Basic structure of Phrase II SYNTAX - PHRASES - [Premodifier(s)] + HEAD + [Postmodifier(s)] Nguyen Ngoc Nhat Minh, UFLS-UD, 2019 ■ The Head is the most important part of a phrase, and defines the syntactic category of the phrase For example ➢ Noun phrase (NP) => Head is a noun E.g that fabulous dress ➢ Adj phrase (Adj.P) => Head is an adj E.g extremely useful ➢ Adv phrase (Adv.P) => Head is an adv E.g pretty quickly ➢ Preposition phrase (PP) => Head is a prep E.g for the children ➢ Verb phrase (VP) => Head is a verb E.g have been cleaning Noun phrase (NP) ■ Pre-modifiers can include Determiner, Adjective, and/or Noun (not the Head) ■ Post-modifiers can be Preposition, Adjective, Adverb, Finite clause, or Non-finite clause ■ More detail (see textbook) FINITE clause vs NON-FINITE clause Types of Non-finite clause ■ Finite clause: Verb is marked for tense To – Infinitive & Bare infinitive Gerund (V-ing / present participle) Past participle Example: The inspector is standing there ■ Non-finite clause: Verb is NOT marked for tense A non-finite clause might or might not have a subject Example: (1) The inspector standing there is mainly responsible for this case (2) Find the books placed on the top shelf Functions of a NP ■ Subject ■ Object* ■ Complement* ■ Adverb More detail (see textbook) Object: Direct (Od) vs Indirect (Oi) Direct object: the one which receives the action Indirect object: the one TO/FOR which the action was done Complement Practice: Find out NPs and identify their functions ■ Subject Complement (Cs): the part (which is usually a noun, an adjective, … or even a clause) that follows a linking verb and defines/characterizes the Subject The woman wearing a plastic nose is our history professor E.g That mountain range is the most majestic in the region ■ Object Complement (Co): the part (which is usually a noun, an adjective , … or even a clause) that follows and modifies/characterizes the (direct) Object Opinions expressed here are not those of the editors E.g We can make him the CEO of the company this year Adjective Phrase ■ o o o Structure: Head: adjective (simple, comparative, or superlative) Premodifiers: Adverb Postmodifiers: Adverb Preposition, Finite clause, Non-finite clause Adverb Phrase ■ o o o Structure (similar to Adjective.Ph): Head: adverb (simple, comparative, or superlative) Premodifiers: Adverb Postmodifiers: Adverb Preposition, Finite clause, Non-finite clause ■ Function: (1) modifier of NP; (2) Complement (Cs, Co) ■ Function: Adverbial (A) ■ More detail (see textbook) ■ More detail (see textbook) Practice: Find out Adj.Ps and identify their functions Practice: Identify types of the underlined phrases, analyse them, and indicate their functions in the following sentences They are only concerned about profits That is a bit premature, isn’t it? For the holiday, they chose a small resort on the north coast I found it rather tight Her parents were downstairs, and she could hear a little of what they were saying I’d be quite keen to try anything like that really You’ll be shown how to handle your huskies by an experienced guide ... Practice: Find out Adj.Ps and identify their functions Practice: Identify types of the underlined phrases, analyse them, and indicate their functions in the following sentences They are only concerned