Địa hóa môi trường phần 1

E>^I HOC QIJ^OC GI.A H A N^OI m A I TRONG N H U A N HA NOi NHA XUAT BAN DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOT MAI TRONG NHUAN OIA HOA MOI TRl/OlNG NHA XUAT BAN DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI - 2001 Chiu track nhiem xudt ban: Giam doc NGUYEN VAN THOA Tong bien tap NGUYEN THIEN GIAP Nguai nhan xet: TS TRINH HAN Bien tap: TS LUONG LANG Siia bdi: NGUYEN THI THUY Trinh bay bin: NGOC ANH % DjA HOA MOI TRUONG Ma so : 01.164,DH2001 33.2000 In O l CKD cuon tai Nha in Oai hex Qu6c gia Ha N6i So xuat ban: 29/33/CXB So trich ngang 306KH/XB In xong v^ nop liru chi^u Qu^ III nam 2001 L d l NOI DAU Dia hi')a me')i trUeing la khoa hoc lien ngdnh dua tren nen itciiig ciia dm hem hoc, hoa hoc vd khoa hoc moi trUdng Do mdi ideii gdn day, nen ddi tUcing, muc tieu, ngi dung vd phUcing phdp • nghien cdu cua dia hoa moi trUdng dang lien tuc dUeic he) sung inJiej cdc thdnh ti/u mdi cila cc'ic khoa Iwc lien quan O nUdc ta cdc >van de dia hoa moi trUefng cung mdi dUcJc gidng day thu nghiem • CO etc cap den cdc nghien cUu ve dia chat moi trUdng, dia dioa y hoc each day khong Idu Trong tinh hinh do, viec bien sogn ine)t qiiyen gido trinh hodn chinh ve dia hda moi trUdng cho bgc idui hoc Id hct sdc kho khan Tuy nhien, dot hoi cua cdng tdc tgidiig day vd nghien cdu khoa hoc, tren cci sd tong help cdc tdi divu da coiig be) lien quan vd hinh nghiem gidng day chuyen de luiy tin nam 1992 d Dai hoc Tong heJp Hd Ncji trUdc day, chung itoi mqnh dan thU nghiem xdy dUng gido trinh "Dia hoa moi tvucing" Gido trinh Dia hoa moi trUdng" trinh hdy nhUtig net cd biin ve ddc trUng dia hoa cua me")! trUdng tU nhien vd nhiem mdi trUdng, nguon gdc vd hdnh vi cdc nguyen to vd hctp chat hoa hoc moi trUdng cdng nhu tdc dong cua chung tdi sdc khoe 'Con ngUdi Gido trinh ndy c6 the phuc vu cho vice hoc tap vd itf'hi^n cdu cua sink vien vd hoc vien cao hoc cdc ngdnh dia chat cei nidi trUdng Khi gictng day gido trinh dia hoa moi trUdng cho smh vien dia chat c6 the lUcJc gidm bc'ft chUeing (dqc trUng dia hoa cua moi trUeing tU nhien) vd chUdng (di chuyen cdc nguyen to moi tritdng tU nhien) de tang thdi lUcfng cho cdc phdn Igi Khi hoc gido trinh ndy, sink vien moi trudrig c6 the g,dm bdt ngi dung chUdng (dia hoa nhiem) de ddnh thdi giar di sdu vdo cdc ngi dung khdc Gido trinh dia hoa moi trudiig cUng c6 the Id mot tdi ieu tham khdo cho cdc nhd nghien cdu^bdo ve, quan ly tdi nguyen thien nhien vd moi trUdng Tdc gia xin trdn trgng cam On GS TSKH Dang Trmg Thugn, TS LUu Ddc Hdi, PGS.TS Nguyen Van Phdvd PGS.TS Phgm Hiing Viet da dong gop, bd cung nhieu y kie'n quy idu qua trinh hodn chinh de cUdng vd ban thdo Xin cam On Hoi dong khoa hoc vd Ban chu nhiem Khoa Dia chat TrUdng Dai hgc Khoa hgc TU nhien thugc Dai hgc Qudcgia Hd Ngi, cdc dong nghicp, cdc sinh vien vd cdc cgng tdc vien da dong vien chia se kho khan bien sogn, hodn thien bdn vt vd ban thdo cua gido trinh ndy Tuy da rat cdgang nhUng tdc gia chdc chdn rang gido trin h ''Dia hoa moi trUdng" van khong trdnh khoi nhdng sai sot Tdc gia rat mong nhan dUdc vd het sdc biet an ve nhdng y kien ding gop cua cdc nhd khoa hgc vd sinh vien de giup hodn chinh gido trinh ndy ngdy mot tot han Tdc gia MUC LUC Tra ng Idii noi dau Chuang 1: Nhiem nidi trUdng vu vd phuangphdp nghien cUu dia hod / /, Me'n trUeing 1.2 Dia hod me'n trUeing Chuang njiien 2: Mot so ddc trung 1] diet hod cua moi trudng tU 23 2.1.Ddc trUug cei bdn cua moi trUeing tU nhicn 23 2.2.Mot sdycu tddiih hUe'ing te'ii MTTN 31 2.3 Dele- dicni dia liod mdi tru'dng (khi quyc'ii) 36 '2.4 Ddc diem dia hoa moi trUiiiig nUe'ic (thuy quycn) 52 2.5 Ddc diem dia hoa c6 phong hod 68 2.(-) Dia hoa men trUcing dot 81 2.7 Ddc die-m dia hod im'n trUdng tram tich 92 2.8.Ddc diem dia hod sink quycn ('huang 3: Ddc diem di chuyen moi trudng tU nhien 102 cdc nguyen to hod hgc 112 3.1.Cdc yen to chinh dnii hUeing den sU di chuyen cua cdc nguyen tdtrong moi tru'dng tU nhien 112 3.'2 Dang di chuyen cdc nguyen to hod hgc moi trUdng tif nhicn 118 3.3.Dgc diem top trung, phdn tdn cdc nguyen to hod hgc 124 3.4 Phdn logi nguyen to theo ddc diem di chuyen 12(' 3.5 Di chuyen cdc nguyen to hogt dong ky thudt cua ngUdi 12H Chuang 4: Cdc chu trinh sinh dia hod 134 4.1 Chu trinh sinh dia hod thUc vat 134 4.2 Chu trinh sinh dia hod dong vat 138 4.3 Chu trinh sinh dia hoa mot so nguyen td 146 Chuang 5: Dia hod nhiem 5.1 O nhiem 167 167 5.2 NgUcing sinh thdi vd khd ndng dong hod chat nhiem cua moi trUcing 17.^> 5.3.Dia he')a cdc chdt thdi 178 5.4 O nhiem moi trUdng 201 5.5 O nhiem moi trUdiig nUdc 213 5.6 O nhiem moi trUdng ddt 2.30 5.7 O nhiem moi trUdng tram tich 2l9 Chuang 6: Dia hod y hgc 6.1 Dia hod moi trUdng vdi bcnh tat 270 270 6.2 Dia hod moi trUdng mot sd nguyen to'vd hcip chdt .2K< Tai lieu thani k h a o 337 Chuang NHIEM Vy VA PHinJNG PHAP NGHIEN CllfU OjA HOA MOI TRirOTNG i.i MOITRIONG 1.1.1 khai niem \e moi trutmg -M(it ciit-h tlfin giiin nhat ta co the hieu "Moi trUdng la tat ca idling gi trU tt')i rii" (Environment is everything but me) Mt')i tndiig fiia mt)t v.it the mtit sU kien la toan bo dieu kien ben iigiiii iinh hUfing ttii viit the hf)af sU kien Moi truiing song fua fon ngUdi la doi tUting chinh ciia khoa ht»- iiitii trUfing, Ui tt'iiig htip cac dieu kien ben ngoai c6 tinh hi.'ing tdi sU scmg va phiit trien cua ngUdi D6 la dieu kien ViV ly, hoii htx', sinh btx- va xii hoi bao quanh va co anh buting tdi •-iUsong va phiit tnen elia fa nhan ciing nhu cong dong ngUdi Mdi trUdng bao quanh lii mot p h a n cua thuy quyen, thach tp.ven, quyen, sinh quyen Moi trUdng la san pham tUdng tac phai dung he phUdng phiip tiem ciin sinh thai de nghien tiiui DHMT Cd nhieu phUdng phap nghien cUu DHMT Tuy thutx- vixey muc dich, ndi dung va dac didm ddi tUdng nghii^n cUu ma ebon! cac phUdng phap nghien cUu DHMT thich htip Tren binh didni 18 fhiing nhat fiif philting phiip DHMT bao gdm nhdin chinh: Do tiiif khiio sat lay niau, giam sat (monitoring) cac thdng sd ve DHMT; cac phUdng phap phan tich nhU boa hoc, sinh boa, quiing phd hii'p thu nguyen tu (A.'XS), kich boat ndtron (NA), quiing phd plasma fdng hUdng kep (ICP), phd huynh quang tia rdnghen, mifrozonde, sae ky, danh dau phan tu( molecular murker) ; cac phUdng phap luan giai sd lieu (dUa vao ky thuat xii ly so lieu eua dia boa hoc, boa hoc, khoa hoc ve mdi trUdng ) Ditiu dang lUu y la md hinh hoa , ky thuat tin hcic va may tinh, ttutif lip dung rong rai nghit^n eUu dja hoii nidi trUdng Ddi vdi mdi nhiem vu nghien fuu DllMT khac sc c6 ky thuiit lii'y niau xU ly thdng tin thich hop So vdi dia hoa hoc thdng thUdng viec khao sat thUc te, md tii lay mdu tiii tliUe tlia ciia DHMT cd mot so net khac biet Ngoai cac thdng tin binh thUdng ciia cdng tac thUc dja dia chat, nghien cUu dia boa mdi trUdng phai chu y khao sat va md ta eac thdng sd ve dac diem dia ly, ban dia iiiiio, thuy van, thUc Viit thd nhudng, canh quan va dac biet la boat ddng cua ngUdi (diem lay mau thuoc khu cdng nghiep, dd thj, gan ngudn d nhiem, v.v ) M;it khac tai cung mdt dia diem phai lay mau thuoc cac htip phan khac fiia mdi trUdng nhu: khdng khi, nUde, sinh vat, tram tich, v6 phong hoa Khi nghien cUu d nhiem mdi trUdng bang phUdng phap DHMT can chu y nhUng diem nhu sau: a - xac dinh ham lUdng, td htip dang tdn tai phan bd ciia eaf NTHH cac loai chat thai (khi, long, ran), eac di thUdng; b - Nghien cUu, theo titii ngudn earh thUc tham nhaji va di thuyen cac cha't d nhiem liong mdi trudng; c - Danh gia ty le gdp phan cua cae qua trinh tu ;ihien va nhan sinh tao nen sU tap trung hay phan tan cac NTHH gay hai cho sinh vat; d - Xac dinh quy md, hinh thai, tinh phan ddi ciia cae di thUdng d nhiem; e - Danh gia sinh dja hoa 19 ... ha/ngUdi 10 van nam trUdc CN 15 .000 ha/ngudi van nam tri/dc CN 3.000 ha/ ngudi 200 75 ha/ ngudi 16 50 27,5 ha/ ngudi 18 40 1. 000 15 ha/ ngudi 19 30 2.000 7,5 ha/ ngudi 19 94 5.000 3,0 ha/ ngudi 2 010 7.000... (bang 1. 1- Ko h^u ciia GS Le Thgic Can, 19 96) Itdng 1. 1 Moi quan he qiiia dien tich binh quan dau ngirdi va sutcinc dan so Ndni Dan so Dien tich binh quan (x .10 ^) trieu nam trutic CN 0 ,12 5 12 0.000... sinh dia hod 13 4 4 .1 Chu trinh sinh dia hod thUc vat 13 4 4.2 Chu trinh sinh dia hod dong vat 13 8 4.3 Chu trinh sinh dia hoa mot so nguyen td 14 6 Chuang 5: Dia hod nhiem 5 .1 O nhiem 16 7 16 7 5.2 NgUcing