GRAMMAR (ADVANCED) Nguyễn Ngọc Nhật Minh, MA, UFLS-UD, 2018 The Study of Word Structure ◦ Read Page in minutes MORPHOLOGY ◦ Morphology studies the (internal) structure of words and the processes of building new words (word formation) ◦ Morphology comes from the Greek word morpheme, which means “form” Nguyễn Ngọc Nhật Minh, MA, UFLS-UD, 2018 Nguyễn Ngọc Nhật Minh, MA, UFLS-UD, 2018 The Study of Word Structure In polysynthetic languages like English… * Structure of words ◦ unhappiness un-happi-ness ◦ carefully ◦ decentralization care-ful-ly de-centre-al-ize-ation ◦ horses horse-s ◦ talking talk-ing unhappiness ◦ care carefully ◦ centre decentralization ◦ horse horses ◦ talk ◦ Students would be able to break down the morphemes and decode their meaning and increases their vocabulary ◦ People who learn about morphological rules would be able understand how new words are created and how a new word should be created E.g “belieber” , “utopian” + “ism” * Word formation ◦ happy Why learning Morphology? talking ◦ Students who understand more morphologically complex words have an easier time thriving in subjects such as reading, comprehension, oral language and writing Nguyễn Ngọc Nhật Minh, MA, UFLS-UD, 2018 Nguyễn Ngọc Nhật Minh, MA, UFLS-UD, 2018 I What is a word? ◦ Read pages 7-8 (section 1.) in minutes ◦ A minimal free form that can occur in isolation , e.g house - Its position to neighboring elements is not entirely fixed E.g hunters can occur in different positions within the sentence: The hunters pursued the bear The bear was pursued by the hunters • What about the hunters? • Can it function independently? • Can it occur in different positions? • Can it be divided into smaller free forms? The hunters is not a word, but a phrase Nguyễn Ngọc Nhật Minh, MA, UFLS-UD, 2018 About MORPHEME Read Page 14 in 10 minutes Nguyễn Ngọc Nhật Minh, MA, UFLS-UD, 2018 II What is a morpheme? A Definition - The minimal meaningful unit of language used to build up the word ◦E.g hunt - er - s •In spoken language, morphemes are composed of phonemes (the smallest linguistically distinctive units of sound) E.g hunters: /h/, /^/, /n/, /t/, /ə/ and /z/ •In written language, morphemes are composed of graphemes (the smallest units of written language) E.g hunters: h, u, n, t, e, r, s B Characteristics (features): - A morpheme cannot be broken down further, i.e It can’t be divided without altering or destroying its meaning E.g kind → * kin - d - Many morphemes cannot stand as words on their own A morpheme is free if it can stand alone, or bound if it is used exclusively alongside a free morpheme E.g un-break-able bound free bound Nguyễn Ngọc Nhật Minh, MA, UFLS-UD, 2018 Nguyễn Ngọc Nhật Minh, MA, UFLS-UD, 2018 Mini-exercises: How many morphemes are there in each word? Word Morphemes elements inputs Indo-European Persian within another notable B Allomorph Remember the concept of “allophone”?? The actual phonetic representation of a morpheme is a morph - The morphs which represents the same morpheme are also called allomorphs e.g The morpheme plural “-s” has the morph /s/ This morph has variations if going in different phonetic environment like “cats” , “pens”, and “dishes” => Allomorphs are phonetic variants of a morpheme (e.g the plural marker in English can be realized as [s] , [z], or [əz] Nguyễn Ngọc Nhật Minh, MA, UFLS-UD, 2018 Nguyễn Ngọc Nhật Minh, MA, UFLS-UD, 2018 C Classification of morphemes: Morphemes can be classified according to a variety of ways: Lexical vs Grammatical Morphemes (Open vs Closed Categories): Read Page 15 in minutes -Lexical morpheme (content morpheme) has a meaning in itself It names a concept/ idea in our record of experience of the world Compare: Lexical morpheme vs Grammatical morpheme (p18-19) -Grammatical morpheme (function morpheme) expresses some sort of relationship between lexical morphemes E.g ◦ WorkN, runV, longA, fastADV vs ◦ a/theART, he/shePRO, andCONJ, Nguyễn Ngọc Nhật Minh, MA, UFLS-UD, 2018 Nguyễn Ngọc Nhật Minh, MA, UFLS-UD, 2018 Read Page 16 in 10 minutes Free and Bound Morphemes: • Free morphemes can stand alone as independent words; bound morphemes cannot but must be attached to another morpheme/word E.g teach - er ; nation - al - ity free bound free bound Nguyễn Ngọc Nhật Minh, MA, UFLS-UD, 2018 Mini-ex: How many morphemes are there in each word? Which one is free, which one is bound? ◦ keyboard ◦ pretest ◦ discontent ◦ greenhouse ◦ intolerable ◦ receive ◦ smartphone Nguyễn Ngọc Nhật Minh, MA, UFLS-UD, 2018 Base, stem and root morphemes: ◦Root morphemes are (usually free) morphemes around which words can be built up through the addition of affixes ◦E.g kind – kindly, kindness, kinder, kindest ◦* Base can be defined as an element (free or bound, root morpheme or complex word) to which additional morphemes are added Base is also called a stem E.g “Kind-ness-es” root base/stem word Root and Affixes - Affixes are bound morphemes which attach to a base, root or stem E.g teach er root af desir(e) able ity root af * Types of affixes: a) Prefix: an affix that is attached to the front of its stem E.g disappear , replay , illegal , inaccurate b) Suffix: an affix that is attached to the end of its stem E.g quickly, beautiful, management, organization c) Infix: an affix that occurs within another morpheme - not popular in English, occurs quite commonly with swear words, providing a kind of extra emphasis E.g guaran-damn-tee , abso-bloody-lutely ; abso-freakin(g)-lutely Nguyễn Ngọc Nhật Minh, MA, UFLS-UD, 2018 Mini-ex: Indicate the root and the affix in the following words ◦ Mismanagement ◦ Periodically ◦ Cooperation Nguyễn Ngọc Nhật Minh, MA, UFLS-UD, 2018 Inflectional and Derivational Morphemes: Read Page 17, section 3.5., in minutes • Derivational morphemes are those that can be added to a word to create another word with new meaning and/ or new syntactic category • Inflectional morphemes not change the meaning or syntactic category of a word They can mark a word’s grammar category such as tense, number, aspect and so on ◦ E.g teach + er + s root (action-V) der (doer) noun ◦ Returned ◦ Adulthood ◦ Underage (drinking) noun ◦ E.g ◦ Deactivate ING work (v) Nguyễn Ngọc Nhật Minh, MA, UFLS-UD, 2018 infl ED S infl Nguyễn Ngọc Nhật Minh, MA, UFLS-UD, 2018 Summary: Division of morphemes into various types Review quiz Morphemes Which morpheme is bound? Root morphemes (mostly free) Act like al Affixational morphemes (all bound) able Which morpheme is lexical? But turn because about Which morpheme is function morpheme? Free Bound Infl N (jobless) (generate) – give birth (N)+S/’S V(worker) (transcribe) - write (V)+ED/ ING Adj.(reddish) (convert) - turn (Adj)+ER/ EST Der un+happy happiness luckily And exist beautiful window 25 Give a word that contains derivational morpheme 26 Nguyễn Ngọc Nhật Minh, MA, UFLS-UD, 2018 Nguyễn Ngọc Nhật Minh, MA, UFLS-UD, 2018 ◦ ... about morphological rules would be able understand how new words are created and how a new word should be created E.g “belieber” , “utopian” + “ism” * Word formation ◦ happy Why learning Morphology?... “ism” * Word formation ◦ happy Why learning Morphology? talking ◦ Students who understand more morphologically complex words have an easier time thriving in subjects such as reading, comprehension,... English, occurs quite commonly with swear words, providing a kind of extra emphasis E.g guaran-damn-tee , abso-bloody-lutely ; abso-freakin(g)-lutely Nguyễn Ngọc Nhật Minh, MA, UFLS-UD, 2018 Mini-ex: