Trương Nguyễn Duy Thương, lớp D03 TIỂU LUẬN MÔN KINH TẾ PHÁT TRIỂN LỢI ÍCH, TÁC HẠI CỦA ĐÔ THỊ HÓA VÀ NHỮNG VẤN ĐỀ CẦN ĐẶT RA Họ và tên Trương Nguyễn Duy Thương Lớp D03 GV Trần Mạnh Kiên Môn Kinh tế h.
TIỂU LUẬN MƠN KINH TẾ PHÁT TRIỂN LỢI ÍCH, TÁC HẠI CỦA ĐƠ THỊ HĨA VÀ NHỮNG VẤN ĐỀ CẦN ĐẶT RA Họ tên: Trương Nguyễn Duy Thương Lớp: D03 GV: Trần Mạnh Kiên Môn: Kinh tế học phát triển TP HỒ CHÍ MINH, 11/2017 Trương Nguyễn Duy Thương, lớp D03 MỤC LỤC Beginning: The urgency and cause to carry out the topic 1.1 The concept of urbanization .3 1.2 Reasons Benefits and hams that urbanization brings: 2.1 Benefits that urbanization brings: .7 2.2 The harms of urbanization: 2.2.1 About culture 2.2.2 About environment 2.2.3 The fragmentation, division in the planning and the organization of urban space 2.3 Issues to be addressed beside the harms: 11 2.3.1 The issue of migration from rural to urban areas leads to high population density in urban areas 11 2.3.2 Illiteracy, unemployment, and gap between the rich and the poor: 11 2.3.1 The problem of housing and management of social order and safety in urban areas: 11 Solution to the problem of urbanization 12 3.1 Reducing the gap between rural and urban development opportunities: 12 3.2 Solutions to unemployment and social evils: 12 3.3 Solutions to the problem of high population density, lack of housing and poor quality of transport in urban areas: 12 3.4 Solution for pollution: 13 * CONCLUDE: .14 References .14 Trương Nguyễn Duy Thương, lớp D03 Beginning: The urgency and cause to carry out the topic During the first decade of the 21st century, the whole world witnessed a dramatic breakthrough in the field of science and technology with many inventions and innovations in production Not only lots of achievements are appeared but also more and more countries with strong economic such as China, India, Brazil, Singapore,… and Viet Nam It can be said that urbanization has become an indispensable factor for the current socio-economic development This relationship is characterized by factors such as industrialization, commercialization, increased productivity, job creation, and improved access to various factors of production, markets, infrastructure and other facilities Urbanization, however, also has some negative effects on urban development and the environment if there is no strict management and control measures The face of each country is changing day by day The rapid formation of modern big cities and the expansion of old cities, that process is called urbanization Besides benefits, this process also caused many negative The lack of scientific planning will arise and leave many long-term consequences that impede the development of the country Due to the urgency of this issue, I would like to present the topic: “Benefits and Harms of Urbanization” 1.1 The concept of urbanization Urbanization is the process of transforming a region, an area from "rural" into "urban” Suburban or townships where urbanization opportunities exist, they expand and attract people’s migration flow Urbanization can be divided into the following basic categories: Alternative urbanization: the urbanization process that takes place in the metropolis itself to refurbish and upgrade the city to meet new needs The migration here is from the center to the suburbs or suburbs Compulsory urbanization: is a concept used to refer to the movement of people from rural to urban areas This process is not only as planned but also spontaneous.People's migration flows lead to overcrowding in urban areas Reverse urbanization: is a concept used to refer to the migration from big urban areas to small urban areas or from urban areas to rural areas This is also known as “Rural revitalization” This process will help to bridge the gap and quality of life between urban and rural areas, with the government directing its policies to rural development Overview of the urbanization process in Vietnam: Since 1990, the urban areas of Vietnam have started to develop At that time, there were about 500 large and small urban centers (17-18% urbanization) By 2000, the number of urban centers was 649 and in 2003 Is 656 urban By 2007, the country had 729 cities And in 2017 there are 790 cities, including: - Special type city: Ha Noi, HCM city - 17 grade cities: Hai Phong, Da Nang,Vung Tau, Can Tho, Hue,… Trương Nguyễn Duy Thương, lớp D03 - 25 grade cities - Over 700 grade 3,4,5 cities Approximately 37% of urbanization, according to the development plan,VN will reach 40% by 2020, equivalent to the population of more than 45 million inhabitants.The target set for the per capita area is 100m2 per person If the rate is 100m2 / person, Vietnam needs about 450,000 hectares of urban land, but the current urban land area is only 105,000 hectares (Source: Wikipedia) Due to the rapidly increasing of urbanization, VN will face more and more complex problem arising from urbanization process, especially rural in VN 1.2 Reasons Rural to urban migration Trương Nguyễn Duy Thương, lớp D03 Rural people believe that living standards in urban areas will be much better in rural areas The natural increase rate is caused by the reduction in mortality while the birth rate remains high → Urbanization is the rise of urban residents This increase is in three main ways: the increase of the natural population of urban dwellers, the flow of rural-to-urban migration and the adjustment of the administrative boundaries of the city Three ways have different roles and positions at different historical stages Urbanization comes naturally from individual and corporate to reduce travel and transportation time and costs, while enhancing job opportunities, education, housing and transportation in Living in cities allows individuals and families to take advantage of the opportunities of proximity, diversity, and market competition The rapid growth of urban areas is the result of two factors: natural population growth and migration to urban areas The Torado model represents one of the causes of urbanization as immigrants: Trương Nguyễn Duy Thương, lớp D03 Additional factors (eg land ) Income of rural areas Government policy (eg tax) Mental factor (eg: urban comfort) Communication between urban and rural areas Distance Socialinstitut ion (decision maker) Benefits from migration Education Education, communicati on Information stream Cash flow between areas Wages in urban areas Income in urban areas Personal income Current expected value of migration The perceived value of migration Probability have a job Immigrat-ion decision Opportunity cost Cost of living Cost of migration Moving expenses Psychological costs (eg, risk, social adaptation) Trương Nguyễn Duy Thương, lớp D03 Benefits and hams that urbanization brings: 2.1 Benefits that urbanization brings: The first, the urbanization process has provided a large, young, highly qualified workforce.The economy in one of the most dynamic cities in our country has experienced continuous economic growth for 20 years, averaging 10,2% In 2005, contributing 21% to GDP and 30% to total state revenues 29% Industrial production value and nearly 40% of total export turnover.Among these contributions are the labor force generated by urbanization.Compared to urban migrants, migrant workers are more flexible and more aggressive in finding employment that accepts low-wage, low-income jobs that city people not want to Migrant workers make up 70% of labor in industrial parks 44% of labor transport vehicles public wheels 43% operate on sidewalks 55% of mobile workers They contribute to the economic development of the city about 30% of GDP The second, urbanization contributes to job creation that alleviates surplus labor today The urbanization process in Ho Chi Minh City has attracted a large force of surplus agricultural labor every year with hundreds of thousands of people Due to the development of special science and technology of biotechnology, the labor force in the countryside is working for 30-40 days a year Non-agricultural occupations of the rural industrial processing industry have not yet developed Agricultural workers can not find jobs right in their homeland Moreover, the process of industrialization and modernization of the market economy in the context of globalization of economic integration, the less trained farmers are always in the state of being knocked out of the field They are a growing army of potential for urbanization As mentioned above, about million people lose their jobs, lose their jobs, lose their incomes, their basic skills in the labor force will find a simple labor market, and the economy is increasingly demanding skills Through training on the trends of advocacy to the knowledge economy, learning requires that the whole learning society be required This is not possible with the majority of farmers New industrial zones in their hometowns will receive a lot of people working But according to the imperatives of the market economy they only receive trained people according to the standards of the companies It is easy to understand that the companies themselves are also in a state of losing market economy challenges are increasingly grim They have to recruit so because they have to survive and develop rather than bankrupt All business firms each man in the most requested by the market economy Freedom of discretion may be failure Studies show that 90% of the poor live in our countryside The farmer after delivering the field to the project owners receive compensation for debt repayment to build motor home began to lose as the loss of property They start fighting to make a living The most hopeful way is to return to the city Many places have not lost their current agricultural land due to the development of science and technology They only have a few months to complete their work Time is too big leisure time they moved to the city looking for work.Ho Chi Minh City's urbanization not only receives labor for itself but also contributes to solving social problems that are important for the country's economy and society Resolving surplus labor is a big Trương Nguyễn Duy Thương, lớp D03 problem to ensure political stability, social safety prerequisites for socio-economic development investment The third, urbanization has contributed to the efficient use of land Land always has a high concentration of population in high parish or metropolitan areas, making the highest land use index the most economical The current average population density in Ho Chi Minh City with the inner city is nearly 30,000 people / km2 The price of land in urban areas is not low, but after urbanization, the price of land has skyrocketed, for example, from Hoc Mon district to district 12 within five years, from VND 300,000 /ha at 1997 million VND / m in 2010 (now more than that) The fourth, urbanization facilitates a faster shift in economic structure It creates a market premise for the industry especially service The economic and cultural exchanges between regions of the economic sector shown by the process of urbanization is also the process of marketization It stimulates the bridge and paves the way for supply The fifth, urbanization facilitates the exchange and preservation of culture in the region to enrich the culture of modern culture Migrants to the city at the same time bring their own culture of the countryside into a common culture enjoyed by the city The sixth, urbanization facilitates the transformation of purely rural people into more urban industrialists from farmers with wet rice production totally dependent on nature This is also one of the paths to the socialist state through training in the process of economic development Many farmers who are free of our agricultural economy today are not qualified to train them to fully meet the requirements of objective conditions But the market economy they are joining in the city is much more demanding than in the countryside, forcing them to take their own lessons in failing and succeeding and fulfilling their own needs This process goes from spontaneity to self-consciousness, from subjective to objective objective understanding of the objective law in which the center is economic They are trained in the process of making a living to adjust themselves to suit the objective requirements Market economy forces them to turn to it as it tells them to act This process has taught them new qualities ranging from a sense of discipline to technology and a degree in science culture Many generations passed from the early liberal peasants into the high-tech industrial city people On the road to the highest civilization development is socialism everyone is trained as such But the reality inherent in it is not consistent with it 2.2 The harms of urbanization: 2.2.1 About culture Rural Vietnam is the cradle to breed, nurture, protect the culture of ethnic minorities thousand years Over the years, some of the advancing elements of urban culture have spread to the countryside, creating new nuances in the lives and spiritual lives of farmers and village communities Many types, cultural values in rural areas are also introduced widely in urban areas That's the pros On the face of disagreement, lack of preparation, lack of orientation, selection and due to both Trương Nguyễn Duy Thương, lớp D03 inadequacies in the planning, cultural management, many non-cultural factors, counter-culture, urban and the media, especially from the internet, has penetrated into rural life, leading to thoughtful social problems According to many ways, some products are called culture, literature, art, some concepts, lifestyle, behaviour, business not suitable, even contradictory Contrary to fine traditions, with good values spread to their villages, they infiltrate and alienate a portion of the rural population, especially young people; Muddy the cultural and social environment; Erosion and rupture of relationships of mutual affection, sympathy, consensus and simplicity in rural areas 2.2.2 About environment Agriculture and rural areas are experiencing environmental consequences Unreasonable use, waste of land for cultivation; Leveling, encroaching on lakes, rivers, streams, irrigation works; Exploitation of forests, arbitrary exploitation of mineral resources along with the poor treatment of waste water, garbage, dust, smoke, noise are depleting natural resources, disrupting the ecosystem, causing environmental pollution and affecting agricultural production, rural landscape, life and health of farmers, reduce the possibility of resistance and even aggravate natural hazards Problems of environmental pollution, water pollution, air pollution and noise Most waste water systems are not treated, solid waste is growing rapidly Land resources are fully exploited Cause considerable pressure on housing and environmental sanitation, the formation of slums and urban poverty 2.2.3 The fragmentation, division in the planning and the organization of urban space Urbanization is an objective trend that reflects the level of development of the productive forces and the division of social labor However, the quality of urbanization is highly dependent on the human capacity of management, firstly the planning and organization of urban space of the state management apparatus at all levels Compared with the first two decades of national construction after the unification of the country, the level of planning and organization of urban space in Vietnam in the late twentieth century and early XXI century has taken a considerable step , Both general planning, branch planning, detailed planning However, in comparison with the requirements of comprehensive development of the country and compared with the level of planning, urban space organization of many countries in the region and in the world, plans and planning in Vietnam are still limited The distribution of urban areas is scattered and uneven among regions Although in recent years, along with the stretching and widening of the road system along the roads, there are more and more new urban areas, but rural in deep, remote, Trương Nguyễn Duy Thương, lớp D03 mountainous and coastal areas, urban density is sparse So far, vibrant urban rhythms are still predominant outside of major cities and suburbs, especially in the two central cities of Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City In urban studies, centralized development of a number of central cities without attention to the over-development of other urban systems is called as a "major disease", which slows the pace, shifting economic structure, labor structure; to limit the allocation and promotion of national resources, especially labor resources, socio-economic development in general, agricultural development, rural construction, and improvement of farmers' life in particular The progress of construction, especially the implementation of regional and interregional planning is slow, so most of the planning is carried out mainly in the administrative area of the localities, leading to the lack of synchronization, division, duplication, repeat, wasteful, less effective in exploiting and promoting natural, economic and social resources, looking at the whole country In each locality, the common limitation in construction, planning implementation is the lack of foresight, the lack of overall vision, the system and the loosening of management and implementation planning General planning, infrastructure planning framework is not paid proper attention, the general trend is still focused on building and implementing detailed planning, meeting the immediate needs The inevitable consequence is the state of arbitrariness, clutter, patchwork, division, even deformation, distortion of architectural space This is not to mention weaknesses in the approval, inspection of the implementation of projects, the status of "hanging planning", causing a great deal of land wastage and many social complications In urban areas where urbanization processes are taking place, it is clear that the irrationality in the distribution of construction works is the lack of attachment and interconnection between constituents of urban areas Most of the industrial, commercial, service, residential areas spill over, close to the road, creating unbalanced development of construction space In the same urbanized space, there is a lack of harmony between production and residential areas; In the production area, there is also a lack of necessary linkage between industrial zones and trade and service centers with craft villages and clusters In terms of architectural space, there is a lack of cultural harmony between the modern lines of the city and the traditional beauty of the countryside; Some of the architectural designs borrowed from the urban centers and brought them to the countryside, ruining the beauty of old villages, eco-villages and craft villages, which are the inspiration and pride of the Vietnamese people South and is a potential tourism resource today From the perspective of planning, planning and urbanization, it does not really link and effectively serve the planning of economic and social development and the construction of new rural areas for the purpose of improving the quality of farmer’s life 10 Trương Nguyễn Duy Thương, lớp D03 2.3 Issues to be addressed beside the harms: 2.3.1 The issue of migration from rural to urban areas leads to high population density in urban areas Rapid urbanization and changing living conditions have led a large part of the rural population to migrate to urban areas The number of people living in urban areas has suddenly increased with densely populated urban and rural areas, and poses serious problems in solving employment, Housing and social evils make the peri-urban social order more and more complex According to the UNFPA, rural migrants account for one third of Ho Chi Minh City's population and one-tenth of Hanoi's population, and this wave is continuing run It is projected that the urban population of Hanoi will reach 3.9 million by 2010, 4.2 million by 2020 and 7.9 million by 8.5 million Also with Ho Chi Minh City in 2010 is 10 million people, by 2025 it is 16-17 million 2.3.2 Illiteracy, unemployment, and gap between the rich and the poor: In the process of integration and development, urban people need to have a high level of culture and skills to access to science and technology and to meet the demands of labor recruitment But the reality is that in urban and peri-urban areas there are still a large part of the unemployed, the education level is not high These are mostly simple workers who migrate from rural to urban areas to find jobs Most of them find simple jobs in industrial parks and export processing zones near the city, some less fortunate than those who have to wander for unstable jobs in the inner city with little income Many problems arise as well when the incomes of workers are not enough to accumulate to the family as previously expected A recent GSO survey found that among migrant workers, two thirds are young (15-19 years); More than 50% are migrant to find a job, 47% to improve living conditions Another survey by the Institute of Labor and Social Sciences also found that in foreign-invested enterprises, the percentage of foreign workers accounted for 70% As of December 2007, there are more than 170 industrial parks and export processing zones in 55 provinces and cities across the country with over million working people, of whom 700,000 migrant workers come from other provinces or districts Due to their low salaries, they have to work hard so the number of migrant workers is likely to create disagreements and take unreserved actions This is unstable for the policy of developing a fair, stable and civilized urban society 2.3.1 The problem of housing and management of social order and safety in urban areas: In most urban areas, there is a shortage of housing Especially the urban poor and newcomers to the city UNFPA statistics show that currently 25% of Vietnamese urban residents can not afford to buy housing, 20% of urban dwellings are classified as substandard, and 300,000 live in the slums in Ho Chi Minh City 30% of Hanoi's population lives in a crowded environment with an area of no more than 3m2 per person Therefore, some people, despite the regulations on urban management, selfleveling, encroachment, land transfer to build a temporary house, arbitrarily not planning to affect the beauty of municipalities The construction is not planned to appear the status of "unregistered, unnamed street" cluttered chaotic, dark, crowded 11 Trương Nguyễn Duy Thương, lớp D03 This has partly facilitated the social evils and criminals evading the law, making it difficult to manage social order and safety Solution to the problem of urbanization 3.1 Reducing the gap between rural and urban development opportunities: First, the acquisition of agricultural land to meet the needs of urbanization and industrialization is inevitably required by the gradual shift of economic structure to industry and services It is possible to develop models of handicraft villages or organize small processing workshops which are suitable for farmers and bring about high economic efficiency in order to create jobs for people in his hometown after being recalled, or it can be said that he is "leave agriculture not leave home" The second is to promote investment attraction in rural areas underdeveloped In order to so, it is necessary to enter the state to build the system of economic infrastructure such as transportation, water and electricity, information and communication In addition, there should be policies to encourage business and production in rural areas, creating favorable conditions for investors Increasing investment in rural areas will not only create more jobs for the people, but will also encourage the development of other associated services for the region 3.2 Solutions to unemployment and social evils: First, vocational training for rural people, especially their children, when their production land is recovered As a result, they can easily move to other careers In addition, farmers are also partially subsidized or eligible for preferential loans Second, increase labor export by supporting tuition fees for learners, and orientation education to go to work abroad Labor export not only solved the unemployment situation in the country but also collected not less foreign currency for the country Third, support policies for employment, localities also need to invest in, expand more trade markets to create business environment, trade for farmers, solve part of redundant workers in local… Fourth, rural industrialization This is a long-term measure, but it helps solve the most extreme unemployment in both rural and urban areas Unemployment and social evils are causal The higher the unemployment rate, the more widespread the social evils are Once there is an ideal unemployment rate, social evils will be diminished and no longer a burden on the whole society 3.3 Solutions to the problem of high population density, lack of housing and poor quality of transport in urban areas: The solution to this problem must be implemented in a synchronous, longterm and large budget 12 Trương Nguyễn Duy Thương, lớp D03 In order to reduce the urban population density as well as solve the housing problem for large numbers of people migrating to urban areas, a rational solution is to build new urban areas, satellite towns, urban suburban These cities should be invested in the construction of modern infrastructure, high-grade residential areas, high-quality houses, convenient transportation systems, cheap houses, etc., so that those in the old urban centers will be ready moved to In addition, the old urban centers must be repaired and upgraded more modern with many floors, there are static traffic works such as parking lot, multi-storey garage to take advantage of the narrow market land area Urban transport infrastructure needs to be upgraded Firstly, Vietnam needs to study foreign cities in the construction of multi-layered, multi-lane, multi-lane roads to take advantage of vacant space The construction should be planned and deployed quickly, avoiding the situation of not clearing the ground, build long causing the congestion increased The planning should also take into account the reduction of warping between in and out of urban traffic The second is the development of public transport in both quantity and quality to attract more participants, reducing the amount of personal transportation that is the main cause of congestion Third is the construction of belt roads to force large vehicles not to enter high density areas Reducing population density in urban areas is also a solution to improve the quality of urban transport 3.4 Solution for pollution: Environmental planning must first meet the needs of the population, such as building a complete water supply system to end the situation is only half of the current demand In addition, the planning must take into account the long-term future, can not be at the level of supply by demand, less how much offset There should be a close monitoring and coordination mechanism by the competent authorities to limit the increase of urban environmental pollution People should be warned about potentially contaminated areas; To enhance the management of pollution in the industrial sector, to strictly apply sanctioning measures, to enhance the professionalism of the environmental inspection and control forces It is necessary to strengthen the socialization, linking associations to reduce environmental pollution According to the Department of Environment (Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment), community participation is the decisive factor for all successes in environmental protection Propaganda and education to raise people's awareness and understanding, thereby enhancing the sense of observance, law enforcement, policies and implementation of environmental protection measures is the fundamentally foundation for the success of this work In addition, the state should have mechanisms to encourage private sector business registration, performance of obligations and environmental benefits as other economic sectors under the corporate law From there, it will create high quality products and services in the urban sanitation industry 13 Trương Nguyễn Duy Thương, lớp D03 * CONCLUDE: Urbanization is an indispensable development of that era, which is the current global trend that has a powerful impact on every sector of a nation Making big changes in the socio-cultural and social aspects: Economic: Make a shift in economic activity from Sector I (agricultural, forestry and fishery) to Sector II and Sector III (industrial, commercial and service sectors) Trade and service sectors in the economy, increasing productivity and quality in agriculture On social culture: Impact and lifestyle change of rural people, improving understanding and access to modern civilization The process of urbanization in our country is facing many difficulties and challenges: The problem of planning, management and use of land is slow and many weaknesses that are slow, less effective in shifting The economic structure, rural labor unrest and the fragmentation, fragmentation of urban planning and spatial organization, together with the above problems, are the cultural, social and environmental implications The state and competent authorities should be more aware of the need for urbanization and should map out the right course for sustainable rural development in the current integration trend The core issue is to strengthen education to improve people's understanding and at the same time to raise the people's intellectual level so that they can contribute to the construction of their homeland to avoid the labor force pouring into big cities causing difficulties, complex in the current state Attention should be paid to the planning work to avoid the situation of development planning is not synchronized, suspended planning When implementing the plan, attention should be paid to the issue of livelihoods and ecological environment in order to protect and develop the natural environment References http://cuongdlna.vnweblogs.com/a85645/do-thi-hoa-tac-dong-hai-mat-ts-vuongcuong.html http://www.dothihoa.com/ Trang web tổng cục thống kê: https://www.gso.gov.vn/ 14 Trương Nguyễn Duy Thương, lớp D03 15