Bài học kinh nghiệm quốc tế từ các sự cố mất điện trên diện rộng

NHiN RA THE G i d l Q mudn tang 9% edng suit, l i n GW v i o nam 2020 SU phat trien eda nlng lUpng sinh khdi phu thude phan Idn vao tinh ben vdng va khdng tao nan p h i rdng, mat mdi trudng sdng v l k h i nlng mang lai d e tiet kiem thuc sutrong hiiu dng n h l kfnh BAI HOC KINH NGHIEM QUdCTi TIT CAC Sir CO MAT OIEN Nhiet sinh kh6i Nhiit sinh khdi dupe tao b i n g d e h sir dung " d c chat t h i i ndng nghiip, l l m nghiip, thj va edng nghiip d l sin xult nhiit v i diin" Dieu n i y cd t i c ddng den mdi trudng it hdn so vdi viee dot d c nhiin liiu h o i thach, vi carbon sin sinh tir eie phuong p h i p niy la mdt phin cda chu kj* carbon tU nhiin Theo Ld trinh nang lUdng t l i tao eda Anh, nam 2010 Anh d i sin xuat 12,4TWh nhiit t i i tao td nang lUdng sinh khdi, 12,1 TWh nhiet t i i tao d i n tir noi hoi sinh khdi v l 0,3 TWh d i n tU cac ngudn nlng lUpng chat t h i i Nhiet sinh khdi cd ve khdng dupe thiet lap de ddng vai trd Idn k l hoaeh sin x u l t nlng tupng tai tao eda Anh v i o n i m 2020, vi chi phi cdng nghi, tfnh b i n vdng cua nhien lieu va niem tin eda nha dau tu Bcnn ngudn va ngudn dSt Bdm ngudn khf va ngudn dat hoat ddng gidng nhau, b i n g d c h ehiet xuat nhiit tU dat hole khdng de lam am ngdi n h l {thdng qua Id sudi, h i thdng l l m am hole nudc) Bom m i t d i t va khdng khdng y i u d u dien de hoat ddng nhung nhiit dupe yeu d u td mat dat, khdng hoac nude phai liin tue dupc lam mdi tu nhiin Ngudn nlng lupng n l y hiin khdng phii la Uu tien cao ciia eie ehinh phd chl phi cdng nghi v l cac quy trinh d p phip Ndng lucmg t^i tao giao thdng Chfnh phii Anh da cam k i t s i d i p dng cic mye t i i u ning IUdng t i i tao giao thdng van t i i qua d e chfnh sleh khic di hd trp viic sd dung cic nhiin lieu sinh hpe "Giao Ude Nhiin liiu t i i tao cho giao thdng" (RTFO) yeu d u eie nha eung d p nhiin lieu sinh hpe phli cam k i t 5% ngudn nhien lieu cda h p d i n tit cic ngudn nang lupng t l i tao vao nam 2014 Ngoii ra, "Chl thj Nang lupng Tai tao" (RED) da dat cic myc tieu eho toan nude Anh phli dat ket q u i 10% ngudn nhiin lieu eua hp d i n td ele ngudn n l n g lupng t l i tao v i o n i m 2020 LTnh vUe giao thdng eung phli t u i n thO "Chl thj Chat lupng Nhiin lieu" d i m b i o g i i m 6% khf t h i i hieu dng nha kinh t d d e nhien lieu giao thdng v i o nam 2020, Huyen ThUtfng (www.greenerideal.com) TREN OIEN RdNG TS Nguyen Dang Toln Khoa HTD- trUdng Dai hoc Diin it/c C ac sU cd mat dien t r i n d i i n rdng la loai sU ed nguy h i l m nhat va thudng ed hau q u i vd eung nghiem ddi vdi x i hdi, c l v l m i t kinh t l va an ninh n l n g luong Tuy nhien, gan day t r i n the gidi x l y k h i nhieu cic sU cd mat dien tren dien rdng vdi nhilu nguyin nhan khic Bli b i o tdng k i t cae sU cd gan d l y v l tU rut eie bai hpc kinh nghiem ehung cho nhdng ngUdiqui hoanh, tinh toan thiet keva v i n hanh h i thdng dien Viet Nam I Gidi thieu chung Cic h i thdng d i i n (HTD) ndi chung v i HTO Viet Nam ndi riing dang phai ddi mat vdi nhdng khd khin nhU: ThU n h l t la sU tang len qua nhanh eua phy t i i , thU hai la sU can kiet tai nguyin thien nhiin nhu than da, dau md, ddt, va d tiem nang nguon thuy d i i n lam khd khan viec dau tU xay dUng cae nha may dien mdi, thU ba la suxuat h i i n va sirdung cing nhilu cae ngudn nang lUpng t i i tao, bdi cinh thj trudng d i i n b i t dau dupe van hanh Cung vdi su xuat hien cda ele t h i l t bj d i i n tir cdng suit d d phia truyin t l i va p h i n phdi lam thay doi can b i n khai niem ve mdt HTO p h i n phdi truyen thdng, lam khd khin hdn q u i n ly, van hanh, g i i m s i t v i dieu khien he thdng d i i n Tat c i d e van d l t r i n khiln cho cie HTD dupe van h l n h rat g i n vdi gidi han v l on dinh, v i die biet la eie HTD rat"nhay d m " vdi cic su cd ed the x l y Mdt sd sU ed mat dien t r i n d i i n rdng g i n d l y d chau Au, chau My, chiu A vdi nhdng hau q u i to Idn la nhdng vi du sinh ddng eho luin d i l m nly Cic sU cd mat dien d Viit Nam nhdng ngly gan day cung d i t nhufng yeu d u v l viic nghiin edu va rut kinh nghiim tUcic sued tan cua cic HTD t r i n t h i gidi de giup eho viic tinh toan thiet ke, v i n hanh HTO mpt d c h an toan, tin ely va kinh t l II Nhiimg sUcd mat dien tren dien rong gan day tren the gidi Trong vong hpn 20 nam, da cd rat nhieu sU ed mat dien tren d i i n rdng xiy t r i n khap t h i gidi vdi nhCTng h i u q u i vd cung to Idn, tham chf d cic nudc p h i t tnen nhu My, Nhlt Bin, Tay Au Trong phan cda b l i bao, mdt sd sued d i l n hinh dupe tdm tat dua tren cac tai lieu tham khio [1 -18]: Cac sifcd mat tfien tai chau Au: ; sued mat diin ngdy 19/12/1978 tai Phdp Ta; thdi rtiem dd, HTD Phip dang nhap kha'u dien nan ; n/.:M i • : -•- -ii fc ,1 •• E] NHIN RA THE G l d l Phy t l i tang len tir khoing 7h - 8h la 4600 MW So vdi hdm trude thi nhu d u phu t i l tang l i n la 1600 MW Dieu lam eho d i i n i p g i i m xudng khoing t d 8h5-8h10, d e n h l n v i i n van h l n h d l khda bd t u d d n g d i l u I p dudi t i i eda d e MBA t r i n ludi eao lp.Td8h20, thi d i i n ap eda d e nut t r i n ludi t r u y i n t l i (400 kV) da g i i m xudng khoing tU 342 kV-374kV.Trongkhiddmdt sd dudng d l y da bi d t b i o ve q u i ddng, d n g lam d i i n i p bj g i i m t h l p t h i m nda, v i xly sup d i i n i p sau Trong q u i trinh khdi phuc lai HTD da x l y mdt su ed sup dd d i i n I p khic H l u q u i cda sU ed l i 29 GW t i i d i bj d t , tdng d i i n n l n g khdng truyen t i i p h i n phdi dupe l i 100 GWh Nguyin n h i n ehinh l i sU mat dn dinh v i sup dd dien I p khoing thdi gian 26 phut [1-3] SUcSmdt diin ngdy 04/08/1982 tgi Bl: Bit d l u b i n g viee dirng mdt td m i y cd cdng suat 700 MW q u i trinh thf n g h i i m n g h i i m thu sau b i o dudng Sau khoing 45 phut, bd phan gidi han kich tdeua hai td m i y khie d l t i c ddng de g i i m luong cdng suat p h i n khang phat Ba d i n bdn phiit sau sU cd d l u t i i n , ba td m i y khie da bl d t b i o v i "Gidi han cdng suat p h i n khing"cda MPO Vio luc phut 20 gily, d i i n I p tren mdt sd nut cda mdt sd nha m i y dien da g i l m xudng 0,82 pu Vao luc phut 30 giay, hai may phat khic bi c i t bdi role tong trd, dan d i n sU sup dien ap khoing trung v l d i i han [1], [2], [3] sued mdt dien ngdy 27/12/1983 tgi Thuy Diin: Viic hu hdng mdt bd dao d e h ly v l su ed d mdt tram bien ap d phia tay eda Stockholm dan d i n viec n g l t toan bd tram bien i p va hai dudng day 400 kV Khoing giay sau, mdt dUdng d l y 220 kV bi cat bdi bao v i q u i ddng Oiin i p cua HTO bi g i i m thap lam cho eae MBA vdi bd d i l u ap dudi t i i t i e ddng, cang lam cho d i i n I p tren he thdng ele dudng day truyen t i i g i l m thap, v l ddng dien tang eao cae dUdng d l y tU phia bae d i n mien Nam Khoing 55 gily sau sU ed d TBA, mdt dUdng day 400 kV bi cat lam cho HTO cua Thuy Dien bi t i c h t h i n h hai p h i n , Ble va Nam Cic h i i n tUpng sup tan sd v l d i i n ap x l y HTD He thdng sa t h i i phy t i i da khdng cd hieu q u i viec cUu van HTO khdi sU sup dd Cac td may hat nhan khu vUc HTO ehia re d i bi d t bdi b i o v i q u i ddng va trd k h i n g thap dan d i n su ed tan hoan toan HTO Tdng lUpng t l i b\ d t vao khoing 11400 MW Nguyin nhan ehinh I I sup tan sd va dien ap khoing thdi gian dai sau t r i i qua mdt su ed n g h i i m trpng [1 ], [2], [3] SU CO mdt dien ngdy 12/01/1987 tgi miin tdy nUdc Phdp: Trong khoing 50 phiit, bdn to may cua nha m i y n h i i t dien Cordemais bj cat ra, dan d i n d i i n i p HTO g i i m thap keo theo td may nhiet dien khae cung bi cat vdng phut sau dd, ed td may b i o v i qua kich thich t i e ddng Tuy nhien d i i n ap van dupe giCr dn dinh d g i i tri rat thap (trong khoing tU0,5 pu d i n 0,8 pu).Trong khoang thdi gian phut dien i p g i i m thap da phai elt mdt lupng tai la 1500 MW de 36 I Bien & Boi song cdu v i n su sup dd h o i n t o i n HTO Nguyen nhan chinh l i sup dd dien ap k h o i n g thdi gian d i i han [1], [2], [3] Time - minutes starting at 113B hours Hinh If- v Sijp diin dp hi thdng diin Phdp ngdy 12/1/1987 SU cd mdt diin tgi Phdn Lan 8/1992 HTD dUdc v i n h i n h rat gan vdi gidi han an ninh eho phip, lupng cdng suat n h i p k h i u tdThuy Oien kha Idn, chfnh vl vly ma d viing m i l n nam eda Phin Lan chi ed td miy ndi true t i l p vdi h i thdng truyin t l i 400 kV Su cd mat mdt td m i y 735 MW ddng thdi vdi viec b i o dudng dinh ky mdt dudng day 400 kV d i l i m g i i m luong cdng suat phin k h i n g truyen t i i d i n den d i i n I p t r i n ludi 400 kV giim xudng edn 344 kV Dien I p d l dude khdi phye bing d e h khdi ddng cic n h l m i y d i i n dung tuabin khf v l Sa t h i i mdtludng phu t l i [3] Su CO mdt dien tgi Thuy Oiin/ Oan Mgch ngdy 23 thdng ndm 2003: Trudc x l y sU cd tat ei eae dieu k i i n van hanh d l u n i m gidi han eho phep Tong lupng t l i cua Thyy D i l n v i o khoing 15000 MW, va khdng qua n i n g t i i Hai dUdng day 400 kV viing sU cd da dupe d t de b i o dUdng djnh ky, mdt dudng diy HVDC khie ndi vdi Ode eung bj elt cho muc dieh bio dudng Bit dau tir 12:30, td m i y cua nha m i y diin hat nhan Oskarshamn bj su cd p h i i g i l m cdng suit td 1250 MW xudng 800 MW vi sU ed h i thdng bom cap nudc N h l n v i i n nha m i y d l khdng the khic phuc dupc su ed n l y va dan d i n td m i y bj e l t l l m mat hoan toan 1250 MW Su ed n l y l i dupe eoi la binh thudng v l thda man t i i u e h u l n an ninh N-1, bdi luong cdng suit d u phdng ndng va kha nang mang t l i ciia cic dudng day v i n thda man t i i u chuan an ninh k l tren Sau q u i trinh qua binh thudng, d e h i thdng tU ddng d l khdi ddng de lay cdng suit dU phdng t d d e nha may thdy diin tir Na Uy, b i c Thyy Oien va Phin Lan, ngUdi ta tin ring d i l u se lam HTD trd len dn djnh vdng khoing phut Tuy nhien d i i n I p d vung phia nam da gilm khoang kV, tan sd dn djnh gidi han eho phep la 49,90 Hz Lupng edng suit chay tren cie dUdng d l y nim gidi han cho phep, n h i i n lUdng cdng suat chay NHIN RA THE G l d l \3 tir phia Nam - T l y Nam d a t i n g l i n Vao Idc 12:35 da x i y mdt sU cd gdp k i p d tram 400 kV Horred phia t l y Thuy Dien da l l m mat 1,8 GW tir n h l may d i i n hat nhln Ringhals, hai dUdng d l y not Ble - Nam eung bj elt ra, tir 12:35 d i n 12:37 vung phia ddng da trd l i n q u i t i l dan den sU sup dd dien i p , vimg phia nam (Nam Thuy Oien vaTay Nam cua Oan Mach) bj tach rdi Luc 12:37 sU thieu hyt cdng suit dan den sU syp dd c l t i n sd v l d i i n ap va dan den mat dien t r i n d i i n rdng.Tdng lupng t i i bj d t v i o khoing 6,3 GW va mat hPn 6h d l khdi phuc HTD [9],I11L[15] d l bj q u i t l i v l lan lupt bj cat Kit q u i la HTD Italy da bj mat dien holn toan, tdng lupng t l i bj d t l i 27 GW, thdi gian mat d i i n gan mdt ngiy, t h i i t hai v l kinh te la h l n g chuc ti dd la Day dupe eoi I I sU co Idn nhat lich sir nglnh di^n lue Italy Nguyin nhan ehinh cda sU cd mat dien t r i n d i i n rdng I I sU sup t i n sd v l dien I p HTO [6], [7], [8], [9] Hinh 11-3: Tan so vd diin dp HTD DUc vd Hungary trudc vd sau kht 3h25phut33gidy HTD Italy bi tach rdi khdi HTD UCTE r Hinh 11-5: Cong sudt tdc dung hi thong diin Dan Mgch (vOng Zealand) SU cd mdt diin tgi Italy, ngdy 28/09/2003: Vao lue gid sing, lUdng cdng suit n h i p khau I I 6,9 GW, va nhilu hdn 300 MW so vdi dinh mUc Lue 03h 01 phut 42gily, ed mdt sU cd x i y tren dudng day 380 kV mang t i l nang t d Mettlen -Lavorgo HTO Thuy sy, gan vdi bien gidi cua Italy Cic ky sU v i n h i n h da cd gang ddng lap lai dupe dudng day mpt each t u ddng v i bang tay nhung khdng edng sU sai lieh Idn v l gde pha d i i n i p gida hai cue cda may elt d i i n Viec n l y d i lam dudng day truyen t i i 400 kV Sils - Soazza tir Thyy Sy den Italy bi q u i t l i 110% Vi sU dao ddng cdng suit khdng lam I n h hUdng den tieu ehuan an ninh N-1 cda HTO Italy n i n d c n h l van h l n h HTO Italy (GRTN) da khong nhin thde dUpc sU nguy hiem dang x i y d HTO Thuy Sy va d l khdng t i l n hanh bat cd h l n h ddng phdng ngda nio VIo luc 03h 11 phut, cae nha v i n hanh HTO Thyy Sy (ETRANS) d l y i u elu GRTN g i l m luong edng suit nhap khau xudng de g i i m lupng q u i t i i HTD Thuy Sy d l dUa HTD trd lai c h l dp van h l n h an toan hPn Tuy nhien sU phdi hpp thieu ddng bd, va chinh xlc giUa ETRANS v i GRTN, d l dan d i n viic ETRANS dUa mdt hlnh dpng g l y tranh c l i la d t dudng day Sils - Soazza q u i t i i lue 03h 25 phut 21giiy Ngay lap tdc, mot dudng d i y 220 kV b i n l l n h thd Thuy Sy d l bj q u i t l i va bj elt l l m mat mpt lupng t l i truyen sang Italy la 740 MW Sau sU ed nay, eie dUdng day nhap khau dien tU d e nUde khie nhu Phip, Thuy Sy, Ao, Slovenia den Italy SU CO mdt dien trin dien rdng Hy Lap ngdy 72/07/2004:TrUdc 12h 25phut, HTD d thd dd Athens da rat nang t l i viee dung q u i nhilu dieu hda nhiet dd Hon nUa vlec b i o dUdng dudng day v i mat mdt td m i y 125 MW, m d t t d m a y 0 M W d i l l m cho HTD d rat gan gidi ban dn djnh Cho d i n chilu, d i i n ap g i i m xudng khoing 90% g i l trj danh djnh Vao lucl2 h 30 phut de g i l m sup dd dien i p , sa t h i i 80 M W t l i nhUng phu t l i van tiep tyc tang i i n l l m cho d i i n I p tiep tyc g i l m xudng Cho den Idcl h 35 phut, cae nha van hanh d i d u dinh xa t h i i tiep 200 MW (nhung thuc te da khdng t i l n h l n h sa thii) Vao luc 12 h 37 phut, mdt td m i y khae bi d t da l l m eho d i i n ap sup hoan toan Lue 12 h 39 phut, h i thdng bj tach b i o ve dudng d i y t i c ddng, p h i n HTD cdn lai bi t i c h khdi vung phia nam, dan d i n sU ed mat d i i n t r i n dien rdng d Athens v l dao Peloponnes Tdng lupng t i i bj mat vao khoing GW [16] \ s^ = = = £ S \ I.W ^ f\\ /""" ^"i.i.r^~^^ ==Er \ E g S § S S £ a fi £ i M a S a ^ a N ^ R ^ n ^ fl ^ B •! Hinh il-4: Tan so cua HTD chdu Au trUdc vd sou tan rd [17] sued tgi cdc nudc chdu Au ngdy 04/11/2006: Day la mdt nhdng sU cd cd nguyen nhln phUe tap, Inh hudng den nhieu qude gia Nguyin nhan chinh la sU mat dn dinh ve tan so [17], [18] Tuy nhien viee sa thai phu Bien tt Boi songl 27 I E] NHIN RA THE G l d l t l i kjp thdi da trlnh dupe mdt sued mat dien tren d i i n rdng t r i n dien rdng dd riing Phip da sa t h i i 6.460 MW hay 6,4% Khoing hPn 15 trieu ngUdi d l bi I n h hudng Sif c6 mat dien tai chau My i Su cd mdt diin ngdy 1965 Tgi My - Canada: Dieu kien thdi t i l t k h i dep, h$ thdng dang mang t i l blnh thudng, SU cd b i t d l u ldc 17:16, n g u y i n nhan sU t i e ddng eua b i o v i dU phdng t?i Beck GS vung Ontario g i n thuy d i i n Niagara, l i m md maeh Q29BD - mdt maeh 230 kV ndi giu-a Beck GS va trung t l m phu t i l d Toronto v i Hamilton Trudc md mach Q29BD, nam dudng day dang mang t l i 1.200 MWcua n h l m i y Beck v l 500 MW nhap k h i u tir m i l n t l y NY State t r i n dudng d l y l i i n lac vdi Niagara Cdng suit n h i p khi'u tir NY 11 300 MW, dd dudng d l y Q29BD dang mang t l i 361 MW d d i i n I p 248 kV; Gii tri dat eda ro le 11 375 MW Viic md dUdng d l y Q29BD dan d i n d t bdn dudng d l y edn lai, l l m eho edng suit ehay ngUoe v l New York, tdng edng s u i t thay ddi la 1.700 MW, Cdng suit t i n g nhanh trd lai Ontario tir dudng d l y St.Lawrenee l l m cho dudng d l y n l y cung bi d t b i o ve rd le CIc m i y p h i t d m i l n t l y New Ydrk va Beck mat ddng bd, va dan d i n tan mdt vai vimg doe lap, va eudi eung la m i t phan Idn cic nha may dien va t i i Chl khoing vai phut, dan d i n sU mat dien cua d e bang New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Vermont, mdt phan New Hampshire, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, va phan Idn Ontario (Canada), khoang 30 tneu ngUdi mat d i i n khoang 13 gid Su cd mdt diin trin diin rang tgi Florida - My ngdy 17 thdng 1985: Mdt sU cd phdng dien dan den v i i c c l t ba dudng day 500 kV dang mang t i l nhe dan den sup d i i n I p va tan hoan toan HTD vdng vai giay Lupng t l i bi mat khoing 4.292 MW Nguyin n h l n cda sU ed mat d i i n tren dien rdng la qua trinh syp dd dien i p khoing thdi gian qua dd [2], [3] SUcd mdt diin trin dien rdng tgi cdc bang mien tdy nUdc My (WSCC) ngdy thdng ndm 1996: Bdt ddu d viing Wyoming vd Idaho luc 14 gid 24 phut 37 gidy: He thdng dang d ehe dp nang t l i v l nhiet dp vung mien Nam Idaho v l Utah kha cao, khoing 38°C Lupng edng suat truyen t l i t d vung Pacific NW ve California kha cao cy the nhUsau: s i lam dn djnh lai HTO.Tuy nhien viic s U c d d t dudng d i y 220 kV m i l n ddng Oregon da l l m d i i n i p gilm thap vung mien nam Idaho, va sU suy g i i m dan dan vdng trung tam Oregon Khoing 24 giiy sau, mpt dudng d i y 220 kV kha dai khic tir vung m i l n t i y Montana den mien nam eda Idaho bj d t viing ba ciia b i o v^ khoing d e h , d i l u n l y lam eho mdt dudng d l y k i p 161 kV khie bj d t sau dd dan d i n viee suy g i i m k h i nhanh d i i n I p vung Idaho va Oregon Khoing giiy sau, dudng d l y 220 kV tir Hells Canyon d i n Boise eiing bi e l t ra, g i l y sau, h i thdng truyen t i i l i i n lac vdi viing Paeific bj c i t Su cd mat d i i n tren d i i n rdng x i y sau khoing 35 g i l y t d sU cd dau tien Khoing 2,2 t r i i u ngudi da bj i n h hUdng, lupng t l i bj mat v i o khoing 11.900 MW Nguyin nhan ehfnh I I sU sup diinip[1],[10] G 11121^6171833213315733) Hinh li-5: Qud trinh sup diin dp trin he thong 500kV Su CO mdt diin trin diin rdng tgi cdc bang mien Tdy nUdc My: (WSCC), 10 t h i n g n i m 1996 Trong thdi gian trUde x i y sU ed, nhiit dp d m i l n Tly Ble, v i lupng edng suit truyen t i i tU phia Canada v l California tang eao TrUde tan he thdng, ba dudng day 500 kV t r u y i n t l i edng suit tdvung lUu sdng Columbia River den trung tam phy t i i Oregon da bi c i t sU cd phdng dien vao d y tren hanh lang tuyln " Oudng day lien lac AC: 4.300 MW (gidi ban la 4800 MW) Dudng d l y lien lae California-Oregon truyen tai 4330 MW t d m i l n B^e ve mien Nam Odng thdi dudng day liin lae "DUdng day lien lac DC 2.800 MW (gidi han l i 3100 MW) mpt ehieu Pacific DC Intertie truyen t i i 2680 MW td mien " Sau dd ed mot sU cd ngan mach mdt pha t r i n Ble v l mien Nam Dao ddng edng suat tang d i n xiy d dudng d l y 345 kV tir nha may d i i n 200 MW Jim Bridger t i n s d , , s u t h i l u c l c t h i l t b j dieu khien d n dao dong vung Wyoming den Udaho phdng dien tir da dan d i n viic eat cie dudng d l y khic, va lam HTO bj dudng day vao cay h i n h lang tuyen SU cd n l y ehia t i c h bdn vung riing biet dan den viic cat mdt dudng day maeh kep khic sU t i e ddng sai eda b i o ve ro le Viee d t bdn td m i y "Tong lupng tai bj mat l i khoang 30.500 MW, hdn 7,5 eda nha may d i i n Jim Bridger theo tieu ehuan dn dinh le triiu ngudi da bi I n h hudng mat dien tirvai phut d i n gid 38 I Bien & Boi song NHIN RA THE G l d l Q tvent 4i 10:4/; J6 Woss-Lexington SOO kV - tloshed to tree (+ U5 ku cct liss Event 3; 16:42.03 Keeler-,^lhston 500 kV - LG - flashed to tree { Event Z 14.52:37 John Day - Marion 500 kV Ll? - floslied to tree ' Event 1: 14.06.39 Big Eddy - Ostrander BOOkV L6 fault • flashed to tree Hinh il-6: Sa vd trinh tU cdc siJ co dan den mat dien tren dien rong WSCC 10/8/1996 (a) M a i n 0 - k V B u s Vottage Hinh ll-7:Tdng cdng suit truyin t i i t r i n dudng day California-Oregon [19] SUco mdt iHin tgi Brazil luc 22:16:00 ngdy 11/3/1999.131 cua he thdng la 34,200 MW Trinh tU sued nhUsau: Xly sU cd mdt pha tai tram Bauru, nguyen nhan la set d i n h dan den phdng dien be mat eiia mpt chudi each dien gdp, de loai trir sUed, b i o v i da d t dudng day 440 kV He thong van tri dn dinh sau do, nhien da mat dn djnh mdt dudng d l y 440 kV mang t i i nang khae bj d t vimg cua b i o ve khoing eich, ket qua mat dien t r i n diinrdng, l l m m i t mdt sd nha m i y dvung Sao Paulo b j d t r a mat tai, dan den mat dien dudng day HVDC va dudng day AC750kV ndi vdi thuy d i i n Itaipuva he thdng bi ehia tach hoantoan LUdng tai b j c l t la24 700MW, 97trieu ngudi d l bj mat diin, tao mdt sd "dao" vdi phan t l i cdn lai la khoang 10.000 MW Bien 4- Boi sohgl 33 E] NHIN RA THE G l d l SU CO tgi Brazil vd Paraguay ngdy 10/11/2009: Ngudi ta Udc tinh khoing 61800 MW d l bj d t v l p h i i mat Nguyen n h l n mUa Idn v l gid manh d l l l m cho m i y bien i p quan trpng h i thdng truyin t i l bj n g i n maeh.Viicdt tuddng ba m i y b i l n I p n i y l l m cho khoing hai mUdi tua bin eua nha m i y thdy d i i n Itaipu phli d t mat t i i ddt ngdt iJdc tfnh khoing 87 trieu ngUdi bj I n h hudng tir 25 phut d i n khoing 7h SU cd mdt diin trin diin rdng tgi cdc bang mlSn Bdc nUdc My - Canada (North American Blectriclty Reliability Council (NERC-USA) ngdy 14/08/2003: Oi/a t r i n d c d i l u tra cda NERC, HTO liic dd dang van h i n h d trang t h i i mang t i i nang v i r i t t h i l u edng suit p h i n khang vung Cleveland, Ohio He thdng d i n h g i l trang t h i i , v l phan tieh sU cd thdi gian thUc cda vung Midwest ISO (MISO) (state estimator -SE v l real time contingency analysis RTCA) da khdng hoat ddng dung cd su cd an ben tU khoing 12 gid 15 phut d i n 16 gid 04 phut O i l u nly da n g i n ein MlSO dUa d e d n h b i o sdm viic d i n h g i i trang t h i i cda HTD Tai trung t l m dieu khiln he thdng d i i n FE (First Energy control center) d l xiy mdt sU cd hu hdng p h i n m i m m i y tinh h i thdng q u i n ly nlng luong (Energy Management System EMS) luc 14 gid 14 phut NhUng hu hdng n l y da khiln FE khdng t h i d i n h gia dung dUdc tinh trang lam viic va dua nhUng d n h b i o sdm v l bien phap phdng ngUa Su ed dau t i i n xay h i thong FE, ldc 13 gid 31 phut, td may sd cda n h l may d i i n Eastlake bj d t q u i kich thich, va mdt sd td m i y khie vung FE v l phia ble cda Ohio dang van hanh d che dp q u i t i i v l edng suit phan khang, dd tai edng suat p h i n khang khu viie tiep tuc tang cac Mac du cic ky sU van hanh da cd gang khdi phyc lai h i thdng tU ddng d i l u chinh d i i n ap, nhUng td may sd van bi elt ra, dan den dudng d l y 345 kV vung FE Chamberlin-Harding 345 kV bi d t lue 15 gid 05 phut phdng d i i n tU d l y dan vao ely hanh lang tuyln mac du lue dd dudng day chi mang 44% t i i djnh mdc Tiep theo la dudng d i y 345 kV Hanna-Juniper dang mang t i i 88% eung bj d t phdng dien vao d y tren hanh lang tuyen lue 15 gid 32 phut Mdt dudng day 345 kV khie dang mang tai 93% la Star-Canton cung bj d t phdng dien vao d y liie 15 gid 41 phut Trong khoing thdi gian niy, vl he thdng phin m i m cua trung t i m dieu khien FE va MISO b\ hdng, n i n khdng h i cd mdt hanh ddng ngan ehan nao.Tiip sau dd 11 mdt loat cie dudng day t i i dien h i thdng 138 kV bi cat khoing 15 tiep theo, nhung van khdng cd su sa t h i i phy t i i nao Su ed nguy kjeh n h l t dan d i n viec mat dieu khien HTD va m i t d i i n lan rdng vung Ohio sau dudng d l y 345 kV Sammis-Star 345 kV bi d t lue 16 gid 05 phut 57 gily VIo khoang 16 gid 10 phut 38 giay, viee m i t cic dUdng d l y liin lac gida Ohio va Michigan, edng suat trao ddi gida My va Canada da bi thay ddi Tai thdi d i l m niy, dien i p xung quanh vung Detroit bi giam thap d e dudng day bi q u i tai nlng HTO da mat dn dinh ket q u i la sU m i t dien hang loat, vdi viee d t hang tram td may, dudng d l y mdt viing rdng Idn 40 Bien & Boi song g i n ngly d l khdi phue lai HTD, t h i i t hai h i n g tf la, dao ddng edng suit, mat dn djnh d i i n I p la nguyen nhln ehfnh eda sU cd m i t dien t r i n dien rdng [5], [9], [10], [11], [12],[13],[14] Mlitdi^ntaichauA I.SUcd mdt diin tren diin rdng Tokyo - Nhdt Bdn ngdy 23 thdng ndm 987: Toln bd thii dd Tokyo cd thdi t i l t r i t ndng, d i n d i n IUdng t l i t i i u thu d i l u hda nhiet dd t i n g cad Sau thdi gian budi trua, lUdng t l i t i n g len khding 1% / I phut (tUOng dUPng vdi 400 MW/1 phut), M i c du, cic tu bu d l duoc ddng h i t , nhung d i i n I p ciia HTO v i n b i t dau g i i m thap t r i n he thdng truyin t l i 500 kV Sau khoing 20 phdt, th) d i i n I p b i t dau g i l m xudng cdn khoing 0,75 p.u (ddn vj tUOng ddi) va k i t q u i la d e h i thdng b i o v i rdle t i e ddng n g l t mdt sd phan eiia he thdng truyin t i i va xa t h i i 8000 MW Nguyin nhan chinh 11 q u i trinh sup dd d i i n I p khoing thdi gian d l i han Cic die tinh phu t l i phu thupc d i i n I p cda d e t h i l t bi dieu hda I I nguyin n h i n chinh d i n sU suy g i i m dien ip[1],[2],[3] Thdm hoa dgng ddt vd sdng than thdng ndm 2011 tgi Nhdt Bdn: Viic mat d i i n nha m i y diin hat nhln Fukushima k i o theo ba nha m i y hat n h l n khie, sau n h i m i y dot than va mudi mdt n h i m i y d i i n ddt dau da bi ddng eda Chiem khoing 11% eda tong sd edng suit dat eua Nhat Bin Nhlt Bin Udc tfnh tdng sin pham qudc ndi eua nudc n i y s i gilm quy li khoing 3% t r i n cP sd hlng n i m , vdi khoing mdt nda sd dd g i l m tinh trang thilu diin Mdt dien tgi Odi Loan, Ngdy 29/07/ 1999: Luc 23:31, cdt d i i n sd 326 eda dUdng day cao i p 345kV eua h i thdng Oil Loan n i m dTainan County dot nhiin sup vi mdt vu Id dat mUa bao n l n g n l SU sup dd cua cot 326 lam d t dudng d i y 345 kVChiamen Longchi Sea v i Chiamen Chungliao Mountain , va d e b i o v i ro le da tie ddng lam mdt phut gay d t ehudi cic tram biln I p g i n nhlt, g l y mat d i i n tai he thdng d i i n Dai Loan Sukiin mdt dien trai Java-Bali - Indonexia, ngdy 18/8/2005: b i t dau bdi su ed tren dUdng d l y ndi gida Cilegon va Sagulin d d i o Tay Java luc 10:23, dan d i n viic d t td m i y d nha m i y Paito d ddng Java va siu to miy d n h i may Suralaya d Tly Java Su eo l l m khoing 100 triiu ngUdi i n h hUdng, va khoing 7h de khdi phue he thdng Su* CO mdt dien tgi An Op Vdo luc 02:35 ngdy 30/7/2012:Dudng day 40 kV Bina-Gwalior bj eat Vi dUdng day d p dien eho tram Agra-Bareilly, lam tram biln I p eung bj d t ra, lam sup lUdi dien Tat ei cic nha may dien chinh da bj d t ra, lam g i i m Udc tfnh 32 GW Nguyen nhan ehu y l u la tinh trang q u i t l i tai d e bang Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana Khoing 300 trieu ngUdi ( 25% dan sd An Dd d l mat dien) Mat khoing 15h de khdi phuc khoing 80% h i thdng Tuy nhiin 31/7/2012, h i thdng lai sup l l n nda, nguyin nhan vi h i thdng NHIN RA THE GIOll Q bio v i rd le tai Ta Mahal Ket q u i la d e n h i m i y d i i n dpe theo m i l n I n h hudng eua An lai bj elt Hdn 600 trieu ngUdi bl I n h hudng v l 22/28 bang bj mat diin [5] "2003 North America Blackout," available at website: http://www.answers.com/topic/2003-Northamerica-blackout [6] S Corsi and C Sabelll, "General Blackout in Italy Sunday September 28, 2003, h 03:28:00," IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, vol 2, pp 1691 -1702, June 2004 [7] A Serizzi, "Security Issues Regarding the Italian Blackout," in Presentation at the IEEE PES General Meeting, Milano, Italia, June 2004 [8] A Allegato, "Report on Events of September 28th, 2003;'ltalia April 2004 [9] "Resources for Understanding Electric Power Reliability,"/lvo//o6/eotwe6s/te;/jffp;//wivw.psefc.w/sc.edu/ Resources.htm0European_B\ackQut.htm [10] R G Farmer and E H Allen, "Power System Dynamic Performance Advancement from History of North American Blackouts," IEEE PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition, pp 293-300, 2006 [11] M Sehlapfer, "Comparative Case Studies on Recent Blackouts " in V\/orkshop on interdependences and Vulnerabilities of Energy, Transportation and Communication 22 - 24 September 2005 Zurich, Switzerland Hinh 11-8: Tan so cua HTD An Do vd hinh dnh mdt diin tgi An Do Mdt loat cic sU cd mat d i i n t r i n dien rdng ke tren da ehdng td rang van de van dang dUdc die b i i t quan t l m Mac du d i cd nhdng dau tU Idn viec qui hoaeh, thiet ke, eung nhu lap dat nhieu t h i l t bj, nha may diin mdi, dudng d l y t l i d i i n mdi, eung nhu dao tao nlng cao trinh dd cho c i n bd van hanh, nhUng nhdng nguy cd ve mit dien t r i n d i i n rdng van cdn nguyin tinh thdi sU Chinh vi vly ma chung ta d n phli nghien edu, tim hieu co che, cung nhu eae bien phap phdng ngUa va ngan chan d e sU ed mat d i i n dd tuong lai T A I L I I U THAM KHAO [1] Prabha Kundur, Power System Stability and Control New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994 [12] D Novosei, "System Blackouts: Description and Prevention,"in/ffEPS/?CSysfemPfofecf/onRCWGC6"lV/de Area Protection and Control", Cigre TF38.02.24 Defense Plans November 2003 [13] G Andersson et al, "Causes of the 2003 Major Grid Blackouts in North America and Europe, and Recommended Means to Improve System Dynamic Performance," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, voi 20, no 4, pp 1922-1928, November 2005 [14] "U.S-Canada Power System Outage Task Force Final Report on the August 14,2003 Blackout in the United States and Canada: Causes and Recommendations," Available at website: http://www.nerc.com., 2004 [15] S Larsson and E Ek,"The Black-out in Southern Sweden and Eastern Denmark, September 23, 2003"IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2004 [16] C Vournas, V C Nikolaidis, and A Tassoulis, "Experiencefrom the Athens Blackout of July 12, 2004," In IEEE Power Tech Russia, 2005 [17] UCTE, "Final Report System Disturbance on [2] Carson W Jay\or, Power System Voltage Stability November 2006," NewYork: McGraw-Hill, 1994 [3] SamiRepo,"On-Line Voltage Stability Assessment of Power System - An Approach of Black-Box Modelling," Doctoral thesis at Tampere University ofTeehnology, [4] Brant Eldridge, "August 2003 Blackout Review," available at website: http://www.indiec.com/Meeting%20 5chedule/2004/iEC%20Program%20Agenda%202004.htmi [IS] Jean-LueThomas, «Rapport D'enequete de la Commission de Regulation de L'elergie sur la Panne D'electricite du Samedi Novembre 2006, Commssion de Regulation de L'energie- L'enquete realisee par la CRE» Pans, 7fevrier2007 fCon nuiij Bien Jk Boi sohgl ... toan, tdng lupng t l i bj d t l i 27 GW, thdi gian mat d i i n gan mdt ngiy, t h i i t hai v l kinh te la h l n g chuc ti dd la Day dupe eoi I I sU co Idn nhat lich sir nglnh di^n lue Italy Nguyin