NGHIEN CUfU-TRAOOPi NGHIEN CUtJ PHAT TRIEN D O N G CO BIOGAS TAI VIET NAM RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF BIOGAS ENGINE IN VIETNAM TS Nguyen Ngoc Diing', ThS Tran Minh Tuan^ ThS Vo Dac Thinh^ 'PTN Trpng diem Dong co dot trong, Khoa Ky thuat Giao thong, Trudng Dai hoc Bach khoa TP Ho Chi Mmh ^Khoa Dong luc, TrUcfng Cao dang Ky thuat Ly Tu Trong -n T6MTAT Nhien lieu sinh hgc (biogas) la mot sdn pham cua qud trinh phdn huyyem cdc phe phdm ttong chdn nuoi, trgt hoac cdc logi rdc thdi co nguon goc hdu cd Biogas hien dang dUdc xem la mgt irong nhdng nguon ndng lUdng tdi tgo quan trgng phuc vu phdt trien kinh texd hgi, gidm thieu nhiem tnoi trUdng tgi hdu het cdc tinh thdnh cd nUdc Cdc nghien cdu dng dung nhien lieu biogas tren d^ngcdddvddangdUdc thUchien tgi nhieu trung tdm nghien cdu ldn Cdc nhd nghien cdu tgi Dd Ndng hiin dang thUc hien viec chuyen doi dgng cd diesel thdnh dgng cd sU dung da nhien lieu diesel-biogas Tgi TrUdng Dgi hgc Bach Khoa TP Ho Chi Minh, cdc nhd nghien cdu hien dang tap trung phdt trien dong ctJsddung 100% biogas Muc tieu chinh cua bdo cdo ndy Id gidi thieu torn tdt cdc nghien cdu dng dung nhiin lieu biogas len dgngcdvd de xudt cdc hUdng phdt trien nham hodn thien hoa sdn phdm nghien cdu Ket qud cua bdo cdo ndy gop phdn dinh hudngcho viec nghien cdu Ung dung nhien lieu sinh hgc tai Viet Nam Tii khoa: Nhien lieu sinh hgc, dgng cd biogas, nghien cdu phdt trien ABSTRACT Biogas is produced by the anaerobic digestion of biodegradable materials such as plan material, manure, agriculture waste, sewage, municipal waste Biogas is considering one of the most important renewable energy, contributions for rural economic development and reducing air pollution The study of applying biogas for internal combustion engine was carrying out at many research centers in Vietnam Researchers from Da Nang University concentrated on developing dual fuel diesel-biogas engine, while researchers from Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology focused on conversion diesel engine to fully biogas engine The main objective of this report was introduced shortly research and development biogas engine and suggestion research direction in order to optimizing the product Resulting from this paper contributes for the development and application biogas in Vietnam Keywords: Biogas fuel, biogas engine, research and development TAP CHl CO KHf VIET N.AM NGHIEN CUfU - TRAO D O I GIOI THIEU Sfl gidi han ngudn ndng lflpng tren the gidi hien ty le nghich vdi nhu cau phdt trien kinh te, xa hdi cua cac quoc gia Van de an ninh ndng Iflpng the gidi hien dang trd nen bflc bach hpn bao gid bet cac nguon nang Iflcfng tap trung chinh vao nguon nang Ifldng hda thach Theo thong ke ciia to chflc nang Iflpng quoc te, cac ngudn nang Iflpng ngfldi dang tieu thu 41,7% dau md, 24,7% than, 21,% ga, 6,% nang Iflpng nguyen tfl, 6,% thuy dien va nang Iflpng gid, mat trdi, dia nhiet, nang Iflpng sinh bpc, thuy trieu chi chiem khoang gan 1% nhu cau nang Iflpng cua ngfldi [ ] Theo dfl bao cua Co quan nang Iflpng quoc te, neu Iflpng tieu thu nang Iflpng cua the gidi tiep tue gifl mflc nhfl hien nay, nhu cau nang Iflpng se tang hon 30% vao nam 2030, rieng ve nhu cau cua dau Ifla cd the tang den 41% Sfl tang trfldng ve nhu cau nang Iflpng tap trung vao cac nfldc dang phdt trien Dfl kien cac nfldc nhu cau ndng Iflpng se dat 50% nhu cau ndng Iflpng cua the gidi vdo nam 2030 Cac dang nang Iflpng truyen thdng nhfl than, dau md, ddt dang cang can kiet vd viec khai thac ngudn nang Iflpng tdc dpng rat ldn den mdi trfldng nhfl gay d nhilm, tdn phd rflng, xdi mon dat, tang hieu flng nha kinh, gay bien doi hau va la nguyen nhdn chinh ddn den cdc thdm hpa tien tai Lflpng phat thdi CO^ binh quan tren dau ngfldi d cac nfldc cong nghiep nhfl My la 21 tan/nam (naml990), Singapore la 10 tan/nam, Viet Nam la 0,8 tan/nam (nam 2003) [2] Ngoai viec gay d nhilm moi trfldng va bien doi hdu, viec ngudn nhien lieu can kiet ddn den cac van de rat ldn ve kinh te, chinh tri viec dam bdo sfl phdt trien ben vflng cua cdc quoc gia Do do, van de dam bao an ninh nang Iflpng phuc vu su phat trien ben vflng, gidm sfl phu thupc vao ngudn nang lflpng nhap khau tfl ben ngodi, dac biet la dau md, trd van de dac biet quan tam d tat ca cac quoc gia Van de dam bao an ninh nang Iflpng cung nhu giam d nhiem mdi trfldng dang la cac thdch thflc hang dau cho cac quoc gia, cdc chuyen gia ma TAP CHI CO KHf VIET NAiVt nghien c&u nganh ndng lif dng, nganh nhien heu, vd nganh ddng cP Rat nhieu cdc bien phap, giai phdp da dflpc de xuat, trien khai iing dung Trong do, viec nghien cflu, vd phdt trien cdc Ioai ndng Iflpng tai tao (renewable energy) thay the nhien lieu cd nguon goc hod thach, da vd dang dflpc sfl quan tam hang dau ciia rat nhieu qude gia tren the gidi [3,4] Nhien lieu sinh hoc (biogas) hien dang dflpc xem la mpt nhflng ngudn nang lflpng tai tao quan trpng phuc vu phdt trien kinh te xa hdi, giam thieu nhiem moi trfldng tai hau het cac tinh thdnh ca nfldc Biogas Id mpt san pham cua qua trinh phan buy yem cac chat hflu ca Thanh phan chu yeu cua biogas gom hon hpp cua methane (CH^, khoang 65%); cacbonic (CO^, khodng 30%); vd phan cdn lai bao gom hoi nfldc (H^O), amoniac (NH^), va acid sulphit(H^S) [5] Khu vflc cdc tinh mien Ddng Nam Bp nhfl Ddng Nai, Binh DflOng nhflng nam gan day trd nhflng dia phflpng diem cd nfldc viec san xuat chan nudi gia sue, gia cam Hien tai, Dong Nai la tinh cd so Iflpng dan heo ldn nhat nfldc, tap trung chfl yeu d cdc khu vflc nhfl Thdng Nhat, Xudn Loc, Bac Son Tai cac khu vflc chan nudi tap trung nay, phong trao xay dflng cac ham sdn xuat biogas qui md gia dinh va trang trai da va dang dflpc phat trien nhanh chdng Cdc ham biogas khdng nhflng giu.p giam d nhiem moi trfldng, nang cao chat Iflpng mdi trfldng song tai dia phflpng ma cdn giflp ngfldi ndng ddn giam chi phi sfl dung nang Iflpng nhiet tfl nguon sinh hoc Viec trien khai sfl dung biogas van cdn rat han che va khdng tan dung het tiem nang cua no Cdc ham xfl ly sinh hoc Idn vdi miic sinh ldn hpn 200 mVgid cdng nhi^'u Ngudn sinh bpc dflpc san sinh tfl cac ham fl hien chu yeu dflpc dflng de dot tnic tiep thay the cho chat dot truyen thong (than, cui) Viec trien khai stI dung biogas cho dpng co nhd phuc vu cdc cdng viec nhfl phdt dien, bom nfldc, xay xdt dang dflpc trien khai rpng rai Tuy nhien, hieu suat si( Sd (Thang nam 2013) NGHIEN cau-TRAOBOI dung biogas cho dong co rat thap Trong biet dpng ca sfl dung hai nhien heu diesel-biogas nhflng trang trai viia va ldn, trii luong biogas Nam 2008, nhom nghien cflu tfl dai hpe Da Ning sinh rat ldn va phan biogas khong sii dung het bat dau cdng bd cac nghien cflu flng dung biogas iatfc ngUdi dan thai lai moi trudng Tai Nha len ddng co sfl dung hai nhien heu [9,10,111 cic miy Che bien tinh bpt mi Viet Ma, tinh Tay Ninh, cdng trmh nghien cflu ve viec ap dung nhien lieu hi?n tai (03/2013), m6i gid Nha may phai dot bo biogas tren dpng co diesel LTu diem cua cic khoang 400 m' sinh hoc Viec dot bo, hoac nghien cflu la da i p dung thinh cdng biogas xi bo nguon khong nhijfng gay lang phi len dong co diesel va phat trien bp dieu tpc co nguon nang lUdng xanh ma cdn gop phan lam gia de dieu khien dpng co theo cac che dp tii v i tpc tang nha kinh [6] dp Tuy nhien, dpng co cdn tdn tai nhieu cic nhflpc diem nhfl chfla tdi Uu hda dupc ti le PHAT T R I E N DONG CO SIT DUNG KHI luang nhien lieu giOa diesel-biogas tai che tii SINH HOC TAI VIET NAM cao, van cdn phu thupc vao loai nhien heu hda thach, viec dap flng tai cua dpng co cdn cham v i Cac nghien cUu v^ viec Ung dung biogas chua dinh gii hieu suat chuyen doi ddng cd tren dpng cd dUpc phat trien tien phong tU dai hgc Da Nang Nam 2007, Bui Van Ga va dong nghidp cong b6 cac nghien cUu dau tien ve viec ling dung biogas tren dpng co De tai "he thong cung c^p biogas cho ddng ca keo may phat dijn 2HP" va de tai "Tinh luyen biogas de chay dpng cO ddt trong" la cac nghien cUu co sd ih tien viec ap dung biogas len dpng CO dot tji Viet Nam De tai thuc hien vijc chay t h i biogas len dpng co danh Ifla cudng blJc 2HP sau khi di qua he thong lpc lam Hinh 1: SO nguyen iy he thong nhi&n tiiu ddng cd giim thinh phan H,S va CO, Bo trpn biogas biogas tren xe gin mdy dupc phit trifo tU bp phu kiln GAS sfl dung tren xe gin miy sfl dung LPG bang each bo sung them Nam 2009, chflong trinh hp tra nang lflc bg iilu t6c phu [6,7] De tai mdi chi thuc nghien cflu JICA-SUPREM tai Trfldng Dai hpe nghi&m chUng minh dpng co cd kha nang hoat Bach Khoa TP.Hd Chi Minh da ho trp nhom i l % duoc vdi nhien lieu sinh hpe ma chUa nghien cflu Pham Xuin Mai vi ddng nghigp thuc dua cic danh gia dinh tinh ve hieu qua ddng hien viec nghien cflu sfl dung biogas tren ddng CO, Ngoai ra, nhdm nghien cflu cdn thflc hien ca phat dien cd ldn{70 kW) Trpng nghien cflu "SC ip dung nhien lieu biogas len dpng co niy, ddng ca xang truyen thdng dflpc chuyen ddi « gin may (S) Ket qua de tai cho thay viec sfl ddng co may phit dien va phit dign cdng iVTig biogas giup xe gin may giam phat thai HC suit dien dn dinh tai cong suit 20 kW De tai niy dli bSng 10% va phat thai CO chi bing 1% so vdi da phit trien dfldc bd dieu tdc dien tfl de dieu TCVN Tuy nhien, thfl nghiem chi thflc hien khien v i tdc dp ddng ca biogas chay vdi che ™ xe gin may dflng yen tai cho va banh xe quay dp tai cao [13] Nguyen Ngpc Dung vi Huynh * t6c dp tfl 200 - 450 vdng/phut Thanh Cdng hien giai doan hai cua dU in vdi vigc phit trien he thdng tinh lpc, nen vi sfl dung biogas cho nhieu muc dich khac Trong de tai niy Vi^c flng dung nhien lieu biogas tren cac nhdm nghien cflu da thiet ke vi che tao thinh J H ™ danh Ifla cfldng bflc cdng suit nhd cho cdng he thdng loc biogas [ 14] vi flng dung nd cho ni«ii suit dpng cd kha thap De ning cao hieu dpng cd xe gin miy [15] Trpng dd, vigc Irien khai suit dOng CO, vigc sfl dyng dpng co sfl dung hai flng dung biogas tren xe gin miy la mol Irong nhflng"''* nhien liju li mpt trpng cac bien phap kha thi, dac TAP CHf CO KHf VIET NAM V Sd (Thing nin Wi NGHIEN CUfU - TRAO Ddi hfldng nghien cflu chinh cua de tdi De tai da tao md hinh ddng xe gan mdy chay bang he thdng phun biogas dieu khien dien tfl [15,16] Hinh trinh bdy so he thong phun nhien lieu biogas cho xe gan may dieu khien dien tii Khi biogas nen vdi dp suat - bar dflpc dfla vdo vdo binh (5) thdng qua cong nap (1) vd van nap (2) Trfldc cho xe van hdnh, ngfldi dieu khien phai md van tay (3) de biogas chd sdn trfldc van dien tfl (6) Tren binh biogas cd gan ddng hd dp suat (4), dung de bao mflc nhien lieu (biogas) cdn binh Khi khdi ddng may ECU (16) gfli tin hieu dien (12V) md van dien tfl, biogas tfl binh chfla den bp dieu ap (7) Ben van dien tfl cd mpt bd Ipc, nen van dien tfl ngoai vai trd ddng ngat ddng biogas cdn cd nhiem vu lpc bui ban Bp dieu dp (7) cd giam dp binh chfla tfl tfl - 12 bar xuong khodng - bar vd day cung Id dp suat lam viec cua kim phun (10) Tren bp dieu dp cd gan dong ho dp suat (8) de hien thl dp suat cfla bp dieu dp Khi xe boat ddng Iflpng nhien lieu biogas binb se gidm xuong, dp suat gidm xudng, nen dp suat cua bp dieu dp cung gidm xudng, de dam bdo dp suat cua bd dieu dp nam gidi ban dp suat cfla kim phun (1-3 bar), trenbd dieu dp cd thiet bi bieu chinh dp sudt Lpc (9) cd nhiem vu lpc biogas mdt lan nfla trfldc dfla den kim phun Khde vdi he thdng phun xang EFI, kim phun biogas khdng gan trflc tiep tren dfldng dng nap ma dflpc gan trung gian thdng qua ong ndi cao su (11), dau cdn lai cfla dng noi dflpc gdn vdi dau phun (12) Ddu phun ndy dflpc gdn chat tren dfldng dng nap Dau phun dflpc thiet ke nhieu Id tia vdi muc dich tang toe dp hda trpn nhien lieu va khdng Cung luc do, he thdng nap khdng cung hoat ddng, khdng sau di qua lpc (18) se dflpc Ipc sach bui ban, sau dd hda trpn vdi biogas tao hda va nap vao budng dot ddng cP Trong qud trinh boat ddng, bd dieu khien trung tdm (ECU) lien tue nhan tin hieu gfli ve tfl cac cdm bien: vi tri bfldm ga, dp suat nap, nhiet nap (19), tdc dp ddng cd (15), nhiet j Q TAP CHI CO KHf VIET NAM V nhdt (14), nong oxy thai (cam bien oxy) (13) vd dien dp dc quy (17) Bp dieu khien trung tdm tdng hop nhflng tin hieu ndy de tinh todn thdi gian phun cd ban, vd thdi gian phun thflc te theo tiing che dd tai cua ddng cp Cuoi cung, ECU gisi tin hieu dien 12V den kim phun vd biogas dflpc phun vao dpng cd Tuy nhien, gidi han cua nghien ciiu la chfla tao dflpc cdng nghe lflu trfl du ldn de cd the xe gan may boat dpng lau dai pham vi ldn CHUYEN DOI D O N G C O DIESEL T H A N H D O N G C O BIOGAS Cdc nghien cflu de xuat d tren mdi chi dp dung cho ddng cP cdng suat nhd vd khd trien khai dp dung cdng nghiep Nhfl da phan tich d phan tren, cdc trang trai chdn nudi quy md ldn cdng nhieu ddi hdi phdi sfl dung dpng cd, thiet bi ldn Viec nghien ciiu thiet ke va phdt trien cdc ddng cd mdy phdt dien sfl dung sinh hoc cd ldn (100 kVA) nham sfl dung hieu qua nguon nhien heu sinh hoc sinh la rat can thiet Hien tai, ddng cP sfl dung sinh hpe tai Viet Nam thfldng dflpc chuyen ddi tfl ddng cO xdng ddn den hieu sudt ddng co rat thap vd gidi ban ve cdng suat sfl dung (