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„ j Pja 1;^ va T^i nguySn Moi Irufrng Thira Thien Hue Hoi Dja ly Viet Nam Anh hifd'ng tieu CLPC cua hoat dong phat triin du lich ddn moi tru'd'ng nuo'c mat dao Phu Qu6c Nguyen Thu Nhung", Duong Thj H3ng Vln', Nguyen Thj Thanh Hoa' Abstract Especially, marine and coastal tourism is one the fastest growing areas in ihe world U which must he mentioned in Phu Quoc island, Vieinam Besides the positive impacts of economic development Phu Quoc island tourism has certain effected the island environment, especially on surface water This paper mentioned of the negative impacts (direct and/or indirect) to the surface water environment which icns impacted by activities for touri'^m development on the island MOfOAU Phii Qudc la mdt dao Idn vjnh Thai Lan cd che dp hau nhiet ddi dien hinh, il bien dgng, im ap quanh nam, it cd nhii-ng hien tugng thdi tiet bat Igi, lai dugc thien nhicn uu at ve da dang sinh hgc, hap dan vdi nhirng bai bien dep, dai cat mjn nhu bai Khem, bai Tham, rgch Tram, Ngoai ra, dao Phii Qudc nim tren dudng hang hai qudc tl Xianucvin (Campuchia) - Ho Chi Minh, Bangkok (Thai Lan) - phd Hd Chi Minh va gan vdi tuyen hang hai ngan nhat tuong lai ndi An Do duang vdi Thai Binh ducmg qua ban dao Malaysia Vdi dieu kien thuan Igi Ircn du Ijch dao Phii Qudc cang phat trien mgnh me, ddng vai Ird i^uan trgng la mgt eye irgng dicm viing dpng lyc phat irien du Ijeh Rach Gia - Ha Tien - Phii Qudc d khu vuc phia Nam To quoc [8] Dac bict, Quyet djnh sd 178/2004/QD-TTg 05/10/2004 "phat trien ting ihl dao Phii Qudc tinh Kien Giang den nam 2010 va tam nhin den nam 2020" nhu "ludng gio mdi" dua den nhirng ddi thay nhanh chdng cho nganh du Ijch d Phii Qudc Tuy nhien, du lich lai la mdt nganh kinh te cd tinh chat tdng hgp, anh hudng den sy phat trien eiia cac nganh kinh te khac va gay nhieu tac dgng cho mdi trudng (bao gdm ca tac dgng tich eye va tac dgng tieu cue) De cd the phat trien du Ijch lau dai va ben virng, phii hgp vdi quy hoach chung cita huyen dao thi can ed nhiJng nghien citu ky ludng, can than dau tu va phat trien ma dang ke nhat la anh hudng tdi moi trudng nude mat - ngudn sdng ciia dao HIEN T|ANG PHAT TRIEN DU LICH DAO PHU QUOC GIAI DOAN 2000 - 2010 Nhu da ndi d tren nganh du Iich dao Phii Qudc da cd sy chuyen minh mgnh me sau cd Quyet dinh sd 178/2004/QD-TTg 05/10/2004 ciia Thii tudng Chinh phit Sd lugng du khach din Phii Qudc nam 2010 tSng gap 2,17 lin nam 2008 (184.100 lugt) [5], dd khach quoc te la 93,3 nghin lugt khach [5] tang gap 1,8 Ian nam 2008 Khach din du lich d Phit Qudc ddng nhal la vao miia khd tir thang 10 din thang 12, dac biet la dip Noel lugng khach qudc te den ddng han va thdi gian luu trii cao hon (2,5 ngay/lugt khach) ehii ylu la khach Chau Au (70%) va Bac My, Tay Au, cae nude Asean i'len Dia ly ) 'len Khoa hpc va Cong nghe ^''i?l Nam DIA LY BIEN VA H A I D A O V I $ T NAM H6iDja ly va Tai nguyen Moi truong Thua Thicn Hue lIQiDjaly VijtN; /noooo , fiooooo I 400000 ', JDDOOO I 200000 Hinh I Lugng khach vd doanh thu du lich ddo Pint Qudc giai dogn 2000 - 2010 Ty le thugn vdi su gia tang lugng khach la su gia tang v l doanh thu du Ijch Doanh thu 6u Ijc dao Phil Q u I c giai doan 2000 - 2010 cd su tang t r u d n g d a n g ke mac dii phai trai qua thdi diem kli khan nam 2003 (dich SARS) va su khiing hoang kinh t l song nam 2010 doanh thu du Ijch tang ga 2,45 lin nam 2008 (dat 255 ty dong) Tuy nhicn n g u I n nhan lye phuc vu du Ijch cdn it so vdi yeu cai chit y l u la dan dao hoac d u g c tuyln dung tir dit liin va cd tdi % c h u a d u g e d a o tao nghiep vu ne khong dam bao dugc chat lugng djch vu cho du lich HIEN TRANG MOI T R U O ^ G N U O C MAT DAO PHU QUOC Vdi lugng mua Uung binh nam dat 3,038mm, udc tinh hang nam Phii Qudc tiep nhan tdi 1,61) m3 nude, khoang 900 trieu m' theo he thing sdng suoi dd bien, lugng nude cdn Iai dugc lui giir he thdng sdng rach va cae be nude ngam cac tang dat Trir lugng nude mat ciia cac m song tren dao Phu Quoc khoang 9,31 trieu m3 vdi chat lugng tuang ddi tdt, dii dap irng nhu cau san xual va sinh hoat Cac sdng sudi vira la nguon cung cap nude, vira la nai tao cac canh quan va to chirc cac boat ddng du lich Tuy nhicn trir lugng nude tren dao bien doi theo miia, theo dd miia kho tru- luoiig nude thap ban nhilu va chi udc chi bing khoang 1/4 trO lugng nude vao miia mua Chinh vi vgy rat can cd ')ien phap tru- nude vao mua khd va hgn che khai thac nude ngam de tranh hien tugng nhiem man ngudn nude ngim Trong do, tai mdt sd nai cd boat dpng phat trien du Ijch nhu Vun^ Bau, Ba Keo, Ganh Dai, sdng Duong Ddng dang bj d nhilm,COD, BOD5, TSS va ham lugng cac chat nhu Hg, chat tay riia va Colifom deu vugt quy chuan cho phep ANH HU'CTNG TIEU ClTC CUA HOAT DONG PHAT TRIEN DU LICH DEN MOI TRUONG Nir6C MAT DAO PHU QUOC Nude mat la mdt hai ngudn nude quy nuoi sdng ngudi dan va giir cuge sdng tren dao Neu ngudn nude bi anh hudng ve chat lugng va trii lugng se gay nhirng hgu qua rat xau ddi vdi sinh thai va ngudi Trong cac lac dgng chii y den ea hai kieu la: tac dgng den trir lugng nude (khi khai thac qua mirc, nhat la miia khd) va tae ddng den chat lugng nude (trong qua trinh xay dung di; an va phat trien du Ijch, eac chat thai ran, Idng dugc hoa tan hoac gia nhap vao ddng nude) */Anh hudtig true nip la su gia tdng nhu cdu sic dung nude vd lugng nuac thdi lir hogt dgng du hch ddo Phii Quoc N u d e , dac biet nude sach la mgt ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien vd ciing quan trgng, n h i t la doi vdi cac dao cd mat dan c u tuong doi Idn, cd nganh kinh l l du lich phat triin manh me n h u dao Phil 156 Hgi nghi Khoa hgc Dia ly Todn qudc ldn thu 6; Thdnh phd Hui, 9/2012 H^i Pia IV vi Tai nguyen Mfii Iruong Thira Thien Hue Hgi Dia ly VJjt Nam Ou6c Theo xu thi phat triin chung ctia The gidi, du Ijch Phit Quoc cd su gia tang nhanh chdng ve sd luong phin du khach, md rgng dja ban - loai hinh du Ijch va keo dal thdi vu du Ijch; va keo theo la sy gia tang viec sur dung nude cho cac khach sgn, nha hang, cac hoat dgng du lich, sinh hoat ciia du khach Dilu cd thi din din tinh trang khai thac qua miic tai nguyen nude, thicu nude, suy thoai nguIn nude cung nhu viec tgo mgt khdi lugng khdng Id ve nude thai Theo "Quy hogch tong the phat trien du Iich dao Phu Quoc, tinh Kien Giang thdi ky 2006 2020" dao Phit Qudc se ddn 1,2 trieu lugt khach vao nam 2015 va 2,5 tricu lugt khach vao nam 2020 va thdi gian luu trii trung binh ciia mdi khach la 3,5 (nam 2015) va 4,2 (nam 2020) thi lugng nude cap cho du khach nam 2015 xap xi 506 mVngay, tucmg duang vdi lucmg nude thai la 148 trieu mVnam Va den nam 2020 lugng nude tang len gap 2,5 lin so vdi nam 2015 (bang 1), gap gan 31 lan lugng can cung cap cho 340.000 ngudi dan dang sinh sdng d tren dao Phu Qudc Bdng Nhu cdu cdp nude cho khach du lich vd ddn cu- trin ddo Phu Quoc den ndm 2020 Liri^ng kh^ch/ so dan (lu'9l/ngu'6*i) Nam Thanh phan Du khach Dancu Nhu c^u nuo'c cap (m'/ngay) Lu'9'ng nir^c thai (m^/nSm) 201"^ 1.200.000 505.968 147.743 2020 2.500.000 1.264.320 369 181 2020 340.000 40.800 11.914 (Ngudn [2], Tinh todn Iren so lieu ciia Quy hoach vd WHO) Viec gia tang lugng nude thai se keo theo su gia tang cac chat gay d nhiem nude thai sinh hoat cua khach du lich Theo he sd d nhiem ciia WHO [16] cd the tinh toan tai lugng cac chat gay d nhilm irong nude thai sinh boat hogt dgng du lich vao nam 2015 va2020 nhu bang Bdng Tdi lugng nhiem nude thdi sinh hogt cua hogt dgng du lich dPhu Qudc Tai lu'9ng nhicm (lan/nam) Nam TSS BOD, COD T.N T.P 2015 221.613 103.419 177.291 14.774 432 2020 553.772 258.427 443.017 36.917 11.075 (Nguon: [2], tinh todn tren so lieu cua WHO) Theo tren, den nam 2020 nude thai tir dich vu du Ijch se la mgt nhirng nguon gay nhiem quan trgng ddi vdi ngudn nude mat tren ban dja dao vi dich vu du Ijch thudng keo theo miicphat thai nude kha cao, dd, hien nude mat - ngudn sdng eho su phat trien d dao Phit Quoc da bj d nhilm eye bp mot so noi Theo nhilu nghien ciru va thuc te cho thiy dc giir dugc su can bing sinh thai va bao v? mdi trudng chi dugc phep khai thac 1/3 lugng nude tiem nang tren dao Lugng nude cd kha nang cung cap ca miia kicl va niiia mua thdng qua he thdng sudi va cac hd trir nude, dicu doi hdi Phil Qudc can phai cd nhifng giai phap khai thac hgp ly ngudn tai nguyen nude, ddng thdi can day manh viec xir ly nude thai djch vu djch vu, nhat la nude thai phat sinh eac hoat ddng nha hang, khach sgn, khu luu trii khach V Anh huong gian tiip Id sir gia tdng cdc chdt thdi rdn tie hogt dgng xay dung ca sd hg tdng phyc vu du lich vd sinh hogt ctia du khdch Khi cd nhirng hoat ddng du lich, mac dii chit lugng nude mat khong tryc tiep cap nude vl nhu ciu cho khach du lich sinh hoat tren dao nhung nhirng hoat ddng phuc vu phat triin du Ijch vin ed thi DIA LY BIEN VA HAI DAO VIET NAM HflLPJaJ^ V'V'Jj Hoi Dja ly \i T^i nguyen Moi trufrng Thira Thicn Hui tac ddng len mdi trudng nude mat Mgt sd tac ddng tu hogt dgng du Ijch cd thi gay anh huang tot j lugng nude mgt la: - Viec nao vet, san lap dat de giai phdng mat bing qua trinh xay dung co sa hg tangw dyng bai tim, xay nha d, cau cang, nai vui chai, dudng giao thdng ) phyc vy du Ijch la'" tangdil ke tram lang nude qua trinh hoa tan co hgc - Xang diu roi vai tir cac phuong tien ea gidi phyc vu du Ijch (tau thuyin, xe) - Viec thai rac bira bai til qua trinh xay dyng (cac vat lieu xay dyng), rac thai sinh boat tir dan dja phucmg, cdng nhan nhap cu va khach du lich, cac co sd djch vy lam nguon nude bi d nhiem nghic irgng bdi cac chat can hiru co, cae chat vd ea dgc hgi va cae loai sinh vgt gay benh Bdng Lirang rac thdi cua khdch du Ijch tren ddo Phu Qudc den nam 2020 mm Lu-9'ng khach (luoi khach) Lao d^ng phvcvu Hf s& thai (Kg/ngiroi/ngay) Th6'i gian lu-u tru Luvng rac tliai (tan/nam) 2015 1.200.000 16.400 0,8 3,5 3.373 2020 2.500.000 36.000 4,2 10.536 (Ngudn- [2]) Theo bang tren, din nam 2020 lugng rac thai boat dgng ciia khach du Ijch tt^en dao sell 10.536 tin/nam gap 3,1 lin nam 2015, nhu vay nam mdi nam tSng trung binh xap xi 1,5 lai chat thai khd phan hiiy chiem 33,3% Day la mgt eon sd khdng Id bdi neu khdngcd bien phai thu gom, xii ly hieu qua thi lugng rac se dugc tich ddn, cac chat thai va nude cua chat thai se tha ddng chay mat cae ngudn nude chinh ciia dao, anh hudng gian tilp din moi trudng nude mal& Phii Qudc KET LUAN Du Ijch Phii Qudc may nam qua cd toe tang trudng nhanh da cd nhirng ddng gdp tich eye clit sy phat trien du Ijch ndi rieng va kinh te - xa hgi ndi chung d Phti Qudc Tuy nhien su phat trien nhaiili chdag ngoai nhfl-ng hieu qua tich eye ddng thdi cDng tgo nen nhirng ap lyc can cd bi?n phap khac phu: nhanh ehdng d dao de dam bao gin giu- duge mdi trudng tgi day dac biet la mdi trudng nu6t mat bdi neu xay bien dpng lai nguyen nude mat Ihi se khdng theo mgt "chu trinh kin" Khi lu^ng nude dugc khai thac qua miic va mat can bang giira cac nganh kinh te se gay mau thuan eac ngaiili, giam su tang trudng kinh te dia phuang; vice khai thae qua mirc nude mat se lam syt giam tai nguyin nude (bao gdm ca nude ngam) Hay sy phat thai qua Idn tir cac hoat ddng phat triin du lich se gay anh hudng den chat lugng nude mat ma ngudn nude mat nai day dugc thai tryc tilp biln se gay anh hudng den cac he sinh thai tren can cung nhu h? sinh thai bien Vi vay, de giai quylt cae ap luc lai nguyen nude tucmg lai d Phii Qudc can nang cao nhan thiic cua ngudi dan tren dao, ciia khach du Ijch, phai trang bi he thdng xir ly nude thai, rac thai tai cac co so du lich trudc dua vao moi Irudng hay khu vuc xti ly chung LCa CAM ON Tac gia xin cam an PGS.TSKH Phgm Hoang Hai - Chii nhi?m Dl tai Dgc lap cap Nha nuac ma so DTDL.2008/04G; TS Truang Minh Chuin va cae ban dong nghiep khac da tgo dilu kicn cho tae gia dugc sir dyng ngudn tai lieu dl hoan thien bai bao Hgi nghi Khoa hoc Dia ly Todn qudc ldn thu 6; Thdnh phd Hui 9/2 Mi Bja K va Tai nguyen Mfii trufrng Thii^ Thien Hug Hgi Dia ly Vigt Nam TAI LI?U THAM KHAO Le Huy Ba, Vii Chi Hiiu, V5 Dinh Long, "7a/ nguyen moi trudng vdphdt triin bin vimg" NXB Khoa hgc va ky thuat, 2006 Truang Minh Chuan, "Nghien cuv ddc diim tdi nguyin mdi trudng vd cdnh quan dia ly viic phdi triin ben vdng du Ijch sinh thdi tren ddo Phii Qudc thugc linh Kiin Giang ", Luan an tien sy moi trudng, 2010 Pham Hoang Hai, "Nghien ciru di xudt cdc mo hinh phat triin kinh ti -xd hgi bin vCnig khu vuc ven bdbiin Viet Nam " De tai Ddc lap cap Nha nude, ma so DTOL.2008/04G, 2010 Hall M.C "Trends in Ocean And Coastal Tourism- The End of The Last Frontier'^", Ocean & Coastal Management, 44, pp 601-618 2001 Mathieson and Wall, "Tourism; Economic, physical and social impacts" Longman, Harlow, 1982 Phong Thdng ke Phu Qudc, "Nien giam thdng ki (2001-2009) " Vo Que "Diiu tra hiin trgng vd dir bdo tdc dgng den moi trudng viec xdy dung Phu Qudc thdnh khu du Ijch sinh thdi chdt Iirgng cao " De tai cap Bg.2004 Sd Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng tinh Kien Giang "Bdo cdo hiin trgng moi truung linh Kien Giang giai dogn5ndm" 20\0 Phgm Van Tiing "Nghiin cuu, ddnh gid liim ndng khai thdc nguon nude mat ddo Phii Quoc phuc vu cdp nude sinh hogt" Detai Dgc lap cap Vien 2010 10 Thii tudng Chinh phii, "Quyit dmh sd 178/3004/QD-rTg 05/10/2004 ciia Thu tuang Chinh phu ve viic phi duyet di dn phdt triin tdng the ddo Phu Qudc linh Kiin Giang din ndm 2010 vd tdm nhin din ndm 2020 " 2004 11 Thu ludng Chinh phii, "Quyet djnh sd 01/2007/QD-TTg ngdy 08/1/2007 cua Thit ludng Chinh phii vi viic phi duyit Quy hogch tong the phdt triin du lich ddo Phit Quoc, tinh Kien Giang thai ky 2006-2020" 12 Thu tudng Chinh phii "Quyit dinh sd 633/QD-TTg ngdy 11/5/2010 cua Thii (udng Chinh phu vi vi^c Phe duyil dieu chinh Quy hogch xdy dung chung ddo Phd Qudc, tinh Kiin Giang din ndm 2030" 20\0 13 Ugur Sunlu Environmenlal impacts of tourism 14 UNEP "Coastal Tourism in the Wider Caribbean Region Impacts and Best Management Practices" 1997 15 Vi?n Nghien cu:u Phat triin Du Ijch, De an'Quy hogch long the phdt trien du lich ddo Phii Quoc, linh Kien Giang thai ky 2006 - 2020 " 2005 16 Van ki^n Dai hgi Dang lan IX 17 WHO, "Assessment of source of air, water and land pollution", 1993 DIA LY BIEN VA HAI DAO VIET NAM ... (trong qua trinh xay dung di; an va phat trien du Ijch, eac chat thai ran, Idng dugc hoa tan hoac gia nhap vao ddng nude) */Anh hudtig true nip la su gia tdng nhu cdu sic dung nude vd lugng nuac... The gidi, du Ijch Phit Quoc cd su gia tang nhanh chdng ve sd luong phin du khach, md rgng dja ban - loai hinh du Ijch va keo dal thdi vu du Ijch; va keo theo la sy gia tang viec sur dung nude... hogt dgng xay dung ca sd hg tdng phyc vu du lich vd sinh hogt ctia du khdch Khi cd nhirng hoat ddng du lich, mac dii chit lugng nude mat khong tryc tiep cap nude vl nhu ciu cho khach du lich sinh
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