case of Vietnam, Management Science Letters Vol 10 Issue 8, ISSN 1923-9343 (Online) - ISSN 1923-9335 (Print), Pg 1873–1880 Nguyen Thi Phuong Thuy (2021), Developing sustainable livelihoods capital of coastal residents in Nghe An province: current situation and proposed solutions, Asia-Pacific Economic Review, No 591 June 2021, pp 82-84