ngữ pháp tiếng anh nâng cao, hỗ trợ các bạn học tốt chương trình ngữ pháp c1 tại trường, nâng cao khả năng học tập, phát triển kỹ năng ngữ pháp tại trường, tự tin sử dụng hợp lý cấu trúc. thành thạo trở thành người dùng tiếng anh giỏi.
7 GRA M M A R Conditionals Basic usage • What is always true; present + present I f I work late, I get tired Ifth e water is boiling/has boiled, it means th e fo o d is nearly ready • What was always true: past + past We went hom e early i fit wasfoggy I f it was snowing, we stayed at home • Real situations: present + futurę Here we think that the outcome is really possible Ifyou keep driving like that, you’re going to have an accident Ify o u see Mark, tell him FU ring him tomorrow • Hypothetical situations: past + would These are unreal or imaginary situations I f I knew the answer, I’d tell you I f l was having a party, I wouldnH invite Marcia The verb be usually takes the form were for all persons in these sentences, though was is used in everyday speech Note that in the first person it is possible to use should instead of would I f I left home, I think I should be lonely • Hypothetical past situations: past perfect + would have These refer to past events I f I had known you were coming, I would have met you at the station • With modals Possible situations in the present Ify o u get wet, you should change your clothes immediately Ify o u come early, we can discuss the problem together Hypothetical situations I f l had the money, I could help you Hypothetical past situations Ify o u h ad n t rem inded me, I might have forgotten Variations • Ifon ly This adds emphasis to hypothetical situations With past events it adds a sense of regret The second part of the sentence is often left out I f only I h ad enough time! Ifonly I hadn’t drunk too much, this wouldnt have happened! 46 GRAMMAR CONDITIONALS • Unless and other alternatives to if Unless means only i f not r il go ah ead and get the tickets unless you cali me this afternoon (This means: If you cali me this afternoon, I wont get the tickets.) If one situation depends on another, z/can be replaced by as/so long as, provided or only if See Grammar 11 for only if r il what you say provided the police are not informed Even z/describes how something will happen whatever the condition Even i f it rains, we U still go fo r a pienie • Past events with results in the present: past perfect + would I f Jim hadn’t missed the piane, he would be here by now • Should After if, this makes the possibility of an event seem unlikely Ify o u should see Ann, could you ask ker to cali me? (This implies that I not expect you to see Ann.) • Were to This also makes an event seem more hypothetical I f I were to ask you to marry me, what would you say? • H appen to This emphasizes chance possibilities It is often used with should Ify o u happen to see Helen, could you ask her to cali me? Ify o u should happen to be passing, drop in fo r a cup oftea • I f it were n o tfo r /If it h a d ń t b ee n fo r This describes how one event depends on another I f it weren’tfo r Jim, this company would be in a mess I f it hadn’t beenfor their goalkeeper, United would have lost • Will and would: politeness and emphasis These can be used as polite forms Ify o u will/would wait here, HI see ifM rs Green isfree Will can also be used for emphasis, meaning ‘insist on doing’ Ify o u will stay out late, no wonder you are tired! (insist on staying out) Other ways of making a conditional sentence • Supposing, otherwise Supposing or suppose can replace if, mainly in everyday speech Supposing you won the lottery, what would you do? Otherwise means ‘or if not’ It can go at the beginning or end of the sentence Ify o u hadn tgiven us directions, we wouldnt havefou n d the house Thanks fo r y o u r directions to the house We w ouldnt havefou n d it otherwise 47 ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE • But fo r This can replace ifn ot It is used in formal language, and must be followed by a noun form Ify ou h ad n t helped us, we would have heen in trouble But fo r your help, we would have heen in trouble • Ifso, ifn o t These can refer to a sentence in a previous sentence There is apossibility that Jack will be late Ifs o , I will take his place • Colloquial omission of i f An imperative can be used instead of an z/clause in everyday speech Sit down, and FU m ake us a cup oftea (Ifyou sit down ) • ^ an d adjectives In expressions such as ifit is necessary/possible, it is possible to omit the verb be I f interested, apply within Ifnecessary, take a taxi • Formally z/can mean although’, usually as if+ adjective The room was well-furnished, if a little badly decorated 48 GRAMMAR CONDITIONALS Co m p le t e e ach se n t e n c e w ith a su it a b le form o f th e v e rb in bracke ts Now were lost! Ifyou (write dow n) Marys directions, this (not/happen) Why don t we emigrate? If we (live) in Australia, at least the weather (b e ) better! Tm afraid that Smith is a hardened criminal If we (not/punish) .him this time, he (only/commit) more crimes Thanks to Dr Jones, Tm still ahve! If it (not/be) for her, I (b e ) dead for certain I’m sorry I cant lend you any money You know that if I (have) it, I (lend ) it to you Don t be afraid If you (tou ch) the dog, it (not/bite) In those days, if you (have) a job, you (b e ) lucky Its always the same! If I (decide) to leave the office early, my boss (cali) me after lVe left! What a terrible thing to happen! Just think, if we (not/miss) the piane, we (k ill) in the crash 10 Did you enjoy your meal? If you (finish) eating, I (elear away) the plates Corre c t a ny v e rb form s w h ich are im p ossib le or in a p propria t e If you haven’t received a letter yet, you havent got the job If it isn t for David, we are missing the bus If ifs raining, we go to the pub on the corner instead If you didn t lend us the money, we would have gone to the bank If you should happen to change your mind, drop me a line If it wasn t for the rain, we would have been home by now If you will drive so fast, no wonder the police keep stopping you If I knew you were coming, I would have met you at the airport But for you helped us, we would have taken much longer 10 If Jack joins the team, I’m leaving 49 ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE Read e ach se n t e nc e and d e c id e w h ich e n d in g (A, B or C) b est fits e ach space If you’d told me you were coming A I can get some food in B I’d have found us something to eat C I made a lovely dish Ifyoure too ill to come A ril come over and see you B I wouldnt have done all this for you C I asked someone else Iffd knownyou werent coming A I wouldnt be very upset B I would like to know why C I wouldn t have gone to so much trouble If youre not coming A perhaps you’d have the courtesy to tell me B wed never have met C you’d be so lucky If only you’d come A ril be the happiest girl alive B I’d have had a lovely time C I would look forward to it If you decide to come A the partys always a success B I wont be coming either C let me know If you really don t want to come A ril understand B I cant be sure C tell me tomorrow Co m p le t e e ach se n t e nc e w ith a phrase c o n t a in ing a su it ab le form o f th e v e rb in brack e ts If I were (say) loved you, what would you do? If it (rain ) .I would have gone out for a walk If only youd told me it was a surprise party I (say) anything to Uncle Dave! Thanks for your help with the garden; I (d o ) .it without you If only Mick had come to the disco, then we (have) .a great time! (pay) .the phone bill today, the phone will be cut off If I (h ad ) .your tools, I wouldn t have been able to fix the car Those wires look a bit dangerous; (touch) .if I were you If (b e ) .the goalkeeper s heroics, we would have lost the match 50 GRAMMAR CO NDITIO NALS Re w rite e ach se n t e nc e thre e tim es so th a t it c o n t a ins th e w ord in CAPITALS We won t go away if the weather is bad .w&'ii£io ,fi UNLESS ONLY STAY If you hurry up, you wont be late DON’T OR WANT If they offered you the job, would you accept? WERE TO SHOULD HAPPENED Without your help, I would have given up years ago HADN’T BEEN BUT HADN’T HELPED r\l lend you the money on condition tKat you pay it back next week PROYIDED LONG ONLY Com p le t e th e text by w rit ing on e w ord in e ach space Mr Jeffries, I have decided against a prison sentence in your case You may walk free from this court on (1) that you report to Chesham police station every Friday for the next six months Should you fail to ( ) so, you will be given one warning; and if you persist ( ) failing to meet this obligation, you will return to this court for a harsher sentence, ( ) you can present good reason why you were unable to report to the station, you will ( ) yourself in severe trouble If you are ( ) to attend because of illness, please note that a medical certificate must be produced, signed by your doctor, proving your State of health, You should realize that ( ) for your previous good conduct, I would ( ) had no hesitation in imposing a prison sentence And I shall not forget that if your friend had ( ) intervened in the fight, you might ( ) seriously injured the defendant 51 ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE C o m p le t e th e se co nd se n t e n c e so th a t it has a sim ilar m e a n ing to th e first sen te nce , using th e w ord giv e n Do no t c h a n g e th e w ord giv e n I didnt have the money so I didnt buy a new suit would If j a new suit If you are in London by any chance, come and see me happen If y o u come and see me If you insist on doing everything yourself, of course you’ll feel tired! will If y o u of course you’11 feel tired! Please take a seat, and Tli inquire for you will If y o u ril inąuire for you If you the shopping, FU cook lunch, and Y ou ril cook lunch If Pauline hadnt been interested, the project would have been abandoned interest B u t the project would have been abandoned The fire was brought under control thanks to the night-watchman for If it hadn t .got out of control Dick is in prison because a detective recognized him if Dick wouldn t recognized him I am not tali enough to reach the shelf taller If I reach the shelf 10 But for Helen acting so wonderfully, the play would be a flop wonderful If i t the play would be a flop 11 It won t make any difference if City score first; United will still win even United City score first 12 Getting up early makes me feel hungry get I f makes me feel hungry 52 GRA M M AR C O N D IT IO N A LS Complete each sentence using the cues in brackets That was a lucky escape! If I (fali) , IH have broken my leg If you (finish/with my p e n ) Td like it back please Unless Pete (try/harder) ., he won t win the competition If you took more time over your work, you (not m ake) .so many mistakes But for Sally s bravery, Jim (drown) If youd told me you were coming, I (buy) more food If (it/not b e ) for Mary, the deal wouldrft have gone through If (I/be) .late, you’d better start without me If Ann had known Tom wasn t coming, she (not/go) .to so much trouble 10 (finish/the painting) .by Friday, and we 11 pay you extra Complete the text by writing one word in each space Dear Sir or Madam, We would like to remind you that your account is two months overdue We are prepared to allow you another ten days to settle your account However, (1 ) you fali to pay your outstanding bills within ten days, you leave us with no alternative but to take lega⌅ action That is, ( ) we receive fuli payment by 20th March, we will refer this matter to our lega⌅ department If ( ) , we are prepared to make a claim in the Smali Claims court for the money owed plus interest ( ) you be experiencing financial difficulties, please contact our Finance Department ( ) that you settle your account within the specified time period, we will ( ) happy to continue to business with you However, we ( ) , if necessary, take the regrettable step of closing your account We are sorry that this situation has arisen, but if you had paid your bills over the last two months, we ( ) not be in this position now On the other hand, you ( ) have settled your account in the last two days If (1 ) , please accept our apologies for this letter Yours faithfully 3r\an Bcc\ee Customer Services Wood View Office Supplies SEE ALSO Grammar 8: Unreal time Consolidation 2: Units 5-8 Grammar 11: lnversion 53 GRA M M AR Unreal time and subjunctives lt's time • Its time, its high time These are followed by past simple or continuous, though the time referred to is unreal See Grammar lt’s time we left Its high time som ething was done about this! Wishes • Present/future time Notice the past verb forms after wish These are wishes where you want to change a present/future state I wish I had a motorbike (I dont have one now.) I wish you weren’t leaving (You are leaving.) I wish I was going on holiday with you next week (I am not going.) • Would Would is used when the speaker wants somebody or something else to change I wish he would change his m ind and m arry Jane I wish it would stop raining The use with would is often used to describe an annoying habit I wish you wouldn’t make such a mess • Past time As with present wishes, the verb form after wish is one stage further back in the past These are wishes referring to a past event, which cannot be changed I wish I hadn’t eaten so much This use of wish is common after ifonly to express regrets See Grammar • Hope Wishes about simple futurę events are expressed with hope I hope it doesnt rain tomorrow I hope y o u (’ll) have a lovely time in Portugal (on y o u r holiday next week) I'd ther / lprefer (followed by a clause) • I ’d rather is followed by past verb forms in the same way as wishes about the present It expresses preference about actions I d rather you didn’t smoke in here Both I ’d rather and Vd sooner are used with infinitive without to when comparing nouns or phrases Vd rather be a sailor than a soldier (present) r d rather have lived in A ncient Greece than A ncient Rome (past) 54 GRAMMAR UNREAL TIME AND SUBJUNCTiVES • 1’d p r e fe r is used with U + past verb fo rm to express preference about actions r d p refer it ify o u didn’t smoke l ’d p refer is also used with y o u /h im /h er etc + infinitive without to to show what we would like a person to We can add rather than + infinitive without to as a J l l I comparison I ’d p refer you to sit in y o u r seat (rather than sit on thefloor) I d p refer can also be used to show which thing we would like to have I ’d p refer tea to coffee As if, as though • Real and unreal The verb form here depends on whether the situation is true or unreal You look as ify o u ’re having second thoughts (True You are having second thoughts.) H e acts as i f h e were in charge (Unreal He isnt in charge.) Ife e l as if an express train had hit me (It didnt hit me.) Note however, that the more colloąuial like does not reąuire this verb form change This is not considered acceptable in formal and/or written English Compare: You look like y o u ’ve just seen aghost You look as ify o u ’d ju s t seen a ghost S uppose and imagine • Understood conditions The conditional part of these sentences is often understood but not stated Suppose som eone told you that I was a spy! Im agine w e’d never met! (We have met.) If the event referred to is a real possibility, a present verb form is possible Suppose it starts raining, what’11 we do? Formal subjunctives • Insisting, demanding, etc After verbs such as dem and, insist, suggest, reąuire which imply obligation, the subjunctive may be used in formal style This uses the infinitive; there is no third person -s or past form They d em anded that he leave at once The school Principal suggested that he he awarded a scholarship • Less formal usage Less formally, should can be used, and colloąuially no verb form change is made, or an infinitive construction is used They d em anded that he should leave They dem anded that he left (informal) Formulaic subjunctives These are fixed expressions all using subjunctive Typical expressions are: Heaven help us! Be that as it may Com e what may 55 ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE Underline the correct word in each sentence 10 I h ope/wish f i l see you again soon I hope/wish the weather improves soon I hope/wish I knew the answer I hope/wish you didnt have to go I hope/wish youd stop shouting so much I hope/wish nothing goes wrong I hope/wish it would stop raining I hope/wish you can come to my party I hope/wish you dont mind I hope/wish we could meet next week Complete each sentence with a suitable word or phrase Iw ish y o u making so much noise late at night! I’d rather the children on the television without permission Suppose half the money I owe you Would that satisfy you? I h op e get into trouble on my account What you think they’ll say? This is an awful hotel I wish w e to the Grand instead It is absolutely you contact head office in advance I think its high time w e .locking all the windows at night Would you rather I lunch, if you feel tired? I wish my c a r as fast as yours 10 I’d prefer y o u smoke in here, if you dont mind 56 GRAMMAR UNREAL TIME AND SUBJUNCTIVES Complete each sentence with a suitable form of the verb in brackets rd rather you (not/watch) television while Tm reading It’s high time you (start) working seriously I wish I (spend) more time swimming last summer Helen is bossy She acts as if she (ow n) the place I wish you (not/keep) coming late to class Suppose a complete stranger (leave) you a lot of money in their will! I wish I (g o ) to your party after all I’d rather you (s it) next to Susan, please The government demanded that the ambassador (b e ) recalled 10 You are lucky going to Italy I wish I (g o ) .with you Complete each sentence with one word I t s time you learned to look after yourself! I wish y o u try listening to me, just for once! I rather not go by train, if possible that as it may, it doesn t alter the seriousness o f the situation I wish C arol be here to see you all We both wish y o u staying longer Y ou as if you had played in the match instead of watching it! they offered you the job o f managing director! I really wish w e married 10 I you didnt mind my phoning so late Correct the error(s) in each sentence I wish I bought that old house rd rather you don t eat all the bread It’s time I go I wish I own a motorbike I wish we are not leaving in the morning Sue would rather reading than watching television Come what comes, 111 be on your side I hope it would stop raining fd prefer if you didnt wait 10 I wish I didnt listen to you before 57 ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given Do not change the word given Do you ever regret not going to university? wish Do you ever to university? I should really be going home now time I t s home now I’d rather not go by piane, prefer I’d go by piane Jack doesnt know all the answers, though he pretends to acts Jack all the answers I’d love to be able to go with you to the opera, wish I go with you to the opera I wish I hadn t sold that old painting pity I t s that old painting I’d rather you didnt stay long at the party, better I t stay long at the party The management said it was important for us to wear dark suits to the meeting insisted The management dark suits to the meeting lVe had enough of your constant complaining! wish I complaining all the time! 10 I’d love to be sitting on a beach in Turkey right now! wish I on a beach in Turkey right now! 58 GRAMMAR UNREAL TIME AND SUBJUNCTIVES Complete the second sentence so that the meaning is similar to the first sentence I wish you were a bit tidier I wish you would I wish you were more interested in your school work I wish you would I wish I spoke more languages I wish I could I wish I had enough money to buy a car I wish I could I wish they had more chess books in the library I wish the library would I wish there was some soap in the bathroom I wish the cleaners would I just wish my partner was a bit more romantic! I just wish my partner would Complete the text by writing one word in each space Contractions {don't ) count as one word Dear Tom, Weil, this time next weekyou’11be somewhere in Europę I’m sure any mutn would worry! Actually, you’re very lucky \’d \ove to ( ) able to go o ff around th e world I often wish 1( ) travelled more when I was younger I really hope you ( ) yourself, but you will be careful, won’tyou? YouVe oniy afte r all Do be careful with your money too And l’d ratheryou ( ) spend too many nights in your te n t alone It ’s so dangerous I suggest you onIy ( ) in your te n t on a proper camp site I wish you ( ) going c|^uite so soon It ’s a pity you ( ) stay until a fte r Dad’s th birthday But never mind I wish Dad had [& ) here to seeyou off, but he had some really im portant business th a t day Suppose we ( ) you a t some nice seaside place in June? Ju st a thought Anyway, remember, if you g et into any trouble, we’re oniy a phone cali away, and come what (1 ) we’ll always be there for you Love, Mum -» SEE ALSO Grammar 7: Unreal time Consolidation 2: Units 5-8 Grammar 11; lnversion 59 ... will still win even United City score first 12 Getting up early makes me feel hungry get I f makes me feel hungry 52 GRA M M AR C O N D IT IO N A LS Complete each sentence... although’, usually as if+ adjective The room was well-furnished, if a little badly decorated 48 GRAMMAR CONDITIONALS Co m p le t e e ach se n t e n c e w ith a su it a b le form o f th e v e rb in bracke... thing to happen! Just think, if we (not/miss) the piane, we (k ill) in the crash 10 Did you enjoy your meal? If you (finish) eating, I (elear away) the plates Corre