TAP CHi KHOA HOC XA HQI SO 05(l29)-2009
51
CAC VAI NGHTA TRONGCAUNGHIVANTIENGVIET
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VA CACH DjCH CHUYENSANGTIENGANH
NGOTHICAMTU
'lO
TOM TAT
Bdi ndy bdn vi vdn di nhdn diin cdc vai
nghTa
trong cdu nghi vdn tiing Viet vol cdc
chiec ndng vai nghTa cua de, chit ngie, bo
ngie nhu: Hdnh the, tdc the, dich thi, tiep
the, vd vai nghTa cua trgng ngie nhu cdc
vai nghTa chu cdnh voi cdc ddu hiiu ngie
phdp ciia thiec nghi vdn. Kit qud khdo sdt
duoc thuyet gidi nhu Id co sd nhdn diin
cdc vai nghTa cdu nghi vdn trongtiengViet
de djch chuyin sang tiing Anh.
1. DAT
VAN DE
Hudng nghien ciiu mdi ciia tiengViet hien
thdi van la su tiep ndi ciia nhirng thdnh tuu
trong cac giai doan trudc. Trong bdi ndy
chiing tdi de cap den mdt sd phuang dien
nghien ciru hien nay thu hut nhieu su quan
tam ciia cac nha ngdn ngir hgc, ddc biet la
ngie
phdp chuc ndng. Day la cdch tiep can
mdi ddi vdi tiing Viet. Tuy nhien ngir phdp
chirc nang van cdn nhieu van de can dugc
tilp tuc thao luan, nghien ciru de tim kiem
ra cac md hinh tuong thich. Vdn de cdc vai
nghia caunghi vdn trongtiengViet vd
tiing Anh theo cdch tilp can chOrc nang Id
vdn dl dang thu hiit cdc nha ngdn ngu- hgc
quan tam, nghien cim. Vi vdy, chung tdi
chgn dk tai "Cdc vai nghTa irong cdu nghi
'•' Thgc sT. Trudng Cao ding Xay dung so 2,
TPHCM. Nghien cifu sinh Trudng Dai hgc
Khoa hgc Xa hgi va Nhan van TPHCM.
vdn trongtiengViet vd cdch dich chuyin
sang tiing Anh" nhdm nghien ciiu cac vai
nghTa trongcaunghivan tieng' Vietva
tieng Anh theo cdch tiep can chirc ndng.
2.
TONG QUAN VE CAC VAI NGHTA
TRONG CAu NGHI
VAN
TIENGVIETvA
TIENG ANH THEO CACH TIEP CAN CHUC
NANG
Ngii phdp chiic nang cd gang dat dugc myc
tieu bang cdch chap nhdn mdt sir dinh
hudng mang tinh ngir nghTa vd dung hgc
cao hon trong ngu phdp, tire Id coi nghTa
hgc vd dyng hgc nhu nhirng bd phdn khdng
the thieu trong he thdng td chirc ciia ngir
phdp.
Chang ban M. Halliday xir ly vdn de
he thdng td chirc cua ngii' phdp ndy bdng
cdch khdng djnh rdng ngir phdp ciia cdc
ngdn ngu sdn cd tren the gidi deu dugc td
chirc nhdm bieu dat trong ciing mdt cdu ba
loai nghTa ma dng ggi la "sieu chiic ndng
(metafunctions)" (Halliday, 1994, tr. 35):
nghTa y niem (ideational meaning), nghTa
lien nhdn (interpersonal meaning) va nghTa
vdn bdn (textual meaning) (Halliday, 1985,
tr. 53 ). Day la cho dugc coi la ndi bat trong
ngir phdp chiic ndng cua Halliday ma dng
ggi Id he thdng (systemic) vd vi vdy md cd
the dugc img dyng de mieu td nhieu, neu
khdng mudn ndi Id tdt ca cdc ngdn ngir tren
the gidi. Bdi viet nay lien quan tdi hai sieu
chirc ndng tren la nghTa y niem va nghTa
lien nhdn ciia M.A.K Halliday. Chirc nang
nghTa lien nhdn dugc the hien qua he thdng
52
NGO TH] CAM TU - CAC VAI
NGHTA
TRONGCAUNGHIVAN
cau true "thirc" (Halliday, 2004, tr. 18).
Cdu true thirc (mood structure) gdm phdn
tinh thai va phan du. Phan tinh thai trong
cau nghivan la phan danh dau tinh thai
hdnh ddng hdi, phan du Id phdn cau cdn lai
chi sy viec dugc phdn dnh trong cdu (Diep
Quang Ban, 2008, tr. 104-105). Chirc ndng
ngliTa y niem la bieu hien ciia nhirng su
tinh: nhirng hdnh ddng, nhirng bien cd,
nhirng qud trinh tam ly, vd nhirng mdi quan
he (Halliday, 1985, tr. 53).
Bdi viet nay chu yeu tham chieu cdc vai
nghTa dugc trinh bay trong tdc phdm Tiing
Viet - So thdo
ngie
phdp
chiec
ndng cua tac
gia Cao Xudn Hao, cd le la nhd Viet ngir
hgc ddu tien gidi thieu khdi niem vai nghTa
bdng tiengVietva nghien ciru nd trong mgt
ngdn ngir tu nhien Id tieng Viet. Trong Hch
sir nghien ciiu ve vai nghTa phai ke den
cdng lao to Idn cua nhd ngdn ngir hgc ddu
tien Id L. Tesniere (1959), sau dd Id mdt sd
cdc cdng trinh ddng gdp khdc ciia mdt sd
nhd ngdn ngir nhu C.J. Fillmore (1968,
1971 va 1977), D. Ha (1970), T.T. Hai
(1972),
N.D. Liem (1973), M. Clark (1974
va 1978), S.C. Dik (1978) va M.A.K.
Halliday (1985), Cdng viec ciia chung tdi
se nghien ciiu theo cdc nha ngdn ngir hgc
tieng Viet cd nhirng ddng gdp to Idn cho
ngdnh ngdn ngii hgc Viet Nam la Cao Xuan
Hao (1991), Nguyen Thi Anh (2002),
Hodng Van Vdn (2005), Diep Quang Ban
(2008)
trd lai vdi L. Tesneire (1953 va
1959) vd sau dd din M.A.K Halliday dl
nghien ciru tim hieu lich sir van de dang
quan tam. Chung tdi tin rdng tdc pham
Tieng Viet - So thdo
ngie
phdp chiec ndng
ciia Cao Xuan Hao (1991) da phdc thdo
nhii-ng net dinh hudng rd cho nhieu nghien
ciru ve sau ve cdc vai nghTa trong cdu nghi
van tiengViet cd lien quan den ngu phdp
chuc nang trongtieng Viet. Ngoai ra cdn
phai ke den nhirng cdng trinh ddng gdp Idn
cua Hoang VanVan (2005) va Diep Quang
Ban (2008) ve cac vai nghTa trongcaunghi
van trongtieng Viet. Cdc vai ngliTa trong
cdu nghivantrongtiengViet cd cdc cong
trinh mdi tuong ddi day du la cudn Ngie
phdp kinh nghiem cua cu tiengViet (Md ta
theo quan diem chirc nang he thdng) ciia
Hodng Van Van, 2005, Nxb. Khoa hgc xa
hdi vd cudn Gido trinh Ngie phdp tiing
Viet
(Theo dinh hudng ngir phap chirc ndng),
tap 2 - Phdn cdu cua Diep Quang Ban,
2008,
Nxb Gido due.
Myc tieu chinh ciia ngir phap chiic ndng la
gidi thich ngdn ngir dua tren cdi ma con
ngudi hanh xir vdi su hd trg ciia chinh ngon
ngir, ngliTa Id con ngudi sir dyng ngdn ngir
nhu the ndo de giao tiep trong cugc sdng
hang ngdy. Vai nghTa trongcaunghivan
tieng VietvatiengAnh the hien nhieu qua
cdc phat ngdn. Vi vay, bdi viet nay co
nhiem vu trd Idi cac cau hdi sau ddy theo
cdch tiep can chirc ndng:
- Vai nghTa la gi? Cac vai nghTa trongcau
nghi vantiengVietvadich chuyin nhu thi
nao sangtieng Anh?
,,.„,
Qua khao sat chiing ta nhan thay rang, boat
ddng va cdch the hien ciia cdc vai ngliTa nay
gdp phan khang djnh tinh chat thien chii de
ciia tiengVietva thien chii ngir ciia tieng
Anh. Su khdc biet ve cau true cii phdp ca
ban se gdy khd khan cho ngudi Vi?t hgc
tieng Anh khi phdi nhdp ma, gidi ma va
chuyen ma Anh-Viet hoac Viet-Anh. Tire
Id ngudi Viet hgc tiengAnh se gap kho
khan khi nghe, ndi, dgc, viet vd djch xudi,
dich ngugc tir Anh-Viet hoac tir Viet-Anh.
Trudc bet, chiing tdi ban ve cdc vai nghTa
trong cdu nghivantieng Viet. Trongcau
NGO
TH|
CAM TU - CAC
VAI
NGHIATRONGCAUNGHIVAN
53
tran thuat cd bao nhieu vai nghTa thi trong
cdu nghivan cung cd bay nhieu vai nghTa.
Chiing cung dugc dichchuyen tir cdu trdn
thuat ma thdnh. Tir cdu trdn thuat cd thi
dich chuyensang cdu nghi vdn va tir cau
nghi van cung cd the dichchuyensang cdu
tran thuat xem xet ve ca hai ngdn ngii tieng
Viet vatieng Anh. Tuy nhien vai trd vd vi
tri ciia cdc vai nghTa trong cdu nghi vdn
tieng VietvatiengAnh khdc ban trong cdu
tran thuat. Chung ta nhdn thdy: "Cdu Id su
the hien bdng ngdn ngii' ciia mdt menh de
(proposition). Nd ket hgp vdi mdt chii the
"sd de" ciia dien ngdn vdi mdt nhdn djnh
"sd thuyet" ve cai chii the dy" (Sapir, 1921,
tr. 35). Cdc vai nghTa trongcaunghivan
tieng Viet dugc the hien qua di ngie vd
thiec.
2.1.
De ngu-
Trong tiing Viet, "de" vira Id van de ngu
nghia, vira la van de ngir phdp.
Trong tiing Anh, "de" chi la vdn de ngu
nghTa md thdi. De cd the cd nhirng tinh chdt
sau: tiiy chgn (optional), xdc dinh
(definite), da biit sdn (given), dugc ddnh
ddu (marked) va tuong phdn (contrastive).
2.2.
Thirc
Cau nghi vdn (interrogative) trong dd ed
thirc nghi vdn thudng dugc coi Id mdt trong
nhti-ng cdch ddnh ddu "thirc" bdng phuong
tien hinh thai hgc.
NIU
nd Id thirc nghi vdn
thi nd hodc la thirc nghi vdn cd circ (kieu eii
yeu cdu cau trd Idi cd/khdng) hoac thirc
nghi vdn cd ndi dung (kieu cau hdi cd thdnh
phdn "WH") ( Halliday, 2004, tr. 116).
Chi dinh: nghivan
Vi dy:
- Gau cd dn mat ong khdng? {Do bears
ceil
honeyl).
= Cd phdi gdu khdng dn mat ong khdng?
(Don
'I
bears eat honeyl).
Chi dinh: nghi vdn cd thdnh phdn: WH
Vi dy:
- Con gi an mat ong? (What eat honeyl).
= Gdu dn gi? (What do bears eat?).
Cau nhu Id sir the hien cd lien quan den
viec nghien ciru chirc ndng phdn dnh kinh
nghiem ciia nd vd hinh thirc ciia nd nhu Id
cdch thiic the hien cdc mdu thiic kinh
nghiem. The gidi kinh nghiem dugc the
hien trong he thdng chuyen tdc (transitivity
system), gdm cdc kieu qua trinh nhu: vdt
chdt, tinh thdn, quan he, hdnh vi. phdt ngdn,
vd hien huu. Tren nguyen tdc mdt qud trinh
bao gdm ba thdnh phan kinh nghiem:
- Qua trinh,
- Cdc tham the trong qud trinh,
- Cdc chu cdnh lien quan den qud trinh.
3.
cAC VAINGHIATRONGcAuNGHI
VAN
TIENGVIET THEO CACH TIEP
CAN
CHIJCNANG
Cdc khdi niem qud Irinh, tham thi, vd chu
cdnh Id nhirng pham trii ngii: ngliTa gidi
thich mdt cdch khdi qudt nhat cdc hien
tugng ciia the gidi hien thuc dugc the hien
trong cdc cdu triic ciia ngdn ngCr nhu the
ndo.
Khi phdn tich nhirng cdu cu the, ta
khdng diing nhirng khdi niem khdi quat ndy
md phdi diing nhirng khdi niem cu the ban
irng vdi tirng kieu qud trinh trong he thong
chuyin tdc nhu: Hanh the (Actor), Cam the
(Senser), Duong the (Carrier), Dich the
Goal),
Tilp the (Receiver) Tuy nhien, tdt
cd dlu xudt phdt tir vd cd quan he vdi ba
pham trii khdi qudt nay. Trong giao tiep
bdng ngdn ngir thdng thudng hdng ngdy
ngudi ndi thudng de Id rd y djnh trong
hdnh ddng ndi ciia minh de ngudi nghe
54 NGO
THI
CAM TU - CAC
VAI
NGHTA TRONGCAUNGHIVAN
nam bat dugc. Cd hai loai cdu nghi vdn
theo luc ngdn trung:
- Caunghivan theo luc ngdn trung theo ldi
true tiep.
- Caunghivan theo luc ngdn trung theo ldi
gian tiep ( phdt sinh).
Cau nghivan theo luc ngdn trung theo ldi
true tiep la caunghi vdn dugc diing vdi
myc dich hdi, cd chirc nang hdi, tire la
ngudi ndi mudn nguoi nghe cung cap cho
minh dieu ma minh chua biet hoac hoai
nghi.
Cdu nghivan theo luc ngdn trung theo Idi
gidn tiep cdn ggi la cdu hdi phi chinh danh.
Id caunghivan khdng nham muc dich de
hdi.
Vai nghTa hay cdn ggi la chirc ndng nghTa
trong cau true nghTa bieu hien. Cae thirc the
trong cdu tnic ngliTa bieu hien giir hai vai
nghTa (hay chirc ndng nghTa) khdc nhau bao
gdm:
- Vai nghTa tham the: Id cdc tham the ndm
trong su viec dugc phdn dull vdi tu cdch cdu
thdiili su viec, neu thieu mdt thye the cdn
thiet thi su viec klidng the thanh lap dugc.
- Vai nghTa chu cdnh: Id cdc thue the di
kem su viec de neu hodn cdnh vd tinh
hudng cua su viSc.
Trong cau tnic nghTa cdu tiengViet gdm cd
3 loai kieu nghTa: nghTa bieu hien, nghTa
tinh thai, nghiavan bdn (Cao Xuan Hao;
2004,
tr. 51). Cac vai nghTa trongcaunghi
van dugc the hien qua caii true nghTa bieu
hien vacau tnic nghTa tinh thdi hay nghTa
cua kieu cau theo myc dich ndi (Diep
Quang Ban, 2008, tr. 8) hay nghTa ciia cdu
theo luc ngdn trung (Cao Xuan Hao, 2004,
tr. 413) de phan dnh thdi do ciia ngudi ndi
ddi vdi viec thuc hien hdnh dgng ndi.
4.
CACHDICHCHUYEN CAC VAINGHIA
TRONG CAuNGHIVANTIENG VI$T
SANG TIENGANH
Halliday (1976) de xudt: Khdng nen hdi
'Tir ndy dugc dimg nhu the ndo?", ma nen
hdi "NghTa nay dugc dien dat nhu the
nao?"
Nhu vay, vai nghTa trongcaunghi
van trong hai ngdn ngir dang xet cd nhirng
bien ddi trong qua trinh dien dat ve nghia.
Nhdn thiic nhu vay chung ta se thay rdng
sy chgn lua tir ngir chi la mdt khia canh
cua su chgn lua cdc vai nghTa trong ngu:
phap chiic nang cua qua trinh phdt ngdn.
Va sy bien ddi cac vai nghTa mang tinh tir
vung ngii phdp hon la thuan tiiy tir vung.
Halliday dua ra hai dang ngir phap trong cu
nghi van: Nghia bieu hien (representative
meaning) va cdu triic thiic (mood structure).
Mdi loai tuong irng vdi mdt md hinh chirc
ndng ngir nghTa gdm: NghTa bieu hien va
cdu triic thirc trong qua trinh chuyen tac
irng vdi md hinh tir vung thuan tiiy. De ro
ban, chiing ta trd lai van de cd tinh nguyen
tdc trong ngu phdp chirc ndng ciia Halliday.
Halliday cho rdng ngu phdp chirc ndng la
mdt loai ngir phdp dugc ddt trong hudng
ngir ngliTa hgc. Theo hudng ndy, Halliday
dua ra 3 loai nghTa: NghTa van bdn img vdi
cu nhu mdt thdng diep; nghTa lien nhan
irng vdi cii nhu mdt trao ddi; va nghTa ngi
dung hay ngliTa y niem irng vdi cii nhu
mdt su the hien. Hai loai nghTa lien nhan
(interpersonal meaning), nghTa bieu hi?n
(representative meaning) vacau tnic thirc
(mood structure) chuyen tac boat ddng tren
hai md hinh tuong irng nhu sau: 1) Cau true
thirc (mood structure) irng vdi nghTa lien
nhdn; tire la tren nen cau true lap ngdn gdm
thirc nghi vdn + phan du. 2) nghTa biiu hi?n
(cdn ggi la nghTa ndi dung hay nghTa y
niem) tren nen cdu true lap ngdn irng vdi
NGOTHj CAM TU - CAC VAINGHIATRONGCAUNGHIVAN
55
cac loai qua trinh trong phdn du (residue).
Cy the hon, chimg ta hay xem cdc vai nghTa
chuyen tae dugc the hien nhu thi nao tren
md hinh ly thuyet cdc vai nghTa trong hai
sieu chirc nang tren la nghTa lien nhdn vd
nghTa y niem:
Trong md hinh bieu hien nghTa bieu hien,
cd ba budc quan he he thdng nhu sau:
1) Chgn lya loai qud trinh: vdt chdt, tinh
than, quan he dugc the hien qua.
2) Sap xep cdc chirc ndng chuyen tdc: hdnh
the,
tac the, dich the, cam the, duong the
bieu hien qud trinh, tham the, thdnh phdn
chu cdnh dugc the hien qua.
3) Trinh tu cdc Idp cii doan-cym tir: cum
dgng tir, cym danh tir, cym trang tir, cii
doan va cdc tieu Idp khdc.
Khung ly thuyet nay Id dudng dan dua
chiing ta di tir y nghTa den qud trinh phdt
ngdn. Tire Id chiing ta cd cdu trd ldi cho cdu
hdi "NghTa nay dugc dien dat nhu the
ndo?".
Mdt khi chiing ta mudn the hien y
nghTa theo hudng cdu hdi chinh danh thi
chung ta se chgn phuong thirc nghTa bieu
hien theo kilu chinh danh. Ket qud la ngu
phap chuc ndng xudt hien nhu mdt phuong
thirc lap ngdn de ldm chirc ndng dien dat y
nghTa hiin Id chinh danh. Chung ta hay xet
cdc vi du sau.
Vi dy 1:
Vua sai linh dieu em be vdo, phdn hdi:
- Thdng be kia, 0 cd vice gi (Bi sd huu
thi)? Sao 0 lai din ddy md khdc?
(Truyen cd tich Viet Nam, Em be ihong
minh).
- The boy, what's the matter with you (Tiep
thi)? Why do you (Hdnh the) come here
and cry?
Tdc gid da chuyen tai y nghTa mang tinh
cdu hdi vdi chirc ndng diing de hoi (cdu hdi
chinh danh) qua mdt tinh hudng phdt ngdn
nhu tren. Ddy la dang cdu hdi chinh danh
vdi chirc nang diing de hdi ma khdng the cd
cdu true cau khdc vdi cdc vai nghTa khdc de
thay the. Trong vi dy tren cd su thay ddi
cdc vai nghTa cd the ngdm an trong cdu
nghi vdn tiengViet nhung phdi hien Id
trong caunghivantiengAnh de lam rd
nghTa.
Vi dy 2:
- Ai (Tdc the) viet thu (Dich the) cho con
(Tilp thi)?
- Who's writing 0 to me?
Hai vi du tren Id dang cdu hdi chinh danh
vdi chirc ndng diing de hdi. Nhu vdy, trong
cdu nghi vdn, bdt ky su lua chgn ve qud
trinh ndo ve y nghTa cung deu cd mgt trinh
tu tu nhien ciia cdc budc hien thuc hda.
Trong trudng hgp vi du 2 mudn hoi ve chii
the ciia hanh ddng thuc hien qud trinh vat
chdt cd cdu triic bieu hien:
- Tac the + Qud trinh (+ Dich the) + Tiep
thi.
Cdu tnic ndy dugc ma hda (hien thuc hda)
bdng cum danh tir (mdt thuc the chii the
ciia hdnh ddng) + cum ddng tir (hdnh dgng)
+ cum danh tir lam tdn ngir (mdt thye the
md rdng cua qud trinh) + cym danh tir Idm
tdn ngir (mgt thuc the tiep nhdn). Chiing tdi
bdt ddu tir phuang thirc the hien tuong
thich trong thuc te vd cudi ciing la ma hda
vi gidi thich kinh nghiem bdng hinh thirc
ngdn ngu ve mat cd him da Id mgt qua trinh
ve nghTa.
- Tac thi (= Dai tir nghi van) + Qud trinh
(Ddng tir chi hdnh ddng) + Dich the (Tdn
ngir) + Tiep the (Tdn ngir).
56
NGO
THI
CAM TU - CAC VAI NGHTA TRONGCAUNGHIVAN
Trong vi dy tren cd sy thay ddi vai nghTa
dich the cd the ngam an trong cdu nghi vdn
tieng Anh nhung bat budc phdi hien Id de
ldm rd nghTa trongcaunghivantieng Viet.
Vidy3:
- Cd le mai (chu canh chi thdi gian) cdc
bgn (Hdnh the) ve (qua trinh: vdt chdt) nhi?
Chung ta cd the de nghi each dichchuyen
sang tiengAnh nhu sau.
- May you (Hanh the) return home (chu
cdnh chi khdng gian: Dich) tomorrow (chu
canh chi thdi gian)? Trong vi dy tren, cdc
vai nghTa trongcaunghivantiengAnh cd
su thay ddi so vdi caunghivantrongtieng
Viet: "return" la ndi ddng tir nen sau nd cd
the cd them chu cdnh ehi khdng gian: Dich
vd trat tu cdc vai nghTa cung budc phdi thay
ddi cho phii hgp vdi ngdn ngir tu nhien ciia
nd. Trongtieng Viet, cdu nghi vdn trong vi
dy tren la cau hdi chinh danh dugc dimg
vdi hdnh ddng hdi (vdi y mong mudn su
ddng tinh tir phia ngudi nhdn). Trong dd,
"cd le" la tinh thdi do tin cay (chua tin chdc
su viec dugc neu trong cdu) vd "nhi" ddnh
ddu tinh thdi hanh ddng hdi; "mai cdc ban
dy ve" la phdn du chi sy viec dugc phdn
anh. Md hinh cau tnic thiic trongcaunghi
van tren trong vi dy 3 dugc tac gid Diep
Quang Ban phdn tich nhu sau.
Cciu true thirc
C6le
Tinh thai 1
mai cac
ban
ve
Phan dir
nhi?
Tinh thai 2
Nguon:
Diep Quang Ban, 2008, tr. 105.
Khi thirc hien bdi viet nay chiing tdi cd dua
tren ngii phdp truyen thdng va chimg tdi coi
trgng nhirng thanh tuu ve ngdn ngir ciia
ngir phdp hgc hien dai vdi gidi phdp dugc
chgn la theo dinh hudng ngir phdp chirc
ndng vdi cac tdc gia tieu bieu nhu Cao
Xudn Hao, Hoang Van Van, Diep Quang
Ban, Austin, S.C. Dik, M.A.K. Halliday,
Hien nay, tuy vdi sy phdt trien ciia ngdn
ngir hgc nhung cau tnic nghTa bieu hien la
phan khd dien giai cho sat va chinh xac,
cdc cugc thdo ludn chi tiet ve chiing van
chua chdm dirt, chua cd tieng ndi cudi
ciing. Vi the, viec nam rd ve cau tnic nghTa
bieu hien va nghTa lien nhan giup cho viec
y thiic rd hon tac ddng den ngudi nghe va
ddnh gid su viec dien dat trongcauVa dien
dat chung theo luc ngdn trung true tiep hay
gian tiep.
Gidi thich kinb nghiem bang hinh thiirc
ngdn ngir ve mat cd hiru da la mdt qua trinh
ve nghTa nen binh dien nghTa khac hien
dien trong chinh ngdn ngir la dieu hien
nhien. Vi the trong qua trinh djch cho sat
thi chimg ta phdi chuyensang mdt hinh
thirc tuong thich de djch cho diing ngir
nghTa de ma hda chung. Khi chung ta mudn
the hien y ngliTa theo hudng cau hdi phi
chinh danh thi chiing ta se chgn phuang
thirc nghTa ham an. Va ket qua la ngiir phap
chirc nang xuat hien nhu mgt phuong thirc
lap ngdn de lam chirc nang dien dat y nghTa
ham y mudn ndi. Chung ta hay xem xet
mdt vi du khac ma ngudi ta chuyen tir mgt
y nghTa chinh danh sang dang mdt cau hoi
mang tinh ham an (cdu hdi phi chinh danh)
bdng mdt each phdt ngdn khac. Chiing ta
hay xem xet cdu hdi phi chinh danh nliu sau.
(1) - Sao cy lo xa qua the?
(Nam Cao, Lao Hgc).
Tieng Vi^t
Tieng Anh
Cau tnic
nghTa bieu
hi^n
Sao
Why
Chu
canh chi
lydo
are
cu
you
Cam
th^
to
worried
Qud
trinh:
Tmh
th^n
xaqui
so much?
Chu canh
chi
phwang
thu-c
thS?
Bi$tt6
tinh
thdi
NGO THI CAM TU - CAC VAI
NGHIA
TRONGCAUNGHI VAN.
57
Vi du tren la dang cau hdi ma khdng cdn cd
cau tra ldi, dugc thay bdng kilu cdu ndi
khdc it tinh ham y vdi cdu true trat tu cac
vai nghTa kieu khdc ma van cd y nghTa thi
hien tuong duong rd hon.
(2) - Cu khdng nen lo xa.
Tieng Vi^t
Tieng Anh
Cau true
nghTa bieu
hien
Cu
You
Cam {hk
khong n§n
shouldn
7
to
be worried
Qua
trinh:
Tinh th^n
xa
so much
Cach ndi tuong thich thdng thudng nhu la
each ndi true tiep d
(2).
Va each ndi ham an
gian tiep nhu d (1) vdi chirc nang phii dinh.
Day la dang cau hdi phi chinh danh trong
tieng Viet nhu da neu d tren md phdi can cir
vao nghTa md hinh td chirc co bdn ndy la he
thdng trao ddi - cho vd yeu cau thdng tin
dugc eu the hda trong 2 thdnh phdn ciia cii:
Thirc + Phan du. Nhu vdy, ddu chdm hdi
chi mdi Id hinh thirc de nhdn biet cdu nghi
vdn, ngodi hinh thirc cdn phdi chii y den ngi
dung, y nghTa chirc ndng ngliTa bieu hien vd
nghTa lien nhdn ciia cdu mdi the hien dugc
y nghTa trgn ven. Chiing ta xem xet cdch sir
dung tinh thdi trong cdu. (Xem vi dy (1).
Vidy(l)
Vi du tren la dang cau hdi cd the dugc thay
bdng kieu cdu ndi bang cdch khdc ma it tinh
bdm y vdi cac vai nghTa khdc ma van cd y
nghTa the hien tuong duong rd ban. (Xem
vi du (2).
Su khdc nhau d (1) vd (2) Id d (1) tinh thdi
dugc dien dat trong pham trii khdch quan,
dn ngdn, khdng cd sy xudt hien ciia cdi 'tdi'
(Cdm the). Ngugc lai, d (2) tinh thai dugc
dien dat d pham trii chii quan vd hien ngdn,
cdi tdi hien rd. Hon nira, d (2) phdn dodn
dugc the hien d cu phdng chieu cdn d (1)
chi cd mdt thdnh phan tinh thdi trong cu
don ma thdi. TiengViet thien ve cdu triic
De Thuyet, tiengAnh thien ve cdu true Chu
Vi nen khi chuyendich chiing ta phdi
chuyen sang mdt hinh thirc mdi cho tuong
thich mdi dich dugc. Vi du:
Tieng Viet:
- Anh dy thdng minh phdi khdng? (Cdu ndy
trong tiengViet khdng cd ddng tir).
Anh ay (thi) thdng minh phdi khdng? (Cdu
tuong thich vdi "thi").
Tieng Anh:
- Is he intelligent?
Ti4ng Viet
Tiing Anh
Cku true cu phdp
CAu true nghTa
biiu hi$n
C6IS
Probably
Tinh
thdi:
xdc xu^t
chiSc
binh do
that pudding
Chu ngO
Dich the
was
HOu dinh
ichong
bao gia
never
Tinh
thdi:
thming 1$
duQC
nau
cooked
Vl ngO
Qud
trinh:
vdt ch4t
phai khong''
wasn't it?
Ph^n dinh k6m
Vi du (2)
Tiing Vi$t
Tiing Anh
CAu true cu phdp
Ciu true nghia biiu hi$n
T6i
1
Chu ngO
Cam thi
tin
believe
V| ngO
Qud
trinh:
tmh thcin
chi6c binh dd
that pudding
Chu ngO
s6
will
Huu dinh
duvc niu.
be cooked.
V\ ngO
Ogi hien tuc^ng
58
NGQ THI CAM TU - CAC VAINGHIATRONGCAUNGHI VAN.
- Hg ggi anh dy (De) Id Tom phdi khong
(Thuyet)? (Tieng Viet bat budc phdi cd "la"
mdi cd nghTa dugc).
Tieng Anh: Do they call him Tom? (Tieng
Anh lai khdng cd "to be").
Nhung Halliday ciing cho rang khdng the
cd mdt dudng ranh gidi rach rdi giiia cdch
dien dat tuang thich va cdch dien dat ham y
trong ngdn ngir ndi chung. Bdi le, mgt khi
cau triic nghTa bieu hien dn dinh va tdn tai
lau dai trong ddi sdng ngdn ngii thi chinh
nd se trd thanh each bieu hien tuong thich
nhu mgt ngdn ngir tu nhien. Va nhu the,
vai ngliTa trong ngir phdp chirc nang chinh
la con dudng lap ngdn ludn giiip con
ngudi tao ra nhirng each bieu hien mdi,
lam cho ngdn ngir thudn tiiy ludn ludn ty
nhien va sdng ddng. Phai chdng vi the
Halliday khdng dinh rang vai ngliTa trong
ngir phdp chirc ndng Id mdt net ndi bdt
trong ngdn ngir cua cu kinh nghiem vugt
qua ngdn ngir ve hinh thirc ciia ngir phdp
truyen thdng.
Den day chung ta thay rdng cdc vai nghTa Id
mdt khdi niem thien ve ngir nghTa. Cdc vai
ngliTa khdng chi gidi ban d phuang thirc
diing tir trong cdc md hinh cdu tnic cdu
nghi van ma cdn dien dat ve nghTa. Cac vai
nghTa trong cdu triic caunghivan cdn la
mdt boat ddng ngir phap nhdm chuyen tdi y
niem trong tu duy hay nghTa trong tam thirc
con ngudi den vdi ngdn ngii diing vdi sd
nguyen ciia chu the lap ngdn. Nghien ciru
cdc vai ngliTa giup chimg ta khdng dimg lai
d chd tim hieu cdc vai nghTa la gi ma cdn
tim hieu va xdc dinh rang cdc vai nghTa
trong cdu nghivan boat ddng the ndo vd tdc
dgng ra sao trong the loai van bdn trong cdc
tinh hudng hgi thoai vatrong giao tiep.
Nghien ciru cdc vai nghTa trongcaunghi
van giiip ta khang dinh hon nira rang cac
vai nghTa la mgt cdng cu quan trgng de
chuyen dat kinh nghiem cua chiing qua
nhirng cdch nhin mdi ve the gidi hien thuc
ciing nhu the gidi cua tu duy.
Hay dgc lai doan hdi thoai sau day mdt lan
niia de khang dinh rang cdc vai nghTa
khdng chi la van de d cap do tir vung, tir
vyng-ngir phap, ma cdn d cap do ngir phap,
mang tinh ndi ket mach lac trong cac tinh
hudng hdi thoai nira.
- Thua giao su Smith, em nen dgc nhung
cudn tieu thuyet ndo trudc?
(Prof.
Smith,
which novels (Dich the) should I (Tdc the)
read (Qua trinh: vat chat) first?)
- Tieu thuyet Anh hay My? (English novels
(Dich the) or American novels (Dich the)?
= Do you want to read English novels or
American novels?).
- Tieu thuyet My a (American novels).
(Le Huy Ldm - Truong Hodng Duy, 2001,
tr. 38).
5.
KET LUAN
Bdi viet da neu ra gid tri bieu hien nghia
ciia cac vai ngliTa trong cdu nghi vdn cd su
thay ddi khi chiing ta thay ddi tir cau tran
thuat (declarative) theo lye ngdn trung
(illocutionary force) sangcaunghivan de
hdi ve mgt dieu gi dd mdt cdch true tiep
hay gian tiep. Bai vief nay nham khang
dinh quan he giira viec nghien cim ly thuyet
trong ngdn ngir hgc va viec irng dyng thanh
tuu ciia viec nghien ciiu ly thuyet dy phuc
vy chg cdng tac trong thuc te nhu bien,
phien dich, day va hgc tieng, bien soan
sdch va gido trinh. Cac vai nghTa trongcau
nghi vantiengVietvatiengAnh chii yeu
the hien qua cac phdt ngdn trong nhirng
tinh hudng hdi thoai. Ngodi ra, cdc vai
NGO
TH|
CAM TU - CAC
VAI
NGHTA
TRONGCAU NGHI
VAN
59
nghTa trong cdu nghivantiengVietva
tieng Anh cdn dua vdo thirc nghivan the
hien qua cdc khung de va cac biet td chi su
nghi van. Bai viet nay md ta cdc vai nghTa
the hien trong cdc dang cdu nghi vdn. Cac
vai ngliTa trong cdu nghivantiengViet vd
tieng Anh Id phdn khd dien gidi cho sdt vd
chinh xdc nen cdc vai nghTa trongcaunghi
vdn tiengVietvatiengAnh khdng chi dimg
lai mdt miic do nghTa trong giao tiep md
chiing cdn tiiy thudc vao ngir cdnh giao tiep
vdi cdc vai nghTa vang mat, hien Id hay
ngam an. •
TAI
LIEU THAM
KHAO
1.
Austin. 1962. How to do things with words.
Cambridge (Mass.) Harvard University Press.
2.
Cao Xuan Hao. 1991. Tiing Viet - Sa thdo
ngie
phdp chiec ndng. Quyen I. Ha Ngi: Nxb.
Khoa hgc Xa hgi.
3.
Cao Xuan Hao. 1999. Mdy vdn de
ngie
dm,
ngie phdp,
ngie
nghia.
Ha
Ngi:
Nxb. Giao due.
4.
Di?p Quang Ban. 2008. Gido trinh
ngii:phdp
tieng Viet (Theo dinh hieong ngu phdp chirc
nang).
Tap I, II. Ha Ngi: Nxb. Giao due.
5.
Hoang Van Van. 2005. Ngir phdp kinh
nghiem ciia cii tiengViet (Mo td theo quan
diem
chirc
ndng he thong). Ha Ngi: Nxb. Khoa
hgc Xa hgi.
6. Le Huy Lam - Truang Hoang Duy. 2001.
200G mdu cdu thong dung trong ddm thoai
tieng Anh (song ngir Anh-Viet). TPHCM: Nxb.
TPHCM.
7.
M.A.K. Halliday. 1985. An Introduction to
Functional Grammar. London: Arnold. (Ban
dich tiing Vi?t). Nxb. Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ngi
(1994,2004).
8. Nam Cao. 2000. Truyen ngdn chgn loc. Ha
Ngi:
Nxb. Van hoa-Thong tin.
9. S.C. Dik. 1978. Functional Grammar.
Dordrecht: Foris.
10.
Truyin cd tich Viit Nam. 2008. Ha Ngi:
Nxb.
Van hgc.
(Tiep theo trang 50)
4.
Bhatia, V.K. 1993. Analysing Genre:
Language use in professional settings. London:
Longman.
5.
Brown, G. & G. Yule. 1983. Discourse
Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
6. Bybee J., Fleischman S. 1995. Modality in
Grammar and Discourse. Amsterdam/
Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing
Company.
7.
Carstens, W.A.M. 1997. Afrikaanse
tekslinguistiek 'n Inleiding. Pretoria: JL van
Schaik Akademies.
8. Cook, G. 1989.
Discourse.
Oxford: O.U.P.
9. Halliday, M.A.K. 2004. An
Introduction
to
Functional
Grammar.
London: Edward Arnold.
10.
Nunan, D. 1993. Introducing Discourse
Analysis. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
11.
Schiffrin, D. 1994. Approaches to
Discourse. Oxford: Blackwell.
12.
Tannen, D. (ed.). 1984. Analyzing
Discourse: Text and Talk. Washington, D.C.:
Georgetown University Press.
13.
Van Dijk, T.A. 1972. Some Aspects of
Text
Grammars: A Study in Theoretical Linguistics
and
Poetics.
The Hague: Mouton.
. Anh- Viet hoac tir Viet -Anh.
Trudc bet, chiing tdi ban ve cdc vai nghTa
trong cdu nghi van tieng Viet. Trong cau
NGO
TH|
CAM TU - CAC
VAI
NGHIA TRONG. (2005) va Diep Quang
Ban (2008) ve cac vai nghTa trong cau nghi
van trong tieng Viet. Cdc vai ngliTa trong
cdu nghi van trong tieng Viet cd cdc cong
trinh