Báo cáo khoa học: Sự tiếp biến thể loại văn học Phật giáo trong tác phẩm Thiên Phái trúc lâm pptx

sir TIEP BIEN THE LOAI VAN HOC PHAT GIAO • • • • TRONG TAC PHAM THIEN PHAI TRUC LAM THICH PHl/aC DAT (•) T u khi dao Phat ra dai a xu An Dp, hem 25 the ky ton tai va phat trien, Phat giao da de lai cho nhan loai nhieu di san van hoa vat chat cflng nhu van hda tam linh ma cho tai nay du con nguai no luc toi da van khong khai thae het y nghia an tang cua chung. Trong do, kho tang van hpc Phat giao dugc ket tap tu Tam tang kinh dien da co dong gop to lan trong qua trinh truyen ba Chanh phap va da tac dpng manh me tren nhieu linh vue kbac nhau tai cac nudc trong khu vue Nam A, Ddng A (Ddng Bic A, Ddng Nam A). Rieng tai nudc ta, ngay tu' budi dau dao Phat du nhap, khoang cuoi the ky 1, Phat giao Viet Nam da hinh thanh trung tam dich thuat kinh dien cd ten gpi la Trung tam Phat giao Luy Lau. Va den thai Ly, vao nhung nam 1009, 1020, 1034, 1259, duai su bao trg cua trieu dinh, cac phai doan do cac cao tang dan dau da sang Trung Hoa thinh Dgi tang kinh, tuy nhien mai den 1295 thi vua Tran mdi sac lenh cho kbac in va dich thuat pho bien rgng rai"'. Muc dich la dap ung nhu cau tat yeu cua lich sir Viet Nam, trong do cd sir dinh hudng va phat trien cho Phat giao Viet Nam bay gid trong qua trinh hgi nhap Phat giao the gidi vai su ra ddi Thien phai True Lam*^'. Su kien nay da gdp phan xay dung va phat trien nen van hoa, van hgc nuac nha. Ro net nhat la dong van hgc Phat giao Ly - Tran vai su phat trien ve ngi dung lan hinh thuc, tu su phat trien cac de tai, chu de phan anh, den phuang phap sang tac qua viec dinh hinh cac the loai mai, va ngay ca thu phap nghe thuat ngdn ngii. Bai viet nay chi tap trung de cap den van de "Sir tiep bien the loai van hgc Phat giao trong tac pham Thien phai Tnic Lam" nham thay dugc gia tri ve mat hgc thuat va van chuang Thien phai trong ddng chay van hgc cua nuac nha. 1. Cc SO" hinh thanh va phat trien Tam tang kinh dien Phat giao He thong Tam tang kinh dien Phat giao ma ngay nay chung ta thay kha dd so, thuc chat dugc hinh thanh bat dhx gdm nhieu Phdp thoai (Sutta) do Phat **' TS. Hoc vien Phat giao Viet Nam tai TP. Ho Chi Minh. 3 TAP CHi HAN NOM s6 6 (103) - 2010 THiCH PHW&C DAT thuyet giang nai nay, nai kia cho nliidu ddi tugng khae nhau. Didm dang ndi mdi Phdp thoai deu dugc ndi bang cau "if ^ ^ Fifl Nhu thi nga vdn Tdi nghe nhu vdy", ngu y cho sir ghi nha ngi dung bai phap bai mgt hay nhieu ty kheo true tiep lang nghe bac dao su va chinh hg ndi lai bai phap ay trong nhung liic thuyet giang hoac trong truang hgp giao phap cua bac dao su dugc tung dge nliieu lan tai cac ky ket tap. Su phong phu ve cac de tai thuyet phap keo theo sir da dang cac the loai thich ung cho tung doi tugng nghe phap qua nliieu Phcip thoai dugc bao luu trong Tam tang kinh dien hien nay, chung td da cd su no luc ldn cua cac ty kheo qua nhieu the he trong viec sun tap, sap xep nhiing lai day cua The Ton vao ky uc va dac biet qua cac hgi nghi ket tap. Can cu vao cac tai lieu Cullavagga (Tieu phcim), Dlpavamsa (Ddo sie), Mahdvamsa (Dgi sir) vd Samanta pdsddikd (Thien kien hied Ty Bd Sa) thi mky thang sau ngay Phat nhap diet, cac de tu uy tin lien nhdm hgp tai Rajagaya (Vuang Xa) dd tung dge lai ldi day cua Phat ma phSn ldn hg da ghi nhd nam long. Nguyen nhan dan den hgi nghi ket tap kinh didn lan thu nhat la do cd su hidu bidt va hanh tri sai giai luat Phat che cua mgt sd ty kheo, cung vdi lai tuyen bd thidu chin chan cua Subhadda khiln Maha Kassapa (Dai Ca Diep) quydt dinh trieu tap hgi nghi, dudi su bao trg cua vua Ajatasattu (A Xa The). Hgi chiing quy tu 500 ty kheo va da suy cu Maha Kassapa (Dai Ca Diep) lam chu tri hgi nghi, ben canh hai vi than can khae nua la Anada (A Nan Da) va Upali (Uu Ba Ly), cd trach nhiem tuyen dge Phcip (Dhamma) va Lugt (Vinaya). Sau dd, CO su kien cac ty kheo Vajjili ch§p tri muai van de vugt qua giai luat Sa mdn (Dasavatthuni - Thap dieu) da din den hgi nghi ket tap lan hai dugc td chuc a Vesali (Ty Xa Ly), khoang 100 nam sau ngay Phat nhap diet, duai trieu vua Kalasoka, hau due cua vua Ajatasattu (A Xa The). Lan nay quy tu gan 700 ty kheo, duai su chu tri cua ty kheo Sabbakami, tap trung dge Phcip (Dhamma). Nhung theo Buddhaghosa (Phat Am), hgi nghi tap trung dge ca Phc'tp (Dhamma), Luiit (Vinaya) va buac dau bien tap ve Pitcika (Tang). Nikctya {Tieu bd), Anga (Ung gid) va Dhammakkhcindha (Phcip tang). Chua dung tai do, su kien cac tu sT ngoai dao gia nhap Tang gia va hanh tri sai lac giao phap Nhu Lai dan den cudc hgi nghi ket tap lan thu ba dugc td chuc tai Pataliputta, dudi su bao trg dai dd Asoka (A Due), khoang the ky thii ba truac Tay lich. Hgi nghi quy tu g4n 1000 ty kheo, dudi su chu tri cua ty kheo Tissa Moggaliputta (De Sa Muc Lien Tu), tap trung thao luan ve Tam tang (Tipitctka). Thai gian hdi nghi ket tap keo dai trong 9 thang. Trong thai gian nay Tissa Moggaliputta (De Sa Muc Lien Tu) cho ra ddi tap Kathdvatthu (Bien thuyet, dugc xem la Lugn tang) danh bat mgi quan diem sai lam ve Phat giao. Nhu vay, it nhat c6 ba cuoc hgi nghi dugc ket tap kinh dien dugc td chuc tai An Do trudc khi giao ly cua due Phat dugc truyen sang Tfch Lan, dan den su ket tap kinh dien lan thii tu dudi sir bao trg cua vua Abahaya Vattagamani vao cudi the ky thii nhat su TIEP BIEN THE LOAI VAN HOC PHAT GIAO TRONG sau Tay lich, trong dd Tam tang kinh dien (Tipitaka), bao gdm Kinh tang (Suttapitaka), Ludt tang (Viyanapitaka), Lugn tang (Abhidhammapitaka) lan dau tien dugc viet thanh van ban. Tuy nhien, quan diem Phat giao Bac truyen cho rang lan ket tap thu tu nay dugc to chuc khoang nam 100 sau Cong nguyen dudi trieu vua Kaniska (Ca Ni Sac Ka). Co the ndi, trai qua 4 ky ket tap kinh dien, tinh hinh van ban kinh dien Phat giao dugc y cu tir he thdng Tam tang kinh dien da dugc dinh hinh va phat trien it nhat trong khoang thai gian 3 the ky dau d An Do, tu thdi Phat tai the den thdi Asoka (A Due), sau do lan toa phat trien tai Tich Lan va cac nuac trong khu vue vai nhiing dac trung rieng biet cua cac thanh td van hgc Phat giao nhu ngdn ngu, thii phap nghe tliuat, dac biet la the loai. 2. He thong the loai van hpc Phat giao Phat giao vdn dugc xem la mgt tdn giao cd he thdng Tam tang kinh dien vi dai nhat so vdi tat ca cac tdn giao tren the gidi. Day chfnh la ca sd dugc xac lap nen van hgc Phat giao phong phii tu ndi dung cho den hinh thuc the hien. Dieu dd cd nghia, bat cii ai mudn tiep can cac loai hinh ngdn ngu uyen ao nhat cua kho tang van hgc Phat giao, can phai tim hieu the loai van hgc dugc giai trinh qua tac pham kinh dien. Yen td the loai se giai ma cac thdng diep ma cac ban kinh de cap, nhat la viec xac dinh tdm vdc tu tu'ong triet ly, pham vi cua lich su Clia mgt tac pham van hgc Phat giao. Mat kbac, su phan dinh the loai se la nhQng dieu kien tat yeu khdng thd thilu ddi vai vice nghien ciiu va phan tich van ban. Ngudi ta se khdng the hieu ngi dung mgt each ro rang neu nhu khdng xac dinh dugc hinh thiic ca ban Clia nd nhu xuat xu thai gian, dia diem, the loai, dac trung ngdn ngu? Theo each phan loai cua tu dien hien hanh do Hda thugng Kim Cuong Tu chu bien' '; hay Doan Trung Cdn bien soan''*', van hgc Phat giao dugc chia thanh 12 the loai, bao gdm Khe kinh; Triing tyng; Tho ky; Phimg tung; Tu thuyet: Nhdn duyen: Thi du; Bon su; Bon sinh: Phuong guang; Vi tdng hint; Lugn thuyet. C6 mgt each phan loai kbac nua, dugc ghi lai trong Kinh Xa Du thugc Kinh Trung Bd''^\ bao gdm 9 the loai Kinh, Ung tung, Gid thuyet, Ke tung, Cdm hirng ngii; Nhu thi ngii; Bon sinh, Vi tdng hint phcip, Phuang qudng. Ca hai sir phan loai ndi tren nham lam ndi bat phuang thuc truyen dat giao nghla kinh dien Phat giao. Tren het, sir phan loai nay nham giup cho ngirdi tiep can hieu ro gia tri thdng diep va gia tri hudng den giai thoat ma tac pham dem lai. Sir phan chia the loai chi mang tfnh each tuang ddi, nghia la su phan loai deu chi dira vao mgt sd net dac trung theo cac tieu chi "nlian duyen thuyet phap", "each trinli bay khi thuyet phap", "each ghi nlian cua thdi thuyet phap" va "ngi dung thuyet phap" da dugc diic Phat xac lap nhu trong Kinh Xa du nhu sau: Kinh la nhiing dieu due Phat ndi cho hang de tu tu tap hirdng den giac ngg giai thoat; U'ng tung la sir truydn tung, ghi lai ldi due Phat day theo thd tan van; Ke tung la su truyen tung, ghi lai ldi due Phat theo thd tha ke. Nhu thi ngu la su ghi chep lai nhung deu dugc TAP CHI HAN NOIM SO 6 (103) - 2010 THiCH PHW&C DAT nghe tu due Phat ndi true tidp hoac gian tiep; Bdn sinh la su ghi chep lai chuyen tien than cua diic Phat theo ldi due Phat da ke. Vi tdng hitu la su ghi chep lai nhung su viec hy huu (hidm cd) trong ddi, nhu chuyen cac diic Phat qua khu v.v do Phat ke lai; Cdm hirng ngd cdn ggi kinh Phat tu thuydt chi cho sir ghi chep lai nhung deu due Phat noi ra vai nhiing trudng hgp dac biet; Phuang qudng la sir ghi nhan nhiing cudc thao luan cua cac vi Thanh de tu dugc due Phat xac nhan la phu hgp vdi Phat y; Gidi thuyet la su ghi chep lai nhiing dieu luan giai ve chinh phap cua diic Phat va cac bac A - la - ban. Ve sau, cac nha trudc tac van hgc Phat giao dugc van dung cac the tai khae nhau trong he thdng the loai ndi tren de xay dung cac tac pham kinh dien ndi tieng. Rieng d nudc ta, den thai Ly - Tran, thi van hgc Phat giao dugc phat trien rue ra. Loai hinh the loai (type) cua van hgc Phat giao Ly - Tran theo cac nha nghien ciiu van hgc nhan dinh "Thai nay da cd day dii cac loai van van, tan van, bien van vdi cac the tai tieu bieu cua van hgc trung dai. Hau het, cac the loai nay deu mang tinh chiic nang ro net. Tfnh chiic nang la san pham tat yeu cua van hgc trung dai. Ngoai chuc nang hanh chinh khdng de cap a day, thi chiic nang le nghi tdn giao bao trum cac the tai: kinh, ke tha Thien, ngii luc, tung cd, niem tung ke, bi, minh, ky, luan thuyet tdn giao, truyen truyen dang, truyen cac Thanh"*'''. Tuy nhien, trong tien trinh phat trien van hgc Phat giao Viet Nam, do xu hudng phat trien cua ngdn ngii, do su linh dgng uyen chuyen Clia cac nha truac tac, cung nhu do mdi lien he tu than giiia cac the loai thuang tao ra nhung quan he dan cheo phiic tap va cd su chuyen hoa qua lai, dan den su hinh thanh cac the loai cd kha nang tdng hgp. Moi khi cd su chuyen hda ve the loai thi bao gia cung c6 sir bien ddi sau sac ve hinh thuc nghe thuat, cung nhu phuang thirc phan anh tac pham. Nhin lai he thdng the loai van hpc Phat giao Ly - Tran, tu dai Ly sang dai Tran da cd su chuyen bien ro ret. Neu van hgc Phat giao dai Ly, he thdng the loai hinli thanh chua day du, chi cd nipt sd the loai chu yeu nhu: ke tha Thien. tha ta canh, tu khue, bi ky, minh, ngir luc thi sang dai Tran nen van hgc Phat giao cdn xuat hien them phu, ca, tung, niem tung ke, luan thuyet tdn giao, cac the truyen, tha tru tinh Cac the loai ay chiu su qui dinh tinh chat van hgc trung dai, trong dd sir phan dinh cu the va sap xep theo quy luat Van - Su - Triet bat phan ma chiing ta da biet. Van hoc Thien phai Tnic Lam la bao gdm nhung tac pham van hgc kinh dien Phat giao do cac thien gia, thien sir trudc tac, nd xuat hien tu dau ddi Tran, han nhien chju sir tac dgng bien chuyen trong qua trinh phat trien he thdng the loai van hgc Phat giao thai Ly - Tran. Khao sat cac the loai van hgc Phat giao ma cac nha van - tha Thidn phai Triic Lam van dung vao tac ph4m se giiip chiing ta hieu sau tac pham ban a dilm nhin nghe thuat tac pham. 3. Su- van dung cac the loai van hpc Phat giao trong tac phiim cua Thien phai su TIEP BIEN THE LOAI VAN HOC PHAT GIAO TRONG Nhin tu goe do thi loai dl danh gia thi cac tac phSm van hgc Thiin phai da thanh tuu lan ve sir phat triln phong phii cac the loai cua dong van hgc Phat giao, ma dinh cao la van hgc Phat giao Ly - Tran. Day la sir phat trien cua cac thi loai van hgc Phat giao cd gia tri vl mat hgc thuat lin nghe thuat van chuang trong ddng chay van hgc. 3.1. Luan thuyet tdn giao Cac nha nghien ciin trudc day chia the loai luan thuylt thanh hai loai: Luan thuyet chinh tri va luan thuylt tdn giao. 0 luan thuyet chfnh tri, chung ta thudng gap trong cac bd su khi cac sir gia ghi lai nhiing lai ban, ldi binh vl viec tri nuac; con thi loai luan thuylt tdn giao la nhung ldi binh luan vl trilt ly tdn giao ndi chung*^'. Rieng thi loai luan thuyet tdn giao (Phat giao) hk ngudn tu the loai giai thuylt dugc diic Phat Thich Ca xac lap trong cac ban Kinh A Hdm hay Nikaya, nham luan giai nhiing nghia ly sau xa ciia giao ly Phat da. Khi Phat giao mdi truyen vao nudc ta, thi thi loai nay da dugc su dung vdi tac phdm Ly hodc lugn cua Mau Tir vilt khoang nam 195 - 198; Dgo Cao phdp su tap cua Dao Cao viet khoang tu nam 450 - 460. Ly hoac ludn la tac pham luan thuylt ban ve nhiing ly le sai l4m cua gidi Nho - Lao ddi vai Phat giao, gdm 37 dilu'^'. Cdn Dgo Cao phcip su tiip cd thi la tap luan thuyet ly giai nhiing trilt ly nha Phat. Ca hai tac pham nay da co mdt su ddng gop nhat dinh trong viec kl thua, tiep thu va van dung thi loai luan thuylt tdn giao vao trong tac pham van hgc cua Thien phai Triic Lam. Dai Ly, the loai luan thuyet tdn giao chua dugc cac thien su sir dung nhieu. Hien chi con mgt vai doan nhu Ciiu Chi viet ve Tdm phdp'-'^^; va may doan luan thuyet cua Van Hanh khuyen Ly Cdng Uan nen len ngdi vua tri vi thien ha''''^ Nguyen Thudng khuyen vua Ly Cao Tdng khdng nen dam say diic lac ma phai de tam vao viec nudc, viec dan*'''. Hai doan nay dugc xem la luan thuylt chinh tri chii khdng phai la luan thuylt tdn giao. Den ddi Tran, ngudi tien phong dung the loai luan thuylt tdn giao la Tran Thai Tdng vdi Khoa hir luc va Thien tong chi nam (tac pham nay da mat, chi cdn bai tua). KI din la TrAn Nhan Tdng vai Tdng gid todi sy (da mat), sau do la Phap Loa vdi Dogn sdch luc va Tham Thien chi yiu (da mSt), chi cdn vai doan Dieu can km y la nhung tac pham ndi tren khdng chi la thanh tuu ve the loai ma cdn thi hien tu tudng Phat - Thien, thdng qua phuang thuc bieu dat giau hinh tugng nghe thuat. Khoa hu luc la mgt luan thuylt tdn giao dugc viet ket hgp ba ldi van: tan van. bien van, van van ma hinh thuc tan van va bien van la chinh. Trong tac phSm luan thuyet nay thi tiiu loai phd thuylt dugc Tran Thai Tdng sir dung nhilu ban ca. Phd thuylt chi la mgt tiiu thi loai cua the loai luan thuylt tdn giao, muc dich van dung tiiu thi loai nay la dl thuylt phap, tiic ban vl cac ndi dung Thiin - Phat, nd ra ddi tu thdi Dai Tue Tdng Cao (1089 - 1163) d Trung Hoa. Neu truac day, viec truyin giang Phat phap chu yeu thuang chi dien ra giua thiy va trd theo tinh th§n "dT tam truyin TAP CHI HAN NOM SO 6 (103) - 2010 THiCH PHWaC DAT tam" thi den den thai Dai Tue Tong Cao, bang hinh thiic pho thuyet, tu tuang - triet ly Phat - Thien da dugc truyen giang rdng rai trong tang chiing va trong tin do Phat giao. d Viet Nam, vao dai Tran, Thien dugc chgn la tong phap co the dap iing mdt nhu cau dai sdng tam linh ciia con ngirdi, cho nen dung tieu loai pho thuyet la each tdt nhat de co the thuyet phap rgng rai, phd cap cho cac ddi tugng khae nhau de quan chung hieu ro ao nghia giao ly Thien. Trong cac sach Phat hgc thai nay, ngoai ke va tha, cac bai viet ban ve giao ly Thien da dugc viet bang ldi van bien ngau bdng bay, mang ve dep cd kinh trang trgng. Cau triic bai thuyet phap dugc cac tac gia Thien phai viet thudng chia lam hai phan, phan tren la hinh thirc phd thuyet dugc viet theo ldi bien van, ngdn ngii giau hinh tugng sdng ddng, cd sue cudn hiit ngudi dge, vdi gigng van vira thiet tha mai ggi, vua thdi thiic con ngudi tinh thiic; phan dudi la mdt bai ke dugc viet theo the tha Dudng luat that ngdn bat cu hoac tu tuyet, nham tdm tat ndi dung tu tuong da giang giai d phan tren, giup ngudi hgc dao de dang tiep nhan chan ly. Cd the ndi, tieu the loai nay la su ket hgp giii'a hai the tai van hgc Phat giao truyen thong CO tu thofi diic Phat: Ung tung, Truyen tung theo ldi tan van va Ke tung theo the tha. Tran Thai Tdng da viet cac bai Phd thuyet Td san, Phd thuyet Sdc thdn, Phd khuyen phdt Bd De tc'im vdn, Phd thuyet Hudng thugng nhdt lg. Ke den la Phap Loa c6 cac bai Khuyen xudt gia tien dgo ngdn. Trite Ldm dgi Tdn gid thugng tod thinh su thi chiing, Thugng thita tam hgc khuyen chiing phd thuyit, Yiu minh hoc thuat. Nhu vay la trong tac phAm ciia Thien phai Tnic Lam CO din 8 van ban ciia 2 tac gia viet theo tiiu the loai phd thuyet. Bdn bai Phd thuyet ma Tran Thai Tong viet ra vdi miic dich la nham den quang dai quan chung, huong mgi ngudi hieu ro cac van de cdt loi ciia Thien de cd thai do sdng phu hgp tam nguyen giai thoat. Cu the la Tran Thai Tdng mudn giai quyet cac van de ldn xoay xung quanh con ngudi, tiic sac than va sinh lao benh tu thdng qua bieu tugng bdn mii tuang ung vai bdn mua nham khai ggi nguai hgc dao phat Idng Bd De, hudng den giai thoat Niet ban. Ddi vdi van de sac than, Tran Thai Tong chi ra su trdi budc ciia cai sac than gia huyen. Chinh su he liiy truoc cac tran ma con ngudi nhu con thieu than lao vao vdng xoay cudc ddi va trdi lan trong ddng sinh tu. Tung cau van, con chii gigng dieu cat len nhu la tieng ndi con tim thdn thiic de tir than y thuc vugt thoat sinh gia benh chet cua mdt kiep ngudi: "Chu nhan dang! Dai tu ca quan khdi ldi, toan bang ti tuyen khien triru; long lai long khu dii sinh ddng, phdng hau thu thai chan tu dang. Tu khdi van ban ke hieu, dd duyen luc tac giao cdng; bat u lao benh tii lai, quan tham tiiu sSc tai khii?"*'^' (Cac ngudi, nao khae gi con rdi; deu nha ta sgi keo ldi. Dua qua gian lai, gidng sdng ma thoi; budng tha, thu hdi, thirc la xac chit. BSt chudc nhau lay mudn nghin muu chuac; diu duyen do sau giac tranh gianh. Khong lo 8 su TIEP BIEN THE LOAI VAN HOC PHAT GIAO TRONG gia benh chi din gAn; tham tiec rugu, sac, taidi mSt "^'. Tuong tu bdn bai Phd thuyet ciia Phap Loa: Khuyin xudt gia tien dgo ngdn. True Ldm dgi Tdn gid thugng tod thinh su thi chung, Thugng thica tam hgc khuyen chung phd thuyet, Yeu minh hgc thudt, bang trai tim Thien dinh, khdi dc tue giac, su dung biit phap vira chinh luan, ta thuc het siic song ddng, van cu giau hinh anh so sanh, Tdn gia mdi ggi mgi ngudi hay tinh thiic, sdng theo dao ly Thien tdng ma an tni trong the giai an lanh, hanh phiic that sir "Chu tieu tu! Ky nhap tiing lam, trudc nhat tu dia. Dd hoa nhi di cau danh du bat phuc tham thii de xii. Na ca thi chu Phat, Td, su ha thii xii; na ca thi nhi thua, ngoai dao dung tam xu. Dd tu nhat lai nguyet vang, dich dich tha cau; nhat dan bat buy, tuang nai chi ha!"*'"*' (Nay, cac mdn del Da vao riing sau, nen cam lay mdt mieng dat. Ludng chi cham vao hoa la de cau tieng tam, khdng quay lai can nhac, lira chgn nai cac vi Phat, Td, su da true chi nai nao la nai dam nhi thua va ngoai dao dung tam; ludng tu de cho ngay thang qua lai, loay hoay tim kiem nhirng dau, mdt mai nam xudng thi biet lam thi nao?)*'''. 3.2. Ke va tha Thien Hien c6 nhieu y kien kbac nhau khi de cap den ten ggi the loai nay. Sach Vdn hgc Phat gido thdi Ly - Trdn: Dien mgo vd ddc diem da tdng ket cac y kien cua cac nha nghien ciiu ve the loai nay, tu dd giai thuyet ke va tha Thiin gdm cac loai nhu sau: "Loai thu nhat la ke (ke tan, ke tung, ke ngg gia). Nhung bai ke nay trirc tiep trinh bay giao ly, tu tuang nha Phat bang hinh thiic ngan ggn, cd dgng, chuyen tai nhung ndi dung sue tich, nhiing tu tudng uyen ao Clia Thiin hgc, Phat hgc. Ve ngudn gdc ke la nhiing bai van van (tha thudng la bdn cau, co khi tam cau vdi nhiem vu thau tom mgt each cd dgng ldi kinh bang van xudi da giang thuyet a phan trudc. Chinh tu ghep "kinh ke" da ndi len mdi quan he gan bd dd. Loai thii hai la ke dugc thi vj hda. Co the xem day la tha triet ly boi le ve hinh thiic, cac tac gia da su dung ngii ngdn hoac that ngdn, vdi ngon ngii' lung linh, day hinh anli dep va ggi cam, giau chat tha nhimg dang sau cai vd hinh thiic ngdn ngii ay an tang triet ly nhiem mau cua nha Phat. Loai thu ba la tha mang cam hung Thien hgc. Day la nliung bai tha cam xiic tru tinh nhimg npi dung cd de cap den tam, Phat, sinh, tir, Niet ban, chan nhu, sac khdng; Loai thir tu la tha tuc canh sinh tinli, bdc Id cam xiic tam trang ciia thien su ddi vdi cai lung linh, my le cua ngoai canh thdng qua cam quan Thien hgc" . Cac y kien noi tren, chi la sir phan loai mang tinh chat tuang ddi. Chung ta cung khd ma phan chia rach rdi, chinh xac chuyen biet ve cac dang tha Thien. Su phan loai ay nham de so sanh vai cac the loai kbac trong van hgc Phat giao. Tuy vay, the loai ke va tha Thien dugc cac tac gia sir diing nhieu trong van hgc Phat giao Ly - Tran. Khda hu luc la tac pham cua Tran Thai Tdng da su diing the loai ke va tha kha ro net. Thuang si ngir luc ciia Tran Tung. Thien uyen tap anh Clia nhieu tac gia cung deu c6 su ket hgp cac the loai nay. Nhirng tac pham vua neu tren da sii dung ba ldi van: tan TAP CHi HAN NOM SO 6 (103) - 2010 THiCH PHU-aC DAT van, bien van va van van, trong dd thi ke va tha Thien (thugc van van) la thi loai dugc sii dung nhieu nhit. Cac bai ke va tha Thien xuat hien kha nhieu trong Khda hu luc, khdng ke phan Ke trong Niem tung ke, da co 21 bai ke. Cudi mdi bai Phd thuyet deu cd bai ke tha nham diic ket ngi dung cdt loi Clia Thien viia dugc giang bang mdt the tha Dudng luat, ma the tha nay vdn rat nghiem ngat ve niem, luat, van, ddi, nhip; vai ngon ngii' khiic triet, y tai ngdn ngoai, ggi nhieu ban ta, nha the mdi dap ling het dieu ly nhiem mau cua giao dien Tliien tdng ma ngudi viet muon truyen dat. Vi vay, nhiing bai ke tha nay co mdt ngdn ngii dien dat rieng, ngudi dpc phai CO chia khoa de giai ma thi mdi thau dat. Cac bai ke khae cua cac bai van nhu Gidi sdt sinh vdn, Gidi thdu dgo vdn, Gidi sdc vdn, Gidi vgng ngir vdn, Gidi tic vdn nhat la cac bai ke cua cac bai van thugc Luc thdi sdm hdi khoa nghi da dua tac gia trd thanh nha tha sam hdi. Mdt gigng tha la ddc dao giira ddng tha Thien, vdn rat thien ve su kliai phdng hoa quang ddng tran, tuy duyen tiiy tuc. Ngoai cac bai ke d Ddi ca va Tung cd trong Tue Trung Thugng sT ngic luc, Thugng sT ciing cd den 5 bai mang hinh thuc ke Kien gidi, Thi hgc, Thi chiing, Thi do, Khuyen the tien dgo trong so 49 bai tha ma Tha vdn Ly - Trdn ghi nhan. So vdi cac bai Nguyen hda cua Khuong Viet; Tdm khdng ciia Vien Chieu, Thi dgo cua Trudng Nguyen; Hieu tu tdt hiru sinh ciia Tri Bat dugc sang tac a ddi Ly thi nhiing bai ke cua cac nha trudc tac Thiin phai vao ddi Tran deu cd mdt ngi dung va hinh thuc dien dat ve viec ran day de tir truac khi tich diet hay sach tin dd chiing tu hanh. O do, the giai ngi tam ciia cac thien su dugc giai bay qua cac bai thi ke ngap tran cam xiic, thi hiing. Dge bai Ddn thi cdnh sdch ke Hiin huong ke, Hien hoa ke cua Trin Thai Tdng, moi bai cd mgt net dep Clia thi gidi tham my rieng biet, ddi khi tach ra khoi vudn Thien thi cd the boa nhap vao vudn tha chung cua dan tdc. Chang ban, khi dge Thic thdi vd thudng ke se thay rd: "Miet nhan d luan tai xuat chan, Hdi dau hy ngu hun duong ly. Than tham hu mgc tam vuu thiic, Na tinh cao hoe anh di di. Thuc thot hoa am triing phuc dao, Tuan tuan khuan menh thinh hoan suy. Chu nhan hap tao hdi quang chieu, Tu kho khu tri luge lg ky"* '. (Chop mat viing d vii'a mai mgc, Quay dau bdng nhat da trdn xoe. Chi ham giac ngii say me mai, Nao biet quang am tham thoat di. Phut chdc hoa tuoi rdi lai heo, Quanh co menh nam thinli lien suy. Ai ai xin hay quay dau lai, Rong aidi dudng me mai the chi! )* . Tha hay ke khd ma phan biet. Bang su trirc cam tam linli, tac gia da hoa nhap giua trdi dat bao la c6 gidng td bao bung, may den phii kin, gio xd sdng vd lap lap cudn ghenli, phut choc trdi xanh, trang sang, sdng lang. TTnli hay ddng, ai biit? Duy chi ngir ong an nliien tir tai giira ddng dai. R6 rang, dang sau lap vo ngdn tir giau hinh anli, het sue ggi cam, dugc sang tac bang the tha ngu ngdn, thit ngdn, lai an chua triet ly Phat giao, tit ca da kliiln nguai dge dl dang tilp nlian dl thirc nghiem tam liiili. Hay Idii dge Su de van ddp Clia Tran Nhan Tong, ta bit gap hinh anh de tu hoi "Nhu ha thi hien tai 10 su TIEP BIEN THE LOAI VAN HOC PHAT GIAO TRONG Phat gia phong?" (Thi nao la gia phong cua Phat hien tai) dugc Tnic Lam tra lai: 'Bach thuy gia phong me hilu yin, Hdng dao tien uyIn tuy xuan phong."*'^' (Nudc trang menh mong chim en bac, Vuon tien dao thim gid xuan say*^**'. Nhu vay, cac bai ke cua cac nha trudc tac Thiin phai dugc thi vi hoa ban nira. Day la su kl thira trong su biln chuyen doi thi loai tu ke sang tha, tir ddi Ly sang dai Trin kha ro net. Nlu cac tac pham van hgc Phat giao ddi Ly cd nhiing cau ke, bai ke dugc thi vi hoa trong Tham dd hien quyit ciia Vien Chieu; Nhdt nhdt hdi chiing cua Tinh Khdng; Cdo tat thi chung ctia Man Giac thi sang ddi Trin, cac tac phim Thien phai co nhiing cau tha, bai tha diing nghia tha trong Ngic luc vdn ddp, Niem tung ke, Luc thdi sdm hdi khoa nghi cua Trin Thai Tdng; Chdn tdm chi dung, Sinh tu cua Trin Thanh Tdng; Vgn su quy nhu, Thi thdi hu huyin, Nhgp trdn, Sinh tic nhdn nhi di, Ddi ca Tung cd cua Tue Tmng; De cd Chdu Huong thdn tu, Dgi Ldm Thdn Quang tu cua Tran Nhan Tdng; Nhgp tuc hiyin thanh son cua Phap Loa; Tdng sidd tic de, Dien Hint tu cua Huyin Quang. Ben canh d6, cdn c6 nhilu bai tha mang cam hiing Thiin hgc chilm mdt s6 lugng Idia lon trong tha ke cua Thiin phai so vdi cac bai tha ciia cac thiin su ddi Ly. Ndi dung trinh bay den ban thi giai thoat, cac van de sinh tu Niet ban, chan nhu, sic khdng, huu vd Chiing ta cd thi thiy mdt vai bai tha a ddi Ly nliu Ngdn hodi cua Kliong Lg; Him huang Nhu Lai ciia Quang Nghiem; Hoa diep cua Giac Hai phat bieu ve de tai nay. Nhu la sir tilp ndi "truyen dang tuc diem", cac thien sir ctia Thien phai cung trinh bay sa dac chirng ngd qua su minh giai cac van de thugc ban the giai thoat ndi tren. Tue Tmng tm-ac tac mgt loat bai: 77?// ne nguii, Phong Tdng Dien dgi su, Vdn Phiic Dicdg dgi .su; Ngdu tdc ; Tran Thanh Tdng sang tac cac bai nhu Doc Dgi Tue ngu tuc hint cdm, Tu thudt, Ddc Phcit Dgi minh luc him cdm; Tran Nhan Tdng c6 cac bai nhu San phdng mgn hirng, Dgi Lam Thdn Quang tu. Him cu vd cu ; Phap Loa vai bai Thi tich; Huyen Quang cd cac bai nhu Yen Tic son am cu Thgch Thdt, Di Dgng Hien ddn viet gid son Moi bai cua mdi tac gia cd mdt each dien dat rieng biet khi thi trirc tiep, luc thi gian tilp trinh bay cam hung Thien hgc ve sa die, sa chung nhung deu xuat phat tir dilm nhin ciia sy chiing ngd thuc tai duyen sinh vd nga, vd thirdng. Chang han, bai Di Cd Chdu huong thdn tu; Tran Nhan Tdng nhin nhan "sd ddi" that md mit trudc sir sinli lao benli tir klii ve tham cdng chua Thien Thuy nga benh nang. The nliung, mdt ngudi tinli thuc thi c6 cai nhin thiu dat van phap la duyen sinh dl chuyin hda tam thuc, nliini budc ra khoi vdng he luy "ai luyin". Day ciing chinli la cai nhin cua ddi mit tue giac ma tac gia dien giai bing hinh anh "Thai tinh luong hai ngan". (Tinh trong ddi mat trong). Tai day, "ma quan" sau can khdng nliiem sau trin, "cdi Phat" hoa hien ngap tran sic xuan: "The so nhit sach mac, Thdi tinli luong hai ngan. Ma cung hon quan tham, Phat qudc bit thang xuan"'-" (Sd dai ma mit ca, Tinh trong ddi mat trong. Cung ma neu quan chat, Coi Phat xuan Idiong ciing)*^"*. Doc bai 11 TAP CHI HAN NOM SO 6 (103) - 2010 THiCH PHUaC DAT De Ddng Hien ddn viet gia son, ta thay, Huyen Quang ciing tu tai giai thoat vai mdt tam thiic thanh tinh, kliong con he luy tuc tran: "Hoa mdc di duyen chiing tac son. Lung yen trao nguyet, lac hoa ban. Tdng tu niem lu dd vd tuc, Doanh dac tlianh phong nhat chain an"*"^' (Quaiili quat cay leo, mii chat chdng. Hoa roi lanh giua klioi trang long. Tii' na}' niem tiic thoi Mi'ong \'an, Chiee goi an nlian trudc gio trong)*-"*'. Chua dimg tai day, ta con thay cac bai tha Thien bgc Id cam xuc tam trang thuc chirng giac ngd dugc giai trinh thong qua XQ dep thien nhien dep de. huyen ao bang mgt cam quan Thien hgc. Nguon cam biing sang tao truoc canh \-at him tinh, thien nhien boa canh Phat la sd truang sang tac ciia cac thien su tir ddi Ly den ddi Tran ma cac nha nghien cim gpi la tha tire canh sinh tinh. Bai Ngu nhdn ciia Khdng Ld (theo Le Dire Niem neu ra, rdi y nay dugc Biii Duy Tan viet lai dang tren Tgp chi Vdn hgc sd 5-2002. tr.85-86 thi bai tha nay chfnh la ciia Han 6 (842-923) ddi Duong a Trung Hoa x'di thi de la Tiiy trudc chir khdng phai la Khdng Ld (1016-1094) ddi Ly d Viet Nam) va Cdo tat thi chiing ciia Man Giac ddi Ly la mdt trong nhung bai tieu bieu. Nhung dau an ldn ve loai tha nay \an la cac tac gia thien sir a ddi Tran thugc phai Thien True Lam nliu bai Ky Thanh Phong am tdng Dice San cua Tran Thai Tdng; De Huyen Thien dgng, Hgnh Thien Trudng hdnh cung ciia Tran Thanh Tdng; Hga Hung Tri thugng vi hdu, Giang hd tu thich ciia Tue Tmng; Xudn hieu, Dgng Thien hd thugng. Xudn cdnh ciia Tran Nhan Tong; va nhilu bai tha khae ciia Huyin Quang dat din dinh cao ciia thi ca nhu Cue hoa (6 bai), Chu trung. Phiim chu, Trite mien, Ngg thuy, Nhdn su dS Ciru Lan tu, Dia Id tiec su Bai Chu trung, Phiim chu la mdt thf du diln hinh. Ca hai bai deu iiy hinh anh con thuyin lam ngudn cam hirng de diln dat thi gidi thuc tai hien huu ciing song hanh vdi the gidi sieu nghiem trong mgt khdng gian bien trdi bao la, mdt thdi gian vd bien de den nai ciing tan. Con thuyen ciia Huyen Quang la con thuyen vugt thoat khd dau ma kinh dien nha Phat ggi la thu\en Bat Nha. Nguoi dge se cam nhan sir thanh thoat, su huyen dieu giua bien trdi menh mdng, c6 sir hien hiiu cua mdt chiee thuyen con ludt qua be dai tram luan, xa xa chi mgt canh chim hai au trang de ma ldi cho cudc hanh trinh ve mien giai thoat "Giang thiiy lien thien nhat au bach" (Chim au mdt canh trang phau. {Chu trungf'^\ Den bai Phiem chu thi nguoi dge khdng chi cam nhan bang ngdn ngii thi ca ma con tiep can dugc the gioi chimg thuc ndi tam luon hoa quyen giira cuoc dai xao dgng vdi song nudc dat dao va coi "sac khong" an tinh vdi "Nguyet lac ba tam giang man suong" (Trang rai day nuac, day sdng . N(26) suang ma) . Nhin chung. co su chuyen djch \'e ndi dung chuyen tai va hinh thirc thi loai trong ke va tha Thien tir doi Ly din ddi Tran, cu the la Thiin phai Tnic Lam. Ve ndi dung chuyen tai, chiing tdi nhit tri vdi y kien tdng kit la ke va tha Thien true tiep hay gian tiep ban \'l giao ly Phat giao, triet ly ban thi giai thoat van 12 [...]... khong a trong cau hdi, Cau hoi khong a trong dao.)*^''' 3.4 Niem tung ke, tiing cd Day la hai the loai dac thu cua van hgc Phat giao The loai nay chi xuit hien trong van hgc dai Tran Van hgc ddi Ly chua co Theo thu tich co cho biit, doi Tran chi co hai tac gia de lai tac phim thugc loai nay la Tran Thai Tdng vdi niem tung ke dugc chep gop trong Khda hu luc va Tue Trung Thugng sT vai tiing co trong Thugng... nhien lieu dat yeu chi cua Thien Trong khi dd, niem tung ke va tung cd van sir dung loi dien dat an du va phi logic, nhung cau tha trong phan tung khdng qua kho hieu nhu nhiing ldi ddi dap trong phan ngir luc Hon niia, vdi ket cau ba phan, nguai hgc khi nghien ngam cong an d phan cir va dugc giai thich bien luan ggi md cu thay d phan niem (trong niem tung ke), phan luan (trong tung co) thi den thai diem... Lam hien nay con luu giii nhieu bai tua Trong dd, Khoa hu luc la mdt tac pham da bao luu rat nhieu bai tira cua nhieu tac pham kbac nhau ma Tran Thai Tdng da viet Co it nhat la bdn van ban ve the loai nay trong Khod hu luc: Thien tdng chi nam tu, Kim Cicang tam mudi kinh tu, Binh ddng sdm vdn tu, Luc thi sdm hdi khoa nghi tu Bai tira cd gia tri van chuong nhat trong so cac bai tua ma Tran Thai Tong... dao choi ngoai khoang each, s u TIEP BIEN THE LOAI VAN HOC PHAT GIAO TRONG (Neu: Lao Tir ndi: "Vinh nhuc deu khdng sg" 3.5 Tu Tu la mgt thi loai van hgc dugc sit dung rdng rai trong van hgc tmng dai noi chung, van hgc Phat giao ndi rieng Tuy nhien, xet ve ngudn gdc the loai nay ma cac ban van kinh dien van hgc Phat giao sir dung cd ten ggi day du la tu dan c i u tnic mdt bai tu dan trong mgt ban Kinh... Tieu Tuong mgt sic trong. )* Sau nay, van de tren da dugc thiin su Chan Nguyen ly giai: "May len niii bac bing lau, Nuac xudng ngudn Tao vac vac sang thanh Phap than tram tich vien minh, Tu tai tung hoanh phd man s u TIEP BIEN THE LOAI VAN HOC PHAT GIAO TRONG thai hu Tuy hinh ung vat tu nhu, Hoa thien bach lic do chu mgi loai iTng hien duoi dat tren trai, Khip hoa thi gidi mgi nai trong ngoai Da dat... thi ndi dung nay lai thip hon (ty le tren 70%)* ^' Con tha Thiin thien vl cam xiic tru tinli tlii ngugc lai, van hgc ddi Ly chi chiem khoang 6%), van hgc Phat giao ddi Tran thi chiem khoang 30%) nhu da co nha nghien cim thdng ke Dilu dd ly giai la klii cam xiic trii' tinh trong tha Thiin ngay cang tang thi bien gidi tha Thiin se dugc md rdng, tha Thien "tiln gin tdi cac the loai tha trii tinh hay tha... Tung rang: Nong cdi ao ra, lanh khoac vd, Khdng ndng khong lanh, biit bao gia? Xem mau lilu ngu hoa cung day, Lg phai tim xuan hong bon miia.)*'*'' Vay la phan cir dan lai lai Lao Tir trong sach Dgo dice kinh Tir lai ggi dan, nguai hgc dao cd the nghien ngam cho din khi nao bimg ngd chan ly thi thdi Tren ca sd do, den thdi Phat giao Ly - Tran, sir van dung the loai nay trong cac ban van cd thay doi cho... be)*^^' Trong cong an nay, cau cir Tran Thai Tdng lay tir Thiin tdng tung cd lien chdu thdng, tap 2, Tuc 115.8b4 (52al0): "The Tdn vi ly Dau Suit, dT giang vuang cung, vi xuit mdu thai, do nhan dT tat." Den hai cau niem thi lay mgt cau tra lai cua thien su Ddng An Thuang Sat trong Thien tdng chfnh mach 6, ta 43al5 va mdt chut cai bien Cau cua thiin su Thuang Sat la "Kiem giap vi thi, Tac than dT lg" Cdn trong. .. tan ciing Tai day, ngudi biing va va the nhap chan ly So sanh niem tung ke, tung cd vdi ke thi cac bai tung (ke) cua chiing gan vdi ke trong kinh Neu ke trong kinh co chirc nang tdm tat ndi dung tu tudng ma phan van xuoi da giang trudc dd bang the tha thi ke (tung) trong niem tung ke C chirc nang thau tom ldi kien giai d O tren, bang hinh thirc tha cd dgng vdi muc dich khdng chi ndi, ma con di hoi... ciing nhu ca sd ly luan cho Thien phai Triic Lam ra ddi de dap img cac nhu cau thuc tien ciia lich sir dat nudc va dao phap nudc nlia trong mgt thdi dai mdi - thai dai Dong A song mai trong ldng dan tgc Viet Nam 3.6 Ca, ngam Ca, ngam la nhung the loai chi cd xuat hien trong cac sang tac ciia cac thien gia, thien su dai Tran thugc Thien phai True Lam ma thoi, chir vao dai Ly thi hau nhu khong co Theo . va phat trien it nhat trong khoang thai gian 3 the ky dau d An Do, tu thdi Phat tai the den thdi Asoka (A Due), sau do lan toa phat trien tai Tich Lan va cac nuac trong khu vue vai nhiing. van van, trong dd thi ke va tha Thien (thugc van van) la thi loai dugc sii dung nhieu nhit. Cac bai ke va tha Thien xuat hien kha nhieu trong Khda hu luc, khdng ke phan Ke trong Niem. hgc ddi Ly chi chiem khoang 6%), van hgc Phat giao ddi Tran thi chiem khoang 30%) nhu da co nha nghien cim thdng ke. Dilu dd ly giai la klii cam xiic trii' tinh trong tha Thiin ngay