151 7ot9 JfiL xAv DtNc s0n cu[A cAu rHor ncuYEn OUA TUUEU VAN HN ptt,rnr ntINg oUc' r ud aAu Trong su6't 143 ndm t6n tai cria minh, qua t3 trie'u vua, nhA Nguy6n dd lai nhi6'u thinh tgu to l6n vd vdn h6a vit thd vi phi vat thd cho dAn tOc Nha Nguy6n cho xdy dr:ng nhidu c6c lnng dm ndi tidng, ti6u bidu nhu nhrr: Ling Gia Long, lnng Tu Dr1c, llng Minh Mang, Idng Thi6u Tri, lang KhAi Dinh Drr6i tri6'u Nguy6n cdn cho xiy dung vA trtng tu ra't nhi0'u nhfrng c6y cdu b6c qua s6ng su6i uta mang gi6 tri v6' dAn sinh vtta mang gi6 tri vd kidn tnic, vdn h6a vA di sin ViQc x6y dung vd trtng tu nhtng c6y cAu dy duqc ghi lai ddy dri, sdng d6ng nhrlng tdm bia d6 thdi d6 Theo th6'ng k6 cria chfng t6i thi bia cAu thdi NguySn c6 tr6n drr6i 300 bia Trong d6, thic bAn vdn bia luu tai Vi6n Nghi6n crlu H6n N6m (VNCHI$ c6 250 bia, ngodi cirng cdn m6t s6'bia nim rAi ric c6c dia phuong mA VNCHN chua c6 die'u ki6n in rAp vA m6t sd vin bia ch6p c6c thrr tich cd Bia cdu thdi Nguy6n duoc drtng viro cAc ni6n hi6u: Gia L,ong, Minh MQnh, Thigu Tri, Trr Drlc, Kidn Phric, Him Nghi, D6ng Kh6nh, Thinh Th6i, Duy TAn, KhAi Dinh, BAo Dai Trong d6 ba ni6n dai: Minh M6nh, Thi6u Tri, Trr Drlc c6 s6' bia nhidu nhdt, chi ri6ng ba ni6n dai nAy di c6 151 bia (1) Bia cdu thii Nguy6n duoc ph6n bd theo kh6ng gian tt tinh QuAng Nam trd b6c, d6 tAp trung chri y6t c6c trii 'ThS Vi€n Nghi6n crlu H6n N6m tinh: Hd Ndi, Hai Duong, Thanh H6a, Vinh Phfc, Bdc Ninh, Hii Phdng, Hring Y6n, Nam Dinh, H) Nam, Phri Tho Di6:u nny cung d6 hiCu, b& vi nhfrng tinh nly d6:u c6 hQ thdng s6ng ngdi diy dnc cho n6n ph6i xAy dgng nhi6:u cdu dd di lai ctng li vi6c duong nhi6n Ngiy xrra, song song v6i vi6c xdy dung cdu thi nhAn dAn dia phrtong thrtdng cho drrng nhtng tim bia tt6 dd ghi lai srr vi6c nhim bidu duong cdng drlc vi truydn lai cho hAu th6 Nhfrng tdm bia d6 ndy c6 nhidu gi6 tri, n6 cho bidt: thli didm xAy drrng vi trtng tu cdu, lj xAy dgng cdu, ho t6n nhtng ngu8i c6ng drlc dd xAy drrng Ngoii ra, n6 cdn cho bidt th6m nhi6:u thdng tin liOn quan deln viqc xdy dung cdu: Chinh s6ch cria tri6:u dinh d6i v6i vi6c xay dung cau, ldi ich cia vi6c xiy dtlng cAu, ki6'n truc cria cAu, vAt li6u xAy drrng cdu, sd ti6'n c6ng dtc dd xAy drrng Trong biri vi6't niy chfng t6i bu6c ddu dd cAp ddn nhtng gi6 tri v6' n6i dung bia cdu thdi Nguy6n Tdm quan trgng vir chinh sich cria tri6u dinh ddi vdi viQc xAy dr,tng vi tu s&a cdu ViQc xAy dqng cdu c6 j nghia rdt quan trong, chfnh vi thd miL thdi Nguy6n n6 drrgc xem nhrl lA mQt viQc vudng chinh (chinh srr cta nhi vua) Vin bia Vinh kidu bi ki b xe DQ Tam, huyQn Mi [.6c, tinh Nam Dinh so4n vdo ndm Minh MQnh thit 16 (1835) 34 nghien cuu Irich sll sd 2.2022 ghi ring: ''Tu srla cdu li m6t vi6c vrtong chinh" (2) VIn bia Thqch ki6u bi kt xe Lrrong X6, huy6n Kim D6ng, tinh Hung YGn soqn vio ni6n hiQu Trr Drlc thrl (1854) ghi ring: "C6 cAy cdu dd nhAn dAn tu hop di lai ctng li m6t vi0c vrtdng chinh v{y'' (3) Mgc dich cta vi6c vudng chinh ctng li dd dat dugc m6t ndn chinh tri tdt dep, dem lai nhi6t lgi ich ddn cho ngudi dAn, vi vi6c xAy drrng vi tu sta cdu dAp tng drloc ddy dri ti6u chf ndy Bia Thach hiiu bi ki xd Nguy6t ring, huyQn Tho XuAn, tinh Thanh H6a ni6n dqi Tg Dfic thf 28 (1875) cho bidt:'"Irong vi6c binh chinh sg cta quAn trl dii xrra thi xAy dung cdu ld viQc thrl nhdt" ( ), di6'u niy ctng c6 thd hidu lA vi6c xAy dgng vi tu srla cdu g6p phdn dem lai hanh phric vi nAng cao ddi s6'ng cho nhAn dAn Khi mi ddi s6'ng v{t ch{'t vi tinh thdn cira nhAn d6n drroc nAng cao thi chfng t6 n6'n chinh tri thAi didm d6 li dring tt6n Vnn bia Sing tu Da Gia th6n ng6o kiiu bi h! tt xI MI L6c, tinh Nam Dinh ni6n dai Minh MCnh thfi 16 (1835) ghi ring: 'Xdy dr.lng cdu ln dd trrl hdt hidm nguy, glrip cho vi6c vrldng chinh dr-loc an nhnn" (5) Mdt nA'n chinh tri dttdc an nhln li m6t nO'n chinh tri If tu8ng, mdt n6'n chinh tri miu mrlc Vai trd cria nhfrng c6y cdu qui th4t rdt l6n lao dbi sdng sinh hoat cria ngrldi dAn, n6 g6p phdn vio vi6c ph6t tridn kinh td vi dn dinh xI h6i Vi6c x6y dgng cdu li ti6; de' dd drra ddn m6t n6'n chfnh srl tdt dep, tao nen su thinh vudng cho d{t nu6c Vi6c xAy cAu c6c dia phuong ci nu6c viro thdi Nguy6n kh6ng phrii chi li viQc Iim tu ph6t c6c lAng x6, mi d6 cing li chri truong chung cria triCu dinh Tridu dinh nhi Nguy6n ctng nhAn thrlc duoc tAm quan trgng cta viQc xdy drrng vi tu srla cdu, nh{n thfc dudc vai trd quan trgng cta nhfrng cAy cdu ddi s6'ng sinh hoat cta ngudi den Chinh vi vdy, tri6:u dinh m6i c6 m6nh l6nh ban bd vi6c cdp kinh phi dd sta chta Vin bia Ngoc kn kiiu bi ki xa Phr.tong Nghi, tinh NghO An ni6n dai Trr Dirc thrl 18 (1865) ghi ring: "Mta xuAn ndm phung m6nh An chidu: Phim cdu dAn gian ddu duoc c{p tidn dd xdy dgng vi sta chta" (6) Chi tiel niy chirng t6 tri6'u dinh nhi Nguy6n ctng rdt quan tAm ddn ddi sdng cta dAn sinh, ho cing di c6 sg khio s6t, xem x6t, cdn nh6c vi drJa m6t quydt dinh s6ng su6't dd dem lqi lgi fch v6'kinh t6 cho nhAn dAn dia phuong cirng nhrt cho sV ph6t tridn kinh t6 cta ddt nudc LQnh ban bd nAy c6 hi6u lrrc tr6n pham vi ci nu6c, nhu vAy lA phii c6 hing trim cay cdu drldc sila chfra giai doan niy v6i m6t khdi lugng kinh phi chi dtng rdt 16n d tr6n thi tri6:u dinh nhi Nguy6n da c6 l6nh ban bd vi6c xAy drrng vi siia chfra cAu nhAn gian, drl6i thi chinh quy6'n dia phuong cing di vio cuQc dd thrtc hi6n cht trtrong, bi.a Mi kiiu ki niim b huy6n Vinh 1,6c, tinh Thanh H6a ghi ring: 'Mria thu nim MAu ThAn, Th6i thf (7) Dinh Trong Dung b{t ddu t6i, nrrong theo dia thd ddi dip dtidng ct, tqm thdi tu sita, khoan srlc dAn girl gin Nim ngoAi IQnh cho nha Ciiu phdm D6 Van Dgng m6i T6'ng tnt6ng d6n ddc xdy dung m6t cAy cdu d6 hai gian, tr6n thi th6ng sudt dd cho ngtrdi va xe ngga di lai, dr.t6i thi lim cho nhi n6ng tich chrla dugc ddy dri, dd dOrn nim d6i k6m cing tam 0'n" (8) Doi v6i nhrSng ciy cdu c6 quy md l6n thi thridng c6 sql gi6m s6t vi d& sua't cira c6c quan lai mi tri6:u dinh ci t6i, nhu viQc xAy dtrng cdu Thty Kh6, ni6n dqi Tg Drlc thrl 21 (1868) ln mQt vi dq: "Tdng phu tr6ch c6ng vi6c ld d6ng Ti6'n si khoa TAn Hoi, nguydn Kidm biOn Xay dr,rng vt sfia chtra Pht ul, dugc th6ng N6i c6c tu so4n xin h6i qu6n ld Nguy6n Thnnh" (9) ViQc tridu dinh cic quan lai xudng phq tr6ch vi6c xiy cdu c6c dia phtlong, chiing t6 chinh quy6'n nhi Nguy6n iric bdy gid ctng rdt quan tAm t6i cri vdn d6' an sinh xi 35 c6u h6i ViQc xAy dUng vd sta chta cdu drrgc tri6'u dinh vd nhAn dAn dic bi6t quan tAm b8i lc n6 mang ddn rdt nhidu loi ich cho cQng ddng vi xi h6i Nhrlng loi fch niy dlldc vdn bia bia thdi Nguy6n ghi lai rdt cg thd vir 16 ring Vdn bia Mi cdu ki niAm ghi: "K6nh Mi dia ddu tdng Binh Brit, nrr6c dd rdt m4nh, m6i gap mrra lai lut l6i Tr6n ngudn nhidu su6'i hgp lai r6t viro, phia drr6i s6ng B6i nrr6c m6nh m6ng chiy xi6't, ngudi di tr6n cdu bi ngd, rudng l6a cirng bi xdm hai Ddn mta vi mta xuin thi nri6c can ru6ng kh6, nhflng thta ru6ng hq lai bi khO h6o" (10) Hay ld cinh tuong di6u drlng cia ngudi dAn phii dtng nhrlng cAy cAu tam bo nhr.t vdn bia B6ng kidu ki niAm ghi: "Xrra dtng bd hoqc cdu tre dd di qua, nhung chi In kd tam thdi chrl khdng thd lau dei dugc Gdn dAy cdu dugc lim bing g5, hai tdng g6p ti6'n xAy dgng, kinh phi hdt nhidu nghin Nhrrng trii mua lAm cho lut l6i khidn cho vi6c di lai gqp phii cinh s6ng thAn, Iim cho sitc dAn mQt m6i" (11) Trong thii didm niry thi vi6c quan ve ca'p thidt cria nh6n dAn dia phrrong li phii c6 m6t cAy cdu chic chdn CAy cAu niy sE dim bAo cho vi6c di lai cia ngrrdi din drrgc thufn ti6n, dim bio cho cuQc s6'ng ctra ngrrdi dAn no dm, dim bio cho mta mAng dr.toc b6i thu, dAm bio cho bu6n b6n drigc hanh th6ng thuAn loi Vin bia Thach ki6u bi kt xd Phtng Dr:c huyQn Hoing H6a, tinh Thanh H6a ni6n d4i Minh MOnh 12 (1831) ghi ring: "C6ng vi6c dE xong xu6i, hdm vi ngiry sau c6 cAy cdu dA chdc ch6n dd moi ngudi di lai kh6ng cdn vdt vA, viac cAy cdy cira n6ng dAn drrgc chuyBn ch6 d6 ding, hAnh khich di tr6n drrdng th6ng su6't, xe ngda thi nhd d6 mi duqc di lai thuQn tiQn'(12) Cay cdu kh6ng chi don thudn Ii n6i hai bA sdng dd viec di lai cira ngrrii dAn drtoc thuAn ti6n, mi n6 cdn li noi nghi ngoi cira nhAn dAn dia phrtong, cAy cdu thgc sg dem l4i rdt nhi6-u lgi ich v6'vAt chdt vi tinh thdn cho nhAn dAn Vin bia B6ng kidu ki niAm ghi ring: "Nrt6c sAu r6ng dd tu6i sd thu{n loi cho n6ng nghiEp vXy, nr.l6c sAu rdng mi c6 cAy cAu s6 ti6n loi cho moi ngrrdi qua lai, ti6n lqi cho thrrdng lfr Cdu dugc hoAn thirnh viro dlp cu6i thu, nri6c kh6ng ngin trd dugc dAn H6m vi nglry sau nguii d6i sO c6 c6i in, ngudi met se dudc nghi ngoi, ich lgi s6 ddn" ViQc xAy dgng cdu kh6ng chi c6 loi cho crt dAn dia phrrong mi cdn g6p phdn dAm bio cho kinh td dia phrrong, ndi li6'n nhflng mi6:n qu6 xa x6i v6i trtc vi vflt liQu x6y d{ng cdu D6i v6i nhfing cAy cdu xAy dung vio thdi Nguy6n drroc phin 6nh qua vin bia, c6 bdn kidu kidn trric gdm: Ki6'n Kidu kidn trtc cdu ng6i: cdu ng6i xudt hi6n s6m nhdt nrr6c ta hi6n bidt l) tir th6i Li, d6 la kidu kidn trric "thudng gia ki6'u" (tr6n li nhi drr6i Ii cdu) Phia trdn n6c cdu dttoc lqp bing ng6i ta dan xen vio nhrt vdy rdng, c6 t6c dung che mria ning cho ngudi qua lai, phia du6i le mat cdu drrgc lim bing 96 lim honc bing tl6, mlt cdu c6 hinh cong, hinh d6ng niy drrqc vi.n bia mi6u ti vi nhrt "cdu vdng gic nguy6t, rdng nim tr6n s6ngf' Hai b6n thinh cdu c6 hinh lang dd cho moi ngrrdi nghi ngoi, phia drr6i thAn cdu li nhrlng ddm bing 96 hodc dA n6i c6c chAn c6t d6'i diQn v6i nhau, c6 t6c dung lim bO dd cho cdu, phia drr6i cing ld nhtng c6t tru c6 tic drpg dd dd cAu, thudng duoc lim bing g5 hodc bing gqch d6, ddu c6t tren c6 tac dung dd thAn cAu cdn ddu cQt du6i cim 36 xudng ldng s6ng honc b6 dd drr6i ldng s6ng DAy ta kidu kidn tnic c6ng phu, cdu ki, c6 nhi6:u ti6n ich nhrrng chi phi xAy dtrng cing kh6 t6n k6m Vio thdi Nguy6n, Ioai ki6'n tnic cAu niy xudt hi6n nhi6'u mi6'n qud trdn ddt nrtdc ta: Nam Dinh, Ninh Binh, Hud, Quing Nam fi6u bidu li nhfing cAy cdu sau: cdu ng6i xi Mi LQc tinh Nam Dinh, cdu ng6i Ph6t Di6m, cdu ng6i Thanh Toin, chta Cdu Quing Nam Kidu kidn trtc cdu ubm: md.t cdu cong, kh6ng c6 m6i che, phdn drr6i cdu xAy bing gach, phdn tr6n mdt cdu l6t bing d6 d gi8a cdu c6 crla cdng dd thuyO:n bd di lai, dAy ln kidn trfc dic trung cta nhflng cAy cdu kinh thinh Hud vio thdi Nguy6n nhrt: cAu Ngu Hn, cdu Kh6nh Ninh Nhtng cAy cAu niry vrla mang gi5 tri ddn sinh vta mang gi6 tri ngh6 thuat, nhri nhdng n6t cong chdm ph6 vio brlc tranh thty mdc cria kinh thinh Hud, lAm cho kinh thinh cing th6m thd m6ng Kiiu kidn tr c cdu dd bdng: hay cdn goi li cdu rudng srl dung ki thuAt "drtng c6t 96 rudng" Cdu kh6ng c6 m6i che, mdt cdu bing phing Kidu cdu niy chi nhim phuc vu nhu cdu di lai cria ngrrdi dAn, cdu drroc xAy dgng hoin toin bing d6: hai hing cdt tru song song bing d6 c6 duing kinh khoing 30 cm, sd c6t trg nhidu hay it phU thudc vlo chidu dli cta cAy cdu bdc qua s6ng Phia tr6n c6t lA c6c dAm cdu bing d6 c6 tac dung lnm b6 dd cho mat cdu, c6c ddm cAu niry dugc dat theo kidu n6i hai c6t trq ddi di6n v6i nhau, hai ddu ddm thrrdng dugc cham hinh dAu r6ng mang bidu trung cta thdi Nguy6n Phia tr6n mdt cdu li nhrlng tdm d6 phing c6 kich thu& khoing 40 cm x 120 cm Ircai kiSn trric cdu niy xudt hi6n nhi6:u vio thdi Nguyen, ra't nhi€'u tinh nrJ6c ta c6 loai cdu niry, ti6u bidu nhrl: cdu d6 xi Vin LAm, huy6n Thanh Li6m, tinh Hi Nam, cdu dd th6n Cdu phudng Thach Bin, quAn l,ong Rghi€n crinr [ich sfr sd Z.Z0ZZ Bi6n thlnh phd HA NOi, cdu dA xi Dai Ddng, huyQn Vdn Lim, tinh Hrrng YOn Trong vin bia thdi Nguy6n, loqi cdu niy chidm sd lrrong nhidu nhdt Kidu kiin tric cdu gti-: cdu duoc Iim hodn toin bing g5, thrrdng Iam bing 96 lim Cdu g6 c6 uu didm ln kinh phf it, nhung nhudc ttidm ln dQ b6:n kh6ng cao loai cdu nny d6n thdi Nguy6n chi cdn sd Iuqng it d nhi6'u dia phrrong dn thay thd bing cdu d5 ViQc xiy dgng cdu theo cic kidu ki6n tr6c khlc thi tty thu6c vAo kinh t6 vi cAu 96 phong cuc cria dia phuong lhng xd M6i loai kidn tnic cdu ddu c6 nhing rru didm ri6ng, nhung tuu chung thi n6 dO'u mang dA'u dn cria thdi dai vi dem d6'n loi ich tt6n cho ngridi dan HiQn trang nhtng c6y cdu thdi Nguy6n theo nhrlng thi6l kd kidn trric nhri tr6n, d6'n ngiy cdn lai ft, mdt phdn trii qua thdi gian lAu ngiy bi hrt h6ng, m6t phAn khdng d6p rlng duoc nhu cdu di lai thii didm hi6n tai n6n bi phi b6 ctng c6, ngey nhfing cAy cAu A'y chri yO'u mang gi6 tri v6'lich srl, vin h6a, chi cdn m6t sdit cAy cdu vin mang gi6 tri v6'dAn sinh Nhrrng ctng phii tha'y ring sudt hon m6t tram nim tdn tai, nhfing cdy cAu d6 da dem lai rdt nhio'u loi ich cho nhAn dan dia phuong vi cho xi h6i Vi hinh inh cta nhrlng cAy cdu d6 vAn cdn in dAm tAm tri cria bao thd hQ ngudi dAn Vi6t Nam Vat liau xey dung Id yeu td then ch6't quy61 dinh srr bdn vrtng cria cdy cdu C6c c6y cdu duoc xay dung drt6i thdi Nguy6n chri yOu dr.roc lim bing d6, b6i vi d6 li vAt IiQu c6 dO b€'n cao, chiu dugc tii I6n cria ngrrdi ve xe ngua qua lai Mic dt vi6c xAy dgng ciu bing d6 chi phi rdt t6'n k6m, nhrrng tinh d6h loi ich lAu dii cho dAn sinh, cho xI h6i thi di vAn li vAt li6u thrrdng drroc lrra chon: Bia Nghia huong sd ld,o h6i bi thach hidu bi hi huy6n Hoing H6a, 57 XEy drmg va s&a cau tinh Thanh H6a ghi ring: "Nhln chtlc d!ch, chon m6t ngribi cht su, bdn hop tho vi chon vAt liQu dd lam cdu T6m c6t b6'n gic vd mrrdi s6u tdm biy toin dtng bing d6" (13) Bia Wnh kiiu bi fti huyQn MI L6c, tinh Nam Dinh ni6n dai Minh M6nh thrl 16 (1835) ghi ring: 'Vdo tri6'u L€ trrr6c diy, Tri phri phri Qu6'c Oai li Ta ti6n sinh ldy 96 lim ctng ddt ng6i dd xAy drrng cdu thOng sudt, Ii noi tu tAp di lai, Iim noi kh6ch bu6n lai qua, kh6ng kh6ng cAm thdy y6n 6'n thudn ti6n vAy Nhung 96 trdn cdu trii qua lAu ngAy bi nghiOng l6ch di, mudn cho cdu drroc lflu dni thi lfc niy phii Iim bing dt'(14) Tuy nhi6n vdn dd vd kinh phi cho n6n m6t sd ndi vAo thdi didm nAy vin tidp tgc ldm cdu bing 96, vdn bia Hd Ddng hiiu bi frf huy6n D6ng Son, tinh Thanh Ho6 ni6n dai Tg Drlc thrl 24 (1871) ghi ring: "Nim lir ndm TAn Mti, ngrrdi dp la Ng6 Vi0i Chinh ctng vg le La Thi NgAn dd quy6n g6p cria ri6ng thu6 tho xAy m6i cdu, hai bd ctng kd bing di v6i, gifia b6c bing 96 lim, kh6ng tdn k6m bing c6ng sitc ng?ry trt 6c mi lqi dugc lAu dni" (15) NgoAi viQc xAy cdu bing de g6 thi A m6t s6' dia phriong vio tridu Nguy6n cing di suy tfnh d6n viCc xay dUng cAu bing s6t Ven bia B6ng hidu ki niam ghi ring: 'Vio ndm Canh Tudt, Th6i thri Dinh Trong Dqng dd nghi d6'i lim bing sdt, nhung moi ngrtdi t6'ng thdy kh6 khdn n6n mu6'n xAy bing d6 Thei thf khdng thd khdng vui bin chon ddt, th6' nrr6c, tim tho, vE bin dd rdi lcnh cho Nha dich ln Crlu phdm ho D6 lai d6'c sudt vi6c xay cAu d6" Thai thrl li ngudi ddu ti6n d6' xu6ng vi6c lim cAu bing sit huy6n Vinh L6c tinh Thanh H6a, nhiOn d6' xudt niy Dinh Trong Dung chrta drtoc thuc hien dia phrrong cdn kh6 khin, nhrrng c6 thd n6i ring dAy lir mdt bu6c d6t phl v6 mnt f tu6ng viQc xAy dtrng cdu thdi Nguy6n dia phrlong Nhftrg ng\idi c6ng ditc xiy dr,tng cdu XAy dr.rng m6t cAy cdu li m6t vi6c lim rdt kh6 khdn, vdt vi, t6n k6m nhi6'u cria cii vit chdt Dd xAy drrng drtoc m6t cAy cdu theo dring quy trinh thi phii: Chon dit, th6'nt(dc, tim thd, ve bin dd, mua ngul'6n vAt li0u, thu6 thQ, thu6 ngridi d6'c sudt cdng vi6c Xong viac lai thu6 ngrrdi khic bia, drlng nhi bia Sd tiO'n dd xAy dung m6t cAy cdu li ra't l6n, theo nhrr bia Ngoc Ant hidu bi ki xd Phrrong Nghi, t6'ng Thuin Trung, tinh NghQ An ni6n dai Tu Dfc thit 18 (1865) cho bidt chi phi xAy dUng co bin cho cdu Ngoc Am lA 1.310 xAu tidn: "L6 phdm: 40 xAu tidn, hQi phi: 50 xAu tiO'n, 96 lim: 40 xAu ti6'n, di: 370 xAu tidn, dA vgn: 190 xAu ti6'n, d6 v6i: 80 xAu tidn, gidy mAt: 60 xiu tidn, thg bAc d6: 80 xdu ti6'n, tho m6c: 90 xAu tiO'n, tap dich:250 x6u ti6'n, vAt li6u: 60 xAu ti6'n" (16) Hay bia Thity KhA hidu bi ki xa Bqch Ngoc, t6'ng D6 Luong, pht Anh Son, tinh NghO An ni0n dai Tu Dirc thii 21 (1868) cho bidt chi phi bin li 2.406 quan ti6-n, bao g6m c6c hang mgc sau: "L6 phdm cdu xAy d\rng co cho cdu ta: 60 quan ti6'n, chi phi thii trr 16 nghi: 50 quan ti6'n, tt6 ta: 550 quan ti6'n, clt d6: 36 quan ti6'n, d6 v6i: 165 quan tiA'n, g6 Iim ctng c6ng v{n chuydn: 490 quan tidn, gach ng6i: 90 quan ti6'n, gia'y mAt: 25 quan tiO'n, thg m6c: 570 quan tidn, thd xay ctng phu dich: 145 quan ti6'n, bia d6 ctng c6ng v6n chuydn: 90 quan ti6'n, xAy nhi bia: 50 quan ti6'n, vAt li6u ctng tap dich: 85 quan" (1?) Qua hai doqn vdn bia ghi v6' vi6c chi phf xAy drrng cdu c6 thd thdy vi6c xAy dr:ng cdu lir vi6c r{t c6ng phu vir tdn k6m Mic dt vAo thii Nguy6n dd c6 l6nh ban bd cria tri6'u dinh v6'vi6c cho c{p kinh phf dd sria chfia cdu, nhung c6 lC d6 chi mang tinh chdt h6 tro Tr€n thrrc td vdi sd lugng ti€'n chi phi cho vi6c xiy drrng m6t cAy cdu l6n nhu vay thi sd tie'n xAy cAu chi ydu vdn nghi€n cuu Lrich st? s0'7.2022 xi th6n vi nhAn dAn dia phrtong quy6n g6p dd lam, bia Ngoc Am hidu bi hi ghi: "Moi ngrrdi d6'u vui mtng xudt ti6'n trg gifp vdng m6t tudn drtdc hdn 2.000 xAu ti€'n Vi thd vi6c sim srla th6n, thu6 tho d6p dA hai b6n bb, ldy 96 lim bic ngang lim cdu, chi phi h6i hon 1.800 x6u ti6'n" Trong vi6c xAy drrng cAu thi sd ti6n c6ng dirc ti le thuan v6i chi phi xAy dung, cdn chi phi xiy dgng lai ti 16 thuAn v6i quy m6 xAy dung Chi phi xAy dung cing nhidu thi chrlng t6 quy md xAy drtng cdu cing l6n Vi thd me thdng qua sd tidn c6ng dfc cta moi ngrrdi phdn cu6i vin bia thi c6 thd thdy du.c mfic dd trtng tu xAy drlng cria criy cdu Vf du: CAu Thty KhE c6 t6'ng so' tidn c6ng diic theo vdn bia ghi lai drroc li 2.306 quan tidn, ngudi cdng dfc nhi6'u nhdt li Nguy6n Vin Tri xn D6 Lrrong v6i 100 quan tidn, ngr-tdi c6ng drlc tha'p nhdt 1er Nguy6n Van Sdm ngudi x6 Dudng Th6p quan tidn, trung binh m6i ngridi c6ng drlc khoing 30 d6'n 40 quan tidn Chi phi cho vi6c xAy dung cdu Pht KhA vAo thdi didm d6 le hdt 2.406 quan ti6; Dey li sd tidn chi phi xAy dung kh6 16n, mic dt v[n bia kh6ng m6 ti chi tiO't cdu gdm bao nhi6u gian vi dAi bao nhi6u thu6c nhrrng qua s6' ti6'n chi phi xAy dUng thi c6 thd thdy duoc quy m6 hoAnh tr6ng cria cAy cdu ViQc c6ng drlc dd xAy dgng cdu dudi thdi Nguy6n di6n binh ding, moi ngrrdi ddu c6 thd cdng drlc, kh6ng phAn bi6t nam nt, gin tr6, ngh6' nghiOp hay dia vi xi h6i, nhrt vi6c cdng drlc xAy drtng Cdu G6 xE ty Uy, t6'ng ThrrOng D6ng, huy€n Phong Doanh, tinh Nam Dinh vio ndm Gia Long thrl 12 (1813) ghi ring: "Dio Xuin Trung, DAo Cdng D5n, LA ThA' Chudn, Nguy6n Vdn N6i, LO Trong Tho, Duong XuAn Trung, Nguy6n Ngoc Du, LB Ding Kim, Truong Trong Li6n quan tiO'n, tin nfr Nguy6n Thi Lrrong quan mqch tiO'n, thi6'n srr chta cAc Khdi Son 15 quan ti6:n, hi6u Dieu An quan tidn, bi HAu I quan ti0'n " (1S) ViQc cdng dfic s6' ti6n m6i ngudi nhi6'u it kh6c chrlng t6 vi6c c6ng dfc xAy drlng kh6ng c6 quy dinh chia ddu cho moi ngudi mA phU thu6c vAo ldng hio tAm cing nhu kinh td cria m6i ngrili Mic dt vin bia kh6ng n6i 16 nhung chic hin cing c6 su van ddng cdng dfc th6n xa, bai vi viQc xAy cdu dem lai loi ich chung cho n6n moi ngrtii d6'u c6 nghia vu d6ng g6p Vi6c c6ng dirc xAy drrng cdu drr6i thdi NguyAn kh6ng chi IA chrlc sdc vi nhdn dAn dia phr,iong mi cdn c6 ci srt hi6n di6n cria nhfrng quan lai tri6'u dinh V6n bia Le Xi kidu bi ki Ehi:'ThrrSng thu Tdng bAt phdm, lim chrlc Nha lai phri Da Phric li Ddng Trrrong Qulnh cfng 10 lang bac vA 12 quan tidn, Cio ti Thrr lai cta bin tinh lA Truong Li6u cfng 60 quan ti6n" Trong vi6c xAy drrng cAu thi kinh phi xAy drrng li viQc rA't quan trong, n6 quydt dinh sd hinh thAnh cta ciy cdu Vi th6- nhtng ngrrdi c6ng dic dd xdy drrng cdu xrlng d6ng drroc bidu duong, xrlng dAng dtroc hAu thd ghi nh6 cdng on Nhd nhfrng d6ng g6p cta ho thdi didm d6 mir ddn mA'y trim nem sau crr ddn dia phr,tong vin drlgc hrr6ng nhrlng loi ich thi6't th{c mi ciy cdu mang lai M6t sd cAy cdu dd-d c xay d{ng vi trtng tu vAo thdi Nguy6-n Cdu Iai Viin: hay cdn goi li chta CAu HAi An, dudc c6ng nhAn ln di tfch lich sir c{p qudc gia vio nim 1990, dAy m6t cAy cdu rdt ndi tidng duoc c6c thrrong nhAn ngrrdi Nhat BAn xAy drtng vio khoing cu6i thd thd ki XvI ddu tho'Li XVII TAc siA Vn Dirc Tdn bii vidt vA' HAi An cho ring cdu NhAt Bin ddi vdo ni.m 1593 MOt t6c gii nrr6c li ngoii dd vi6i tr6n b6o The Asian Watl Street Journal nhrt sau: "Cdu NhAt Bin v6i cdt vudng, m6i cong li c6ng trinh cria gi6i kidn tnic Nhat Ban quydt dinh xAy dung X6y dgng vi 39 srla chtia c6u ndm 1593 dd th6ng thuong bu6n b6n v6i ngrrdi Hoa'(19) S6ch Dai Nam nhdt th6ig clri cdn ghi 16 rAng hdn: "Cdu Lai Vi6n xd Cdm Phd v6 phia tAy cria HQi An huYQn Di6n Phrl6c, nu6c khe chiy v6 phia Nam d6' vAo s6ng C6i, cdu bic tr6n s6ng Trrong truydn cdu nly ngrrbi Nhat Bln bdc, drr6i cAu xAy d6, tr6n I6t vAn, g6c m6i gdm gian lop ng6i Nim Ki Hgi (1?19) Hidn T6ng Hidu Minh Hoing dd (ch6a Nguy6n Phric Chu) di tudn du phuong Nam, xa gi6 d6n phd H6i An, tha'y phia tAy phd c6 cAu, thuydn bu6n tu hop, bdn cho t6n cho chidc cdu li Lai Vi6n ki6'u, vd vi6i chrl cho khic bidn ving ban cho, vAn cdn" (20) Nhrt vAy, theo Dq.i Nam nhdt th6hg cfti thi tAn cAu Lai Vi6n chi c6 trf thdi chfa Nguy6n Phfc Chu Tr) xAy drrng ddn thi cdu Lai Vien ctng dudc trtng tu lqi nhi6'u lAn, ti6u bidu ld ldn trung tu vio nim KhAi Dinh Og1n, bia TYirng tu Lai Viin ki6u ki ghi ring: "Xd ta khSc theo nam Duy TAn At Mdo (1915), th6ng Quf tda xudt tidn dd tu srla cAu Lai Vi6n xua Nay noi theo ghi lai Quan l6n ch6nh c6ng sf Quan l6n s6 c6ng chinh RESIDENT-LESTERLIN - GALTIER CONDUCIEURS - PAPIN LEPRINCE - I,AREEP Th6ng sg s6 c6ng chinh I?r Trdn Ngoc Th6i vi Trdn Thd Di6n thuc hi6n chung c6c cOng vi6c vi hoi.n thirnh vio th6ng nlm Dinh IV (1917) BAn x6 nh6 on kh6c ghi lai dd hlu truy6'n dii lAu' Ngny tO't, thAng nnm Khii Dinh (1917) Xn Minh Hrtong ctng kfnh khic" (21) Diy ctng li m6t tdm bia cdu quan b8i vi n6 ghi lqi dttgc c6ng cuQc trtng tu mdt cAy cdu rdt ndi tidng: thdi didm trtng tu, nhfrng ngrrdi phu tr6ch thgc hiQn cOng viQc, ngudn kinh phi Cd.u l{htLnh Ninh: li bidu tuong cta kinh thinh Hud, thu6c phrldng Tnv L6c, thinh phd Hud, tinh Thira Thidn Hud Cdu b6c qua s6ng Ngrr Hi, nim b6n Kinh Thlnh, In dudng dAn n6i lidn c6c cung diQn phia bic NgU H2r t6i Hoing Thirnh Cdu KhAnh Ninh c6 hinh vdng cung, tr6n kh6ng c6 m6Li che, gifra cAu c6 ciia cdng dd thuydn bd di lai, dAy ln kidn trtc dac trrtng cria nhing cAy cdu tlong kinh thirnh Hue d ddu phfa b6c cria cd, c'6 m6t nhA bia, b6n dit tdm bia Ngt chA' I(tuinh Ninh kiiu bi kt, dAy li mQt tdm bia c6 giA iri d{c bi6t Bia drroc vua Minh Mang cho dgng vAo ndm 1836 vi dich thin vua soqn bii ki Bia ghi v6li dlt tdn ciiu Kh6nh Ninh: 'XAy cAu dA dttdng c6i Ngri Hi, dtng cung Kh6nh Ninh gdn b6n tr6i cAu dd dat tdn li cAu Kh6nh Ninh", lf phii xAy dgng cdu li: "Khi d6, s6ng di th6ng ghe thuy6n, nhrrng trdn c6c dr.rdng c6i, ngrrdi va ngda di lai kh6ng thd khdng xAy cdu dd qua s6ngl' Vin bia cing cho bidt cdu Kh6nh Ninh dri6i drigc xnv bing gach, b6n tr6n xdy bing d6: "Cic cdu vi crla quan dy, du6i ddu xAy bing gach, tr6n thi xiy bing d6" Vdn bia ctng cho bidt cAu Kh6nh Ninh drroc xdy drtng viro thdi didm tridu Nguy6n c6 chri tniong xAv dung nhidu cAy cdu vir cta quan kinh thinh Hud nhu: Cdu Vinh Loi, cdu Hoeng Td, Tey Thnnh Thiry Quan: "6 ch6 qua s6ng c[ng xAy mdt cdu d6, t6n Ii cdu Vinh Loi Lai ch6 phia tny cria thlnh vrJqt qua sOng, thidt lAp m6t crla quan, tr6n thi xe c6 qua lqi, drr6i thi ghe thuydn vAo t6n li TAy Thnnh Thty Quan TrOn trrdng ddt sring dai b6c, trdng cirng th6m htng tr6ng Lai nta, & dAu ngoii qu6ch phia tAy cria thirnh, ctng xay m6t cdu d6, gqi lir cAu Hoing T0" (22) Kinh phi cta dot xav dr.tng niry l6n t6i hing chgc v?n quan tidn Tdm bia Ngp ch|' Khdnh Ninh kiiiu bi ki cdtt c6 gi6 tri ch6 n6 drroc dich than vua Minh Mang soqn bni ki, dey li t{m bia cdu nhdt drroc vua ngg chd ViQc vua Minh Mqng soqn bAi ki cho bia cdu cring n6i I6n duoc tAm quan trgng cria cAu Khinh Ninh 40 thdi didm at6 Ddn ngdy nay, cdu Kh6nh Ninh v5n cdn ti€n ich gi6p dd cho moi ngudi qua s6ng Ngu He, cAu cirng tr8 thAnh di sin cria kinh thdnh Hud NghQ thu4t vin chtidng bia c6c cdu Bia cdu thdi Nguy6n khdng chi c6 gi6 tri v6' vdLn h6a, kio'n trdc mi cdn dd lai gi6 tri v6' ngh6 thuAt vdn chrtong Nhfrng doan vdn niy c6 tAc dung lAm t6n th6m tinh hdp dAn cta m6t bAi vin bia, khi6n cho nglrdi doc cim thdy thich thf nhrr dang ddm chim c6i thi6n nhi6n diSm 16 Bia Ii Xi hiiu bi hi ni6n dai Trr Drlc 81 (18?8) ghi: "B6ng mit trdi sdm chi6'u ctng r6ng trdi rUc 16, gi6 nrt6c v6 vio di phAt Am tuoi dep Dfng tr6n cdu ngim ddng chiy nhr,r tha'y r6ng dang nim b6ng nhiy vot l6n kh6i s6ng rn6nh mdng,, (23) Hoic li cdnh thong dong dao choi cria chim trdi crl nrr6c ctng nhtng hAnh kh6ch qua Iai tr6n dudng dudc tac gia mi6u ta that sinh d6ng nhu vdn bia Thach kidu bi ki tt xd Hinh Lac, huydn Vdn LAm, tinh Hung Y6n ni6n dai TU Diic 31 (f8?8):.,L6n cdu cao mA ph6ng tdm mit xa thi gd ddi cao vrit, miu sic xanh d6 dep de qu{n quanh hai b6n phii tr6i, phia tr6n phia dridi cdu c6 chim du ngoan tung ting kh6ch soi mit s6ng nhu dirng grrong, ngrla xe sAnh ddi qua lai kh6ng ng6t, ngrrdi di lai thong dong tU tai nhu ngoii mAy kh6i xa x6i) (24) Nhrlng c6nh ruong niry khi6'n cho d6c gi6 mu6n ddi sau doc bii vin bia d6'u cAm thdy thich thri, d6'u mo rr6c drrgc dfing l6n cAy cdu dy m6t ldn dd tan hurdng duoc cAm gi6c thu thei mo mlng nhtr c6i thi6n thai {y C6 hic tic gii lai cho moi nBudi tan hrrang m6t crinh thi6n nhi6n htng vi, nrii non trring di6p dep nhrl m6t brlc tranh thriy m6c, nhrt vr{n bia TuyAn Hui Nhi-A'p Vdn kidu huy6n D6ng Son tinh Thanh Ho6 ni6n dai Thinh Ilghi€n cr?u l.ich sfr s6 Z.ZOZz Thei th(i (1896): 'Mta thu trdi cao kh6ng linh, ta s6 d6nh roi cho ngrta ki (25) bay lOn c6y cAu d6 Tri lai ngim diy nrii Hoing Son c6 chfn mudi chin nggn xen vio gifra bdu trdi" (26) Phong cinh thi6n nhi6n vta thAn quen vrla la lim vta hi6n thqc lda hrr io khi6'n cho chring ta c6 cAm gi6c nhrr dang sd'ng cinh thdn ti6n Kh6ng chi c6y cdu mi cinh sdc thi6n nhi6n cta lAng qu6 Vi6t Nam cing dridc tec gia mi6u ti thAt di6m 16, nhrr vdn bia Kidu Chung bi kt xe Tri Lai, huy6n Vt Ti6n, tinh Thii Binh ni6n dai Tu Drlc thir B (1850): "Bin thdn xua ii llng, phia bdc c6 su6i Long nrii Vdn sdm udt nhu hidi det, phia d6ng c6 sudi Th6 Mai nri6c chiy trroi dep, cinh gi6i tr6n drrdi ddu trAng 16,, (27) N6ng th6n ViQt Nam doan vin niy hi6n l6n that tudi s6ng vh lung linh huy6:n Ao! Chinh nhing doan vrin mi6u ti cinh tuy6t vdi ndy dd lirm tang th6m tinh hdp dAn cho bia cdu thdi Nguy5n, doc nhrlng doan vdn ndy chring ta cim thdy khoan khoAi thich thf nhu vrla drioc thuang thirc m6t bin nhac hay hoic dr.toc in m6t brfa in ngon vAyl Bia Ma kiiiu bj ,ti rh6n ph6c LAm, xd Minh Drlc, huy6n Trl Ki, tinh Hii Drrong c6 ni6n dai Trr Dirc thrl (1856) ghi ring: "Ta nhAn d6 di b6ch b6 l6n cdu quan s6t thi tha'y cAy cdu nhrr m6t cdnh nggc tr6ng ddi 10 trudng, nhu d6 vAng vdt ngang bdu trdi, nhu dai 6o xuy6n qua mit tldt (Cny cdu) cao nhrl lrtng c6 voi mi r6ng nhu cdu vdng soi xu6'ng nr"t6c Nhu vdng trlng s6ng mi b6ng nim s6ng, kh6ng phAi thuy6'n md g'inp ngrrdi qua lai hai bd s6ng, (cAy cdu) nhu chi6'c thang grtong Thfir tridu s6ng t6i x6 vdo d6 md d6'u duoc binh an, mrra gi6 va vio d6 ph6t Am thanh, quang cinh gdn g.idng nhu cdu 24 (28) Duong Chffu thli cd dai" (Zg) That d6ng ngac nhi6n c6 m6t doan vin mi6u ti cdu hay ddn thdl DAy li m6t doan vin Xiv dqng vi sr?a chira cdu 41 d{c sdc, c6 thd xem ld trrr6c t6c dd ddi cta Tidn si Nguy6n Quf TAn (30) Bii vnn bia niy c6 16 ctrng lir tnl6c t6c nhA't cta 6ng cdn lai ddn ngiy cho n6n n6 ctng rdt c6 gie tri v6' mqt nghion citu t6c gia vin hoc Ctrng m6 ti v6 dep cira ciy cdu, bia Thach kidu bi ki & xe Nguy6t Drlc huy6n Thuin ThAnh, tinh B6c Ninh c6 ni6n dqi nim Thi6u Tri thrl (18a6) lai ghi theo m6t c6ch kh6c nhrrng khOng k6m phdn hdp dln: "Ldy d6 lim cdu dua theo chd d6 cAu biy bAc itng v6i hinh tridng biy ng6i (31) MQt c6y cdu dii th6ng sudt nhin xa gidng nhrr vdng tring m6i nh6 kh6i mAy u6hg nrrdc noi khe su6i, nhrr cAu vdng dAi gidu kfn bdu trdi, nhri d0 ving vAy'' (32) Crl dAn xa Nguy6t Dfc c6 f tudng xiy bAc cAu theo hinh tuong biy ng6i thi6n vin hoc - dAy ln f trr6ng rdt hay vi d6c d6o i'trr8ng ney cflng cho thdy tdm quan cria vi6c xAy cdu, chic hln cu din noi dAy ctng mong mudn cny cAu niy drroc b6tn ldu vi t6a s6ng nhtt chdm Bdc ddu Kdt luAn Bia cdu thdi Nguy6n lA ngudn st liQu c6 r{t nhie'u gie tri N6 ph6n 6nh sinh d6ng ddi s6'ng cta ngubi dAn vi6c xiy drtng cdu dia phuong ldng xi ViQt Nam sudt gdn hai thd ki N6 cho thdy duoc sq doan kO't nhn't tri cria ngridi dAn ctng su n6 l\ic cria chinh quy6'n vi6c xAy drrng, tdt ci ddu vi loi ich chung crla c6ng ddng Bia cdu thdi Nguy5n cdn mang tinh drr b6o vd cay cdu trrdng lai: "Ngiy xr.ta lA 96 md lir d6, da'y le ch6 dtng vAt liQu bidn ddi theo thdi, dai kh6i moi thir kh6ng thd c6'dinh mii viy Ngiy xda dtng 96 mi ngly dtng d6, bidt tuong lai c6 thd ddi da dd lem bing sit rh6p?"(33) Ldi drr b6o nly li hoin toirn c6 co s6, vi cho ddn ngiy h6m da sd c6c cAy cdu tr6n th6' gi6i dC'u duoc lirm bing sit th6p Bia cdu thdi Nguy6n 1A m6t didm s6ng vi6c nghidn ctu v6'vin h6a truydn thdng, n6 xtng d6ng c6 mdt vi tri vtng ch6c kho ting vdn h6a din t6c Vi6t Nam CHA THfiCH bii b6n du6i thfi Ndm plu;n dnh ud ray dtng A.u od bai dn V& Tap clti H.in Nom, sd ntur 2020 cac chfic Thai (1) Theo th6'ng k€ cua Ph4m Thriy Vinh idtVdn bia tuin (2) Bia ki hieu: 1,1016458 Nguy6n vin: !l H 16 ;* I (3) Bia ki hi€u; No3544 Nguyan ven: ,I-Eit - Hl**Fl fr Z- 4" 47 E S *rt &W4L (4) Bia ki hiQu: N018970-71 Nguy6nvin:6 E + Z *lt R-U & € ffi'+ ZE (5) Bia ki hiQu: No16901 Nguyon vin: iq i* * r)r i& Il (6) Bia ki higu: N02665-66 Nguyen n.I ri fi m vin: 4 E, iB ,lL R rf E Chdn vd NhAt Nam ThuQc ngqch vdn, phU trech chung Vio thii Nguy6n kh6ng c6 chirc quan nay, nhi6n mQt s6'bia thdi Nguy6n dtng tt nAy dC chi ngrrdi gif, choc vr,r cao dia phr.rong (8) Bia ghi s 6ch Thanh Hoti tinh bi ki thi odn loai biin, ki hiQu; VHv 1?39 Nguy6n vin: rI + fl't + Y{ tl + 15 l+ (7) Thai thn: theo quan chd nhA H6n (Irung Qu&), la choc quan d(tng dAu ca'p qu{n Duy ti ddn ddi Drring C6c dii Minh, Thanh chuyCn xr.rng lA Tli pht Trong thdi gian Biic thuQc, cho do'n doi Drring, T {+ Hft 6.2 t"*+.h ta4!E @ Ein," &cH€r&t& f*6 fr m 15 'l, ,i fj /\ ,F, 'T lt a & N^ iE U g {t *'th (9) Bia ki hiQu: if2663-64 z ffi'4 Nguy6nv{n: E1 st Giao Chi b0 (sau lir Giao Chdu) c6 thf dfing ddu c6c qu{n Giao Chi, Crlu g A- A#r'gHE& +, l+ E iE t F{* rr+ ,6 t4' M EEFNFt" (10) Bia ghi s6ch Thanh Ho