NGHIEN CU'U GIAI PHAP NANG CAO C H A T LU'QNG VA HIEU QUA CUA QUA TRJNH CHU'NG C A T NHU'A THONG Pham Anh Tudn vd cac cpng sir Vien Co dien Ndng nghiep va Cdng nghe Sau thu hoach Tom tat Sdn phdm he thong thiit bi chung cdt ehdn khdng thudc du dn SXTN cdp nhd nudc "Hodn thien cdng nghe vd he thong thiit bi sdn xudt colophan vd tinh ddu thdng, quy md 5000 tdn sdn phdm/ndm", md so du dn KC07.DA 11/06-10 Diem khdc biet cita sdn phdm so vdi cdc he thing thiit bi chung cdt dang duac sie diingphd bien tren the gidi vd nudc Id nhung gidi phdp ho thien vi qud trinh vd thiet bi Trong do, qud trinh cdp nhiet bdng hai hinh thuc trtfc tiep vd gid tiip sie dung ngudn hai qud nhiet, qud trinh ngung tu hda long cdp ndi tiep sir dyng nguon nudc gidi nhiet cd the dieu khien duac nhiet dp ngung ty, da ndng cao dteac chdt luang sdn phd vd hieu qud ciia qud trinh chung cdt Ket qud nghien cieu thiJV nghiem vd ddnh gid khdo ngh dieu kien sdn xudt da dua duac che dp chung cdt phit hap vdi nguyen li^u nhif a thong Mien Trung -Vi^t Nam vdi cdc chi tieu kinh te-ky thudt dgt vd vuat tieu chudn Viet Nam I OAT V A N O^ Tinh ddu thdng va colophan Id hai sdn phdm dugc tao tft qua trinh chung cdt nhua thdng Cdng nghe chumg cdt nhua thdng phd bien thuc hien nhd hai nudc bao hod cd dp sudt tir - I Oat, tucmg ftng nhiet dp khoang I75°C - I85°C Trong dd ngudn hai nudc bao hod cdp nhiet cho qud trinh sdi bay hod ddng thdi la ddng luc cudn keo hai ddu tft khdi dich nhua thiet bi chumg cdt Hdn hgp hai ddu va nudc dugc ngung tu hda ldng sau di qua thiet bi ngung tu nhd qua trinh trao ddi nhiet gidn tiep vdi chdt tdi nhiet, thudng Id nudc tuan hodn qua thiet bi ngung tu Cdc yeu td anh hudmg chinh din chdt lugng sdn phdm vd hieu qua cfta qud trinh Id nhiet do, dp suat vd thdi gian chung cdt Trong qua trinh chumg cat d nhiet tren 175°C, chdt lugng san pham colophan cd xu hudng bi biln tinh vd biln mdu nhanh theo thdi gian Mat khdc vdi nhiSt chung cdt thap dudi mftc gidi ban vd thdi gian chung cdt ngdn, cung ddn din gidm cap chdt lugng sdn phdm chua dft ddng luc dl tdch chilt triet dl lugng tinh ddu thdng sdn phdm colophan [2], [3] Tft kit qua tdng hgp vl tinh hinh nghien cftu ftng dung va ngodi nudc dd dua vd phdn tich mdt sd vdn dk cdn tdn t£ii cdng nghe chung cdt nhua thdng nhu sau: - Chdt lugng sdn pham colophan thdp nhiet dp chumg cdt cao vd thdi gian chung cdt dai - Hieu sudt trao ddi nhiet cfta hai bdo hod thap vdo giai dogn cudi cua qud trinh chung cdt dp chenh lech nhiet dp cua ngudn hai cdp vdi nhiet dp chung cdt khdng cao D I khdc phuc ban chl theo cdng nghe cfta Nhdt Bdn da bo sung them ngudn cdp nhi?t gidn tilp bdng ddu nhiet dugc gia nhiet din nhiet dp khoang 25 0°C Nhu vdy dl thuc hien qua trinh chung cdt phai sft dung ngudn nhiet ddc lap nen thilt kl phftc tap vd ton thdt nhi?t cao - Lugng hai nudc ngdm colophan cao ngftng cdp hoi vao giai dogn cuoi ciia qud trinh chung cdt, cdn mgt phdn hai nudc chua dugc tdch hit - Hi?u sudt cfta qua trinh ngung tu hda ldng tgi thilt bj ngung t\i thdp vd khdng on djnh nhiet dp cfta ngudn nudc giai nhi?t phu thupe vao nhidt dp cua mdi trudng, dan din ty If thu hii ddu thdp 124 Gidi quyet ca ban nhung ban chl da neu tren dl ndng cao chdt lupmg san phdm vd hieu qud cfta qud trinh chung cdt nhua thdng la mdt phdn ndi dung nghien cftu hoan thien cua du dn SXTN cap nhd nudc KC07.DA11/06-10 II NGUYEN LIEU VA PHU'aNG PHAP NGHIEN CU'U 2.1 Nguyen lieu Nguyen lieu nhua thdng Miln Trung - Viet Nam, vdi cac chi tieu chdt lugng ddm bdo tieu chuan loai I theo TCVN 4188-86 2.2 Phipcng phap nghien CLPU 2.2.1 Phirffng phap thirc nghiem • Thiit bi su dung He thdng thiet bi chumg cat phuc vu qua trinh nghien cftu thuc nghiem la sdn phdm hodn thien thilt kl ky thudt cua du dn KC07.DAI 1/06-10 (hinh 2) • Xdy dung md hinh thuc nghiim Xdc dinh yeu td ddc lap cd the dieu khien dugc la nhiet dp chumg cat va nhiet dp ngung tu cd dnh hudng den thdi gian vd chdt lugng cua san pham qua trinh chung cat Trong dd gian tilp dilu khiin nhipt dp ngung tu bang dieu khiin nguon nudc lanh tudn hoan qua thilt bi ngung tu 2, md ngudn nudc gidi nhiet cho thiet bi ngung tu I ludn bien ddng vd phu thudc vdo nhiet dp cfta mdi trudmg Mien bien thien cua cac ylu td thuc nghiem vdi nhiet dp chung cdt tft 160 - I7b°C va nhiet dp ngudn nudc lanh tft - IO°C - Khdo sat cac mftc nhiet dp chumg cdt: 160°C, I65°C, 170°C - Khao sat cdc mftc nhiet dp ngudn nudc lanh: 5°C, 7,5°C, 10°C - Khdi lugng dich nhua cua mdi me chumg cat 3000 kg; nhiet dp ban ddu 80°C; ngudn hai qud nhiet cd dp sudt trung binh khodng lat, nhiet dp trung binh 225°C; nhiet dp mdi trudng thdi diem thi nghiem tft 32 - 34°C, tuomg ftng nhiet dp nguon nudc thap giai nhiet 27 - 28''C; - Tien hanh 09 thi nghiem theo thft tu, vdi so ldn lap lai (n = 3) dugc lay gia tri trung binh vd thdng ke sd lieu tai (bang 1), vdi muc tieu cfta thuc nghiem Id thdi gian chung cdt ngdn va chdt lugng colophan cao, thdng qua cac chi tieu: nhiet dp chay mem (°C), chi sd axit (mgKOH/g), ham lupmg chat khdng xd phdng hda (%), ham lugng nudc (%) va mdu sac cdm quan (vdi mftc ddnh gia WW, W^, X) 2.2.2 Phircng phap phan tich danh gia chat lirang san pham - Phdn tich chat lugng sdn phdm colophan theo tieu chudn TCVN 4190 - 86 - Phdn tich chdt lugng sdn phdm tinh dau thdng theo tieu chuan TCVN 4189 - 86 - Ddnh gid chdt lugng sdn phdm colophan vd tinh ddu thdng dat tieu chudn xuat khdu theo ti6u chuan thuang mai Qudc tl (ASTMStandards vd ISO 412 -1976) III K^T QUA vA THAO LUAN 3.1 Hoan thien thi§t k l he thdng thidt bj chirng clt nhipa thong 3.1.L Co* so* khoa hoc - Xuat phdt tft bdn chdt vdt ly de phd vd lien ket nhdm tach tinh ddu thdng tft hon hgp dich nhvra thi hau hit cdc gidi phdp cdng nghe sft dung ndng lupmg nhiet lam ddng luc chinh Luc lien ket gidm theo xu hudng nhi?t dp tang, vdy moi vdt chdt dlu cd mdt nhiet dp toi ban ma tai dd 125 lien kit bi pha dilu kien dp sudt nhdt dinh Qua trinh chung cat nhua thdng, colophan bi biln tinh va biln mau nhanh vdi mftc nhiet dp >I75°C, dk giam nhiet dp dudi mftc tdi ban nhdm cai thien chdt lugng sdn phdm, dilu cdn thilt phai bd sung them dgng luc thft hai Id tao dp sudt lam viec cang thdp cang tot Cdc gidi phap tao dp sudt thap thilt bi chung cdt: + Ngung tu gidm dp: Qua trinh chuyin khdi hda hai thdnh ldng cfta hon hgp hai ddu va nudc tai thilt bi ngung tu nang sudt hda long Idn horn nang sudt bay hod thilt hi chung cdt se tao nen mdi trudng cd dp sudt gidm (mftc dp gidm dp sudt bang dp ehdn khdng mmHg) Mat khdc ylu td anh hudng din ndng sudt ngung tu la nhiet dp chat tai nhiet va dien tich tmyin nhiet cua thilt bi ngung tu Trong dd, nhiet dp chat tai nhiet ddng vai trd quan trpng, nhiet cang thdp cd the giam dugc dien tich trao ddi nhiet den gidi ban nhdt dinh, ngugc lai neu tang dien tich trao ddi nhiet ma nhiet dp chat tai nhiet Idm hem nhiet dp diem ngung tu dd qud trinh ngung tu khdng the xay + Mdy hiit chan khdng: dugc lap dat d vi tri sau thiet bi ngung tu de hftt khdng ngung he thdng nham tao dugc ap suat chan khdng - Dieu khien nhiet dp ngung tu: Trong qua trinh chumg cat dp suat gidm dan dan den trang thai nhiet dp diem ngung tu cua hdn hgp hai ddu vd nudc thiet bi ngung tu cd xu hudng gidm Neu chat tai nhiet tudn hoan qua thiet bi ngung tu khdng du the nhiet (mftc chenh lech nhiet dp) de nhiet dp cfta hdn hgp hai xudng trang thdi diem ngung thi dd thiet bi ngung tu khdng cdn phat huy hieu qua, dan den may hut ehdn khdng phdi lam viec qua tdi, ngoai nhiem vu hut khdng ngung cdn phai hut hdn hgp hai ddu thai ngodi mdi trudmg Do vdy giai phap tdi uu cua qua trinh chung cdt la phdi dieu khien dugc nhiet dp chdt tai nhiet cho thiet bi ngung tu tuomg ftng vdi nhiet dp diem ngung 3.L2 Ket qua hoan thien thiet ke Thiet lap dugc sa dd nguyen Iy hoan thien he thdng thilt bi chung cdt ehdn khdng (hinh I) Hinh So 66 nguygn ly hoan thien eua he thdng thilt bj chung clt chan khdng 126 Thuyit minh nguyin ly hoat dpng: - Thiet bi chung cat (1) ldm viec gian doan vdi nang sudt 3000 kg dich nhua/me Ngudn cap nhiet bdng hai qua nhiet vdi hinh thfte gia nhiet gian tilp thdng qua thilt bi trao ddi nhiet kilu calorife vd true tilp thdng qua bd sue hai - Qfta trinh ngung tu hda ldng hon hgp hai ddu vd nudc tai thilt bi NTi (2) vd NT2 (3) ldp ndi tiep Trong dd, thiet bi NT] nhd bam (10) tudn hoan nudc lam mat bang thdp gidi nhiet (9) vd thiet bi NT2 nhd bam nudc lanh (11) tuan hodn qua be nudc lanh (8) dugc Iam lanh nhd td hgp mdy lanh nude kilu Chiller (7) Thdp giai nhiet dugc thilt kl dong thdi giai nhiet cho thilt bi NTi vd thiet bj ngung tu cua td hgp may lanh Chiller Vdi thiet ke qua trinh ngung tu hdn hgp hai ddu vd nudc nhd ngudn nudc gidi nhiet cd nhiet dp khdc nhau, ngudn nudc lanh tudn hodn qua thiet bi NT2 cd the dieu khien dugc vdi nhiet dp phft hgp qud trinh chung cdt - Hai mdy hftt ehdn khdng kieu vdng nudc (6) (trong dd 01 may hut ehdn khdng du phdng) vd binh ehdn khdng (5), de tao dugc dp sudt thdp thiet bi chung cat nhdm tang ddng luc cho qud trinh bay hai Nhiem vu chinh cua may hut chan khdng Id hut khdng ngung he thdng, vdy neu thiet bi NTi va thiet bi NT2 Idm viec khdng hieu qua, dd lugng hai ddu cd xu hudng keo ve may hut ehdn khdng rdi xd ngoai, gdy d nhiem mdi trudng, giam ty I? thu hdi sdn phdm, mat khae gay qua tai va hu hdng den may hiit ehdn khdng De ban che mftc dp tdn thdt hai dau he thdng ldp thilt bi ngung tu (4), nham thu hdi lugng hai ddu xd tft mdy hiit chan khdng, trudc thai khdng ngung ngoai mdi trudng He thdng thilt bi chumg cdt hoan thien la san phdm cua dft an KC07.DA11/06-10 dugc ldp dat tai Khu cdng nghiep Nam Ddng Ha - Qudng Tri (hinh 2) Hinh Hp thdng thilt bj ehu'ng clt chan khdng, quy md 5000 tin san phlm/nam Sdn phdm sau qua trinh chung cdt nhua thdng bao gdm colophan va tinh ddu thdng, vdi ty 1? tinh ddu khodng 12 - 18%, colophan khodng 82 - 88% va phu thudc vdo ddc tinh ciia chftng logi nguyen lieu khdc - Qua trinh phan ly tdch ddu vd nudc dugc thuc hien tai thilt bi phdn ly - Sdn phdm colophan sau mdi me chung cdt dugc thdo xd tai van day cfta thilt bi chung c^t vd ddng rdt true tilp vao thung sdn phdm 127 3.2 K i t qua nghien CLPU thipc nghiem Kit qua thuc nghiem va phdn tich chdt lupmg cfta sdn phdm colophan dugc tdng hgp tai (bdng 1) Bang Anh hu'dng cua nhiet dp ehu'ng c l t vd nhiet dp ngudn nu>vc lanh d i n thd'i gian ehu'ng c l t vd c h i t lugng colophan Chi sd axit (mgKOH/g) Ham lu'p'ng c h i t khdng xd phdng hod (%) Hdm lu'O'ng nu'd'c (%) Mau sic cam quan colophan' 77,5 173,3 3,00 0,10 W* 1h40 77,0 172,6 3,05 0,11 W^ 160 1h35 76,3 172,0 3,08 0,13 WW 165 1h50 79,2 174,0 2,90 0,08 X 7,5 165 1h45 78,5 173,5 2,92 0,09 X 10 165 1h40 78,4 172,8 2,95 0,10 w* 170 2h00 79,5 173,8 2,91 0,06 WW 7,5 170 1h55 79,3 173,6 2,9 0,07 WW 10 170 1h47 79,0 173,3 3,0 0,07 WW Nhiet dp nu'd'c lanh Nhiet dp ehu'ng Thd'i gian ehu'ng clt ro rc) clt (h) 160 1h45 7,5 160 10 STT Nhiet dp ehay m i m colophan rc) (* MCrc danh gia mau sic colophan theo tieu chuin xuit khiu: X>W^>WW) Tft sd lieu tdng hgp (bang 1) cho thdy mftc dnh hudmg cua nhiet chung cat va nhiet dp ngudn nudc lanh giai nhiet den thai gian chung cdt va chdt lugng cua sdn phdm colophan la khd khdc biet Trong dd, vdi nhiet dp chumg cat thdp d mftc 160°C thdi gian chumg cat ngan nhung chat lugng sdn phdm khdng cao, tuomg ftng nhiet chay mim thap tur 76,3 - 77,5°C, chi sd axit thdp tft 172,0 - 173,3 mgKOH/g, ham lupmg chdt khdng xa phdng hoa tft -3,08%, ham lupmg nudc tu 0,1 - 0,13%, mau sac cam quan khodng WW din W^ Ngugc lai d mftc nhiet cao 170°C vdi thdi gian chung cdt ddi nen khd ndng tdch ddu triet dl hom, cdc chi tieu nhiet chdy mem, chi sd axit, ham lupmg chdt khdng xd phdng hda va ham lugng nudc dugc cdi thien cao ban nhumg ve mdu sac cam quan bi giam cdp din mftc thdp WW Trong vdi mftc nhiet dp chung cat khodng 165°C tuomg ftng dai nhiet dp nudc lanh giai nhiet tft - 7,5°C, thdi gian chumg cat tft lh45phut din Ih50phftt la chl dp chung cdt hgp ly cho chdt lupmg sdn phdm cao hom vdi cdc chi tieu nhiet dp chay mim cao 78,5 - 79,2°C, chi so axit tft 173,5 - 174 mgKOH/g, ham lugng chdt khdng xd phdng hda 2,9 - 2,92%, ham lugng nudc 0,08 - 0,09% vd mdu sde cam quan cao, dat mftc loai X Trong nghien cftu thuc nghiem san phdm tinh ddu thdng thu dugc d dang ddu thd, mftc dp anh hudmg den chdt lugng sdn phdrn tinh dau tft cdc ylu to thuc nghiem la khdng ddng kl, ngodi chi tieu kinh tl la ty 1? thu hdi ddu Mat khdc chdt lugng tinh ddu thdng phu thudc nhilu vdo ddc tinh cfta chung loai nguyen lieu, vdy nghien cftu chi tap trung phdn tich 128 chdt lugng cua san phdm colophan Kit qud ddnh gid cfta qua trinh sdn xuat thft nghiem cfta du an KC07.DA11/06-10 se dua phdn tich ddnh gid ddy dft sau hoan thien quy trinh tdng thl ve cdng ngh? chl biln nhua thdng 3.3 Kit qua danh gia dilu kien san xult He thong chung cdt chan khdng vd quy trinh cdng nghe chung cdt hodn thien da cd tde dpng true tiep den chdt lugng san phdm vd hieu qud cfta ddy chuyin sdn xudt colophan vd tinh ddu thdng, quy md 5000 tan san phdm/ nam Sau qua trinh boat ddng sdn xudt thft nghiem da dugc khdo nghiem vd ddnh gid vl chdt lugng cfta sdn phdm vd cac chi tieu kinh tl - ky thudt 3.3.1 Ve chdt lu'O'ng san phSm Ket qua phdn tich mau san phdm colophan vd tinh ddu thdng dugc tdng hgp tai (bang 2) vd (bang 3) tuomg ftng vdi cdc mftc chi tieu theo TCVN Bing Ydu e l u c h i t lu'prng colophan theo TCVN 4190-86 vd sdn phim thyc t l Mirc chl tieu TT Tgn cac chi tigu Theo TCVN 4190-86 (loai 1) ThiPC t l dat du'p'c* Chat ran, trong, ron, de vo- va dap, miu tir vang sang den vang dgc, CO mui dae tru-ng dun chay Chat ran, trong, ron, de vokhi va dap, miu vang sang, CO miji dac tru'ng dun chay Cam quan Ham lu-png tgp chat (%), khdng Ion hon 0,30 0,08 Nhlgt dp chay mem (°C) khong thap hon 70 79,0 Chl so axit (mgKOH/g) 160-190 181 Hdm lupng chat khdng xa phdng hoa (%) khdng \dn hon 3,00 2,91 Ham lupng nu'd'c (%) khdng Id-n hon 0,10 0,09 Hdm lu'png tro (%) khdng Ion hon 0,20 0,012 C Kit qui phan tich theo phieu so 0983/NL, 25/8/2010) ^ing Ydu c l u c h i t lu'p'ng tinh d l u thdng theo TCVN 4189-86 vd san phim thM'C t l MU'C ehi tidu TT Tgn cdc chi tigu Theo TCVN 4189-86 (logi 1) Thyc t l dgt du'p'c' Chit long sudt, khdng cd cgn va nu-dc, cdrnCiidgc tru'ng Chat Idng suot, khdng cd can va nU'dc, cd mui dae tru'ng Cam quan Ty khii a 20''C 0,8570 - 0,8590 0,8553 Chl s6 khCic xg 6- 25''C 1,4670-1,4120 1,46638 Gidi hgn sdi °C 153-157 155 T h l tfch c l t tdi 170''C%, khdng nhd han 95 96 Phin edn Igi khdng bay hoi (%) khdng ldn han 2,5 2,03 Chl s6 axit khdng Id-n han 0,5 0,62 ->•< (' Kit qui phSin tich theo phiiu s6 0982/NL, ngdy 25/8/2010) 009 Qua sd lieu tdng hgp tft bang vd bdng so sanh vdi cac mftc chat lugng tuong ftng theo TCVN 4190-86 vd TCVN 4189-86, cho thdy: San phdm colophan da cdi thien dugc chdt lugng va vugt trdi so vdi tieu chudn Viet Nam, dat tieu chudn xudt khau theo tieu chuan thuang mai Qudc te ASTM Standards vd ISO 412 -1976 Ddi vdi sdn pham tinh dau thdng chi dgt chdt lu^mg theo tieu chudn Viet Nam, vdy phdn ldm khdi lugng sdn phdm tinh dau thdng dugc xudt khiu d dgng ddu thd De ndng cao chat lugng sdn phdm tinh dau thdng can ddu tu tiep cdng nghe tinh che theo yeu cau va muc dich ftng dung khdc 3.3.2 Cac chi tieu kinh tl ky thuat Tft ket qua khdo nghiem ddy chuyen thiet hi sdn xudt colophan vd tinh ddu thdng, quy mo 5000 tdn san pham/nam, tai Cdng ty cd phan thdng Qudng Phft - Quang Tri da danh gid dugc mdt sd chi tieu kinh te - ky thudt: - Ty 1? thu hdi sdn pham vdi nguyen lieu Mien Trung dgt 88,7% - Chi phi dien Id 18,4 kWh/ tdn nguyen lieu nhua thdng - Chi phi than la 58,6 kg/ tan nguyen lieu nhua thdng - Chi phi nudc la 1,3 m / tdn nguyen lieu nhua thdng Ddnh gia so vdi day chuyen thiet bi theo cdng nghe xudt xft cua Nhdt Bdn trudc dirge ndng cap cdi tgo tgi Cdng ty cd phdn thdng Quang Ninh: - Chi phi nhien lieu (dien, nudc, than) gidm khodng 50%) - Thai gian chumg cat giam khoang 60 phftt - Nang sudt che bien tang 44,4% - Ty le thu hdi san phdm tang 4,1 % IV K^T LUAN He thdng chung cdt ehdn khdng sft dung ngudn hai qua nhiet cd nhiet dp 225°C va dp sudt 10 - lat, bang hai hinh thfte trao ddi nhiet gidn tilp vd true tilp thilt hi chung cat Qfta trinh ngung tu hda Idng cdp ndi tiep vdi hai ngudn tdi nhiet bdng nudc cd nhiet dp khae nhau, dd: Ngudn thft nhdt cd nhiet dp phu thudc vao nhiet dp mdi trudng nhd tudn hoan qua thap gidi nhiet; Nguon thft cd thl dilu khiin dugc chl dp nhiet dp theo yeu cdu cdng ngh?, nhd tudn hodn qua td hgp mdy Iam Ignh nudc Qua trinh chung cat chan khdng cho nguyen lieu nhua thdng Miln Trung - Viet Nam, vdi che dp phft hgp: Ap sudt lam viec 700 -710 mmHg, nhiet chung cdt 165°C, nhiet dp nudc gidi nhiet cdp tft 7,5 - 10°C tuomg ftng nhiet dp mdi trudmg tft 32 -34°C, thdi gian chung cdt la lh45 phftt San phdm tgo la colophan vd tinh ddu thdng dgt tieu chudn xudt khdu theo tieu chudn thuomg mgi Qudc te {ASTMStandards vd ISO 412 -1976), dd: Colophan cd cdc chi tieu vl nhiet dp chdy mim 79,4°C; Chi sd axit 180 mgKOH/g; Ham lupmg chdt khdng xa phong hda 2,91%); Ham lugng nudc 0,09%; Mdu sde dgt mftc X Tinh dau thdng cd cdc chi tieu ve khdi lugng rieng d 20°C la 0,8553; Chi so axh 0,62 mgKOH/g; Chi sd khftc xg d 25°C Id 1,46638; Nhiet dp sdi Id 155°C; Thl tich cdt d 170°C la 96% thl tich; Can khdng bay hai Id 2,03% khoi lugng TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Pham Anh Tudn (2010); Bao cao ting kit KHKT du an SXTN cdp nha nuoc "Hoan thien cong nghf vi he thing thilt bj san xudt colophan va tinh ddu thong, quy mo 5000 tdn sdn phim/nam", ma s6 d^ dn KC07.DA 11/06-10 GAMA, A (1982) [Processing of pine resin in Portugal.] Boletim Institute dos Produtos FlorestaisResinosos 130 [HTTP://WWW.FAO.ORG/DOCREP/V6460E/V6460E08.HTM] ... nhiet cao 170°C vdi thdi gian chung cdt ddi nen khd ndng tdch ddu triet dl hom, cdc chi tieu nhiet chdy mem, chi sd axit, ham lupmg chdt khdng xd phdng hda va ham lugng nudc dugc cdi thien cao. .. lh45phut din Ih50phftt la chl dp chung cdt hgp ly cho chdt lupmg sdn phdm cao hom vdi cdc chi tieu nhiet dp chay mim cao 78,5 - 79,2°C, chi so axit tft 173,5 - 174 mgKOH/g, ham lugng chdt khdng... vdi nhiet dp chumg cat thdp d mftc 160°C thdi gian chumg cat ngan nhung chat lugng sdn phdm khdng cao, tuomg ftng nhiet chay mim thap tur 76,3 - 77,5°C, chi sd axit thdp tft 172,0 - 173,3 mgKOH/g,