Thdng tin khoa hpc cdng nghe mo TAI NGUYEN BAUXIT TREN THE GI6I l inh vi^c sii dung va edng nghe e h e bien The aluminum industry on the world has undergone more than 100 years of development with man[.]
Thdng tin khoa hpc cdng nghe m o TAI NGUYEN BAUXIT TREN THE GI6I linh vi^c sii dung v a edng n g h e e h e bien The aluminum industry on the world has undergone more than KS DUONG THANH SUNG 100 years of development with many prominent achievements but so far it is still a young industry in Vietnam This paper deals with key features on the aluminum industry on the worid as well as its growth trend to provide some important information for evaluating objeethrely the development of the Vietnam aluminum development ndm 1821 Theo tai lieu: "U.S Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2009", phan bd trOr lupng bauxit tren the gidi dUdc trinh bay bang 1: I Tai nguyen bauxit tren the gidi Bauxit la quang nhdm quan trpng nha't Bauxit dupe lay ten eda vung Les Baux d mien Nam nude Phap, ndi nha dja chat Pierre Berthier phdt hien chung lan dau tien vao Quang bauxit cd phan hod hpc va khoang vat Bang TT Ten nudc USA San lupng khai thac'lOOOT 2007 2008 - - TrOr lupng, IOO6T 20.000 TrOr lupng co sd, I'OOOT 40.000 Australia 62.400 63.000 5.800.000 7.900.000 Brazil 24.800 25.000 1.900.000 2.500.000 Trung Qudc 30.000 32.000 700.000 2.300.000 Hi Lap 2.220 2.200 600.000 650.000 GhiNe 18.000 18.000 7.400.000 8.600.000 1.600 1.600 700.000 900.000 An Dp 19.200 20.000 770.000 1.400.000 Jamaica 14.600 15.000 2.000.000 2.500.000 10 Kazakhstan 4.800 4.800 360.000 450.000 11 Nga 6.400 6.400 200.000 250.000 12 Surinam 4.900 4.500 580.000 600.000 13 Venezuela 5.900 5.900 320.000 350.000 14 Vi#t Nam 30 30 2.100.000 5.400.000 Cac nudc khdc 7.150 6.800 3.200.000 3.800.000 Toan the gidi (lam trdn) 202.000 205.000 27.000.000 38.000.000 Guyana 15 KHCNM s d 4/2010* CN T U Y £ N , CHfi BifiN K H O A N G SAN cd ban nhu bang 2: Theo ngudn gdc tao dja chat, bauxit dUdc chia lam hai loai: Bauxit laterit va bauxit karstie Bauxit laterit dupc thdnh tao tU qua trinh phong hod da bazan chiem khoang 90% trU lupng bauxit eda the gidi, phan ehdi yeu la gipxit Cdng nghe xd' ly bauxit cd the chia cac loai sau: - Bauxit gipxit (ham lUpng bdmit < 5%): Tap trung d Brazin, Australia, Surinam, Ghine, Guyana, Jamaica, An Dp Sierra Leone Inddnexia Venezuela Viet Nam, Bauxit gipxit - bdmit (ham lupng bdmit - 20%): Australia An Op, Ghine - Bauxit bdmit (hdm lUpng bdmit > 20%); Nam TU Phdp Hungary - Bauxit diaspor (ham lupng diaspor > 10%): Hy lap, Trung Qudc Viet Nam Iran Nam Tu Rumani II Phan loai san pham, ITnh VUG sur dung Khoang 96% bauxit khai thac 6ugc sdr dung cho ngdnh luyen kim, 4% cdn lai dugc sis dung cho cac nganh cdng nghiep khac nhU: vat lieu chju Thdng tin khoa hpc cdng nghe m d Bang Thanh phan hoa hoc - AI2O3: 40 - 65% -SiO2:0,5- 10% - F e : - 30% -Ti02 : , - % -H2O:10-34% Cdc nguyen td di kem Ca, Mg,C Thanh phan khoang vat diaspor a- AI2O3.H2O - bdmit Y- AI2O3.H2O Y-AI2O3.3H2O - gipxit - kaolinit Al4(OH)8.Si02.0,o - hematit a- Fe203 a- Fe203.H20 - gdtft Ti02 - anatat TiO, - rutin va eac tap chat: Mn, P, V, Cr, Ni, Ga, Bauxit Bauxit da nung San xuat alumin SCf dung nganh hoa Cong ngh§ Bayer vd thieu ket - Vat liSu chiu lifa' Alumin cd'p luyen kim Hoat tinh Ph6n nhom Alumin dSc bi§t Nhom kim loai Alumin hoat tinh Alumin da nung Gdm, sU Vat lieu chiu Cac hydroxyt Vat lieu mdi, danh bdna Idra, gdm sU, vdt lieu mdi ddnh bdng - alumin 6ugc gidi thieu tren sd dd Hdn 90% san lupng alumin dupe diing cho qua trinh dien phdn nhdm kim loai (gpi Id alumin cdp luyen kim) cdn lai khoang 10% sdr dung cho cdng nghiep hod chdt va cac ngdnh cdng nghiep khdc Cdc ITnh VUc sdr dung qudng bauxit III Cdng nghe lam giau, che bien quang bauxit Theo tai lieu "Policies of the technological development in the Alumina IndustryAlumina production until 2000" khoang 85% alumin eda thd gidi 6ugc san xudt tU KHCNM s d 4/2010* CN T U Y N , C H £ BifiN K H O A N G S A N qudng bauxit vd san xuat d nhieu nude tren the gidi; khoang 10% 6\jgc san xuat tU quang nepheline va alunite chd ydu d Nga Canada, My; khoang 5% tU cdc nguyen lieu khdc tap trung d Nga, My, Nhdt Ban Cdng nghe lam giau quang bauxit Khoang 90% san lUpng alumin eda the gidi 6ugc san xuat bang cdng nghe Bayer (cdng nghe thdy luyen), la phUdng phdp kinh te vd hieu qua nha't Nhung cdng nghe ddi hdi bauxit phai ed ham lupng Si02 tha'p, ty le Al203/Sib2> Ngupe lai, ndu san xua't alumin tU quang bauxit vdi hdm lupng Si02 cao bang cdc cdng nghe khdc nhu cdng nghe thieu kdt (edng nghe hda luyen) hodc thieu kdt - Bayer (hon hpp) thi tieu hao ndng lUpng Idn, hieu qua kinh td thap Vi vay bauxit can phai 6ugc Idm gidu de giam ham lupng Si02, nang ty le Al203/Si02 >7 thi mdi thfch hpp cho edng nghe Bayer Tren the gidi, phUdng phdp Idm giau ddn gian vd nhn la: phd hien bien Id: - Dap, nghien sdng khd kdt hpp - Dap, nghien ket hpp sdng Udt (gpi Id phUdng phdp tuyen rdfa, phUdng phdp ndy thudng dupc dp dung phd bidn hdn) Bang phUdng phdp tuyen rdfa phan Idn SiOj hat mjn 6ugc loai bd theo qudng dudi Ngodi ra, mdt sd bauxit cd hdm lupng sdt cao vd cd tU tfnh (nhu bauxit laterit d vung Thdng tin khoa hpc cdng nghe m o them luc dja Ddng An Op), ngudi ta dung phUdng phap tuyen tU Udt vdi tU trudng manh Thieu ket hdn hdp bauxit + NazCOs + CaCOs Id dng quay d nhiet dp 1200°C de thuc hien cae phan (sng sau: Cdng nghe che bien quang bauxit AI2O3 + NajCOa NaAIOj + CO2 = San xuat nhdm kim loai (nhdm nguyen sinh - Primary aluminium) phai qua bude: SiOz + CaCOa CaO, SiOz + 2CO2 = - TU quang bauxit san xuat alumin (oxit nhdm sach: Al203> 98,5%, cap luyen kim) - TU alumin dien phan nhdm kim loai a) Cdng nghe san xua't alumin (AI2O3) NaAIOz ran san pham sau thieu ket de tan nudc Cdn CaO, Si02 khdng tan nude va di vao cdn thai (bun thai) PhUdng phdp thieu ket cd the 6ugc dp dung ddc lap hoac ket hdp vdi phUdng phap Bayer: Kdt hpp song song hodc ndi tiep PhUdng phap thieu ket dupc Ung dung nhieu d cae nude Nga, Tiep Khac trUde day Trung Qudc hien dang sdr dung phUdng phdp de xdr ly qudng bauxit ed ham lupng silic cao Qua trinh san xuat alumin thuc chat la qud trinh lam giau AI2O3 bang phuong phap hda hpc, nham tdeh lupng AI2O3 bauxit khdi cdc tap chat khdc (cdc dxyt ) Alumin nhan 6ugc phai dam bao chat lupng cho qud trinh dien phan + San xuat alumin bdng be mudi ndng chay phuang phdp Bayer cryolite (NajAIFe) de nhan (phuang phdp thuy luyen) 6[Sgc AI kim loai Cae phUdng Nha hod hpc ngUdi Ao Kark phdp chfnh san xuat alumin Josef Bayer da cd bang phat bao gdm: minh vdo ndm 1887- 1892 vd •>• San xuat alumin bing dUa cdng nghe san xuat phuang phap hoa luyen alumin tU qudng bauxit bang Trong sd cdc phUdng phdp phUdng phap kiem hod hda luyen thi phUdng phdp (phUdng phdp thuy luyen) vdi thieu kdt bauxit vdi Na2C03 cd hieu qua kinh te - ky thuat sU tham gia cua CaC03 (gpi la cao TU dd den edng nghe phUdng phdp soda - vdi) la mang ten dng (phUdng phap phUdng phdp kinh te va dupc Bayer) v i n la edng nghe chfnh Ung dung edng nghiep de san xuat alumin Hien PhUdng phap thieu ket dung va du bdo tUdng lai, de xdr ly qudng bauxit cd chat khoang 90% alumin tren the lupng trung binh hodc kem gidi vdn 6ugc san xudt bang (ham lupng SiOz cao), qudng edng nghe Cdng nghe neu xdr ly bang edng nghe Bayer dUdc dua tren cd sd eda Bayer (edng nghe thdy luyen) phan Cimg thuan nghjch sau: thi khdng cd hieu qua kinh te AI(0H)3 + NaOH Nguyen ly eda phUdng phap hda luyen la: Gipxit rdn KHCNM s d 4/2010* CN TUY^N, CUt BifiN KHOANG SAN Hoa tach >100''C Kett£ia200g/l NajOc), tren the gidi trudc day Thdng tin khoa hpc cdng nghe m d W Bauxit Nam (Ma Meo-Lang Sdn, Tdp Na - Cao Bang ) Nghien X Tach Oxalat NaOH can thai Hoa Cdbay Tach n Tach biin Trao doi nhiet T Ket tinh Loc tinh Trao doi nhiet Nung Alumin sodd ed nhd mdy (Fria-Ghine vd Naico - An Dp) hda tdeh bauxit d dp suat thudng ca hai nhd mdy deu Phdp chuyen giao edng nghe hien ehi cdn nhd mdy (Naleo - An Op) dang van hdnh d dieu kien ndy nhd may Fria (Ghine) dd dupc dieu chinh nhiet dd hda tdeh len khoang 155°C Tren the gidi, qudng bauxit gipxit thudng dupe hda tdeh d dp suat trung binh (tUdng Cfng nhiet dp khoang 140° -145°C) dung dich hda tdeh ed ndng dp kiem thap (120-170g/l Na20c).Cdng nghe ndy dang dupe dp dung cdc nha mdy alumin vdi cdng suat Idn nhat the gidi eda ALCOA d Tdy Australia, cae nhd may alumin d Jamaica, Brazil, Sdn Ddng (Trung Qudc) Ghine vd se disgc dp dung cho cdc nha may alumin d Tay Nguyen (Viet Nam) *Cdng nghd Bayer chau Au Dugc dp dung ndu AI2O3 eda bauxit d dang bdmit vd diaspor (monohydrate -ngdm nude: AI2O3.H2O), phai hda tach d nhiet dd cao hdn 200°C (240° -256°C va ed chat xuc tdc ddi vdi qudng diaspor) va dung djch hda tdeh ed ndng dp kiem cao (180-250g/l NajO) Cdng nghe dang 6ugc dp dung cdc nhd may alumin eda Nga Iran Binh Qda (Trung Qudc) de xdr ly qudng bauxit diaspor; nhd may alumin d Hungary, Nam Tu, mdt vdi nha may d Australia xd ly quang bauxit bdmit va se 6ugc dp dung cho nha mdy alumin xd ly qudng bauxit diaspor d mien Bac Viet KHCNM sd 4/2010* CN TUY£N, CH£ BI£N KHOANG SAN Chi phf nguyen, nhien lieu de san xuat tan alumin bang phUdng phdp Bayer thude vdo loai va chat lupng bauxit Gid trj edng nghiep eda bauxit chd ydu 6[Sgc xdc djnh bdi chi phf Cd ban Id tieu hao kiem va bauxit cho tan alumin Mdt sd tdc gia de nghj chia bauxit xd ly bang phUdng phdp Bayer loai, 6ugc trinh bay bang b) San xuat nhom kim loai Khdc vdi san xuat dxit nhdm (alumin), tU khoang hpn mdt trdm ndm nay, chi ed mdt phUPng phap cdng nghe ddc nhat, de san xud't nhdm kim loai dd Id dien phan alumin dung dich eriolit ndng chay Ndm 1888 -1889, hai nhd nghien cCfu Charles Martin Hall eda My vd Paul Heroult eda Phdp da ddc lap nghien cifu va cung phat minh edng nghe dien phdn nhdm vdi hieu qua kinh td cao va the gidi hien vin dang sd dung PhUdng phdp ndy 6ugc gpi Id phUdng phdp Hall - Heroult Thiet bj dien phdn nhdm dupc gidi thieu tren sd dd Nguyen ly Idm viec eda be dien phan nhdm: Alumin hda tan dung djch mudi ndng chay eriolit Na3AlF6 (nhiet dp ndng chay eda alumin Id 2d50°C, Hall Heroult da dung dung djch mudi ndng chay eriolit de nhiet dp ndng chay cdia alumin xudng, vao khoang 950° 965°C), dudi tdc dung eda ddng dien chieu, kim loai AI dUdc tdeh vd tfch tu d cUc Thdng tin khoa hpc cdng nghe m o am, dxy 6[Sgc tach d cue dUdng bang than va chay tao khf CO va CO2 theo cae phan Ung sau: AI2O3 = A r + AlOa'2AI2O3 = AI'" + 3AI02- Bang Loai Chat lupng Tieu hao bauxit (T/TAUO3) Tot Trung binh Kem 2,9 Tieu hao kiem (kg NaOH/T Ai.O^) 80 Tren eatd't (am cue) AI'" + 3e = AI Tren andt (dUdng cUc) 2AI03^-6e = Al203+1.5 02 6AIO2- 6e = 3AI2O3 + 1,5 O2 C + 02= CO2 2C + 02= C De dam bao cdng sua't eda be dien phan eUdng dp cua ddng dien phai Idn Nhiet dd dien phan vao khoang 950-965°C Chat dien phan la hon hdp ndng chay Criolit alumin ed tfnh dn mdn ra't manh Vi vay ehi ed cac vat lieu bang caebon mdi lam viec dupc dieu kien nay, chung vUa phai chju 6ugc nhiet dp cao, vUa phai chdng 6\jgc sU an mdn Day cung la ddi hdi ky thuat cao thiet ke va xay dung be dien phan nhdm Trai qua qua trinh thiet ke va xay dung eac be dien phan nhdm, ngUdi ta da sd dung be dien phan ed cUc dUdng thieu trUde hoac tU thieu, nhung hien cae nha san xuat lUa chpn be dien phan cd cue dUdng thieu trUde, vUa cd hieu qua kinh te vUa ifu viet ve mat bao ve mdi trUdng IV Xu hudng phat trien chung san xua't n h d m tren the gidi Nganh edng nghiep nhdm Id nganh san xud't vdi tieu hao ndng lUdng cao va yeu cau dau tu Idn: Suat dau tu nha So dd Nnguyen ly be dien phan nhdm 6ng thai Dung dich eriolit ndng chay Cap cue am Ldp nhdm ndng chay Cap cue duang 8- Day cue am Ldp vo chat dien phan Vo thep Cue duang may dien phan nhdm khoang 4.500 - 5.500 USD/T nhdm, nha may alumin khoang 800 1.400 USD/T alumin; chi phi dien ndng cho dien phan tan nhdm la 13.000 - 14.000 kWh/T, cho san xuat tan alumin la 200 - 256 kWh/T nen rat ft nude tren the gidi ed kha ndng xay dung mpt td hpp ddng bp tU khai thac bauxit - san xud't alumin dien phan nhdm kim loai vdi cdng suat Idn Chfnh vi vay nganh edng nghiep nhdm eda the gidi da va dang phdt trien theo hudng: KHCNM sd 4/2010* CN TUY^N, CH^ BI^N KHOANG SAN - Cac nude, cdc vung cd md bauxit thi tap trung cho san xua't alumin vf du nhU Australia Trung - Nam My Tay P h i - Cac nude, cae vung cd ngudn nang lupng ddi dao, ddi hdi dau t u thap, dac biet nhOrng ndi cd ngudn thuy dien Idn thi tap trung cho viec dien phan nhdm vi du nhu Trung Qudc, Bac My Nga - Xay dung cac nhd mdy mdi cd cdng suat Idn vdi edng suat tdi thieu nhu sau: Khai thdc md: trieu ta'n/ndm (Tiep ^eod trang 25) Thdng tin khoa hpc cdng nghe m d VII Ket luan: - Viet Nam, vdi tdi nguyen dat hiem ddi ddo d Lai Chdu, neu dau tU khai thdc hdp ly cd the trd thdnh mdt nude xuat khau loai nguyen lieu quy hidm ndy - Md dat hidm Ddng Pao la mdt md cd quy md trO lupng thudc loai Idn, md cd tren 60 thdn qudng Idn nhd, phdn bd tren dien tfch hdn lOkm^ - Kdt qua nghien cUu cho thay, dp dung cdng nghe tuyen tU ket hpp vdi tuyen ndi de tuyen qudng dat hiem than qudng F7 md dat hiem Ddng Pao - Lai Chdu dat hieu qua Dja chat 10, Cue Dja chat Viet Nam, ndm 1992 Nguyen Van Hanh, luan an tidn sT ky thudt: "Nghien cdu kha ndr)g tuydn tach dat Tai lipu tham khao hiem, Fluorit va Barit tU qudng I.Trjnh Quang L/u va nnk: hon hgp dat hiem phong hda "iSao cao dja chdt ket qua Ddng Pao", Ha Ndi ndm thdm dd tinh trCt lugng quSng 2006 phong hda dat hiem phan nam than qudng F3 md dat hiem NguyIn Thj Hdng Hd vd Ddng Pao - Lai Chau", Dodn nnk Bdo cao tdng ket de tdi Oja chat Bd Cd khf vd Luyen Bd Cdng ThUdng: "Nghien CLfu kim, ndm 1986 cdng nghe tuyen dat hiem Nguyen Dae Ddng va phong hda Ddng Pao - Lai nnk: "Bao cao ket qua cdng Chau" Ha Ndi, nam 2009 tac tim kiem va danh gia Rare earth metals not so qudng dat hiem - Fluorit but valuable Barit md Ddng Pao - Phong rare Thd - Lai Chau", Lien dodn http://wvvw.seekingalpha.eom tdt, tinh qudng dat hidm dat hdm lupng TR2O3 >30%^ sd 66 cdng nghe ddn gian d i dp dung vdo san xuat Tai nguyen bauxit tren the gidi (Tiep theo trang 31) Nha may alumin: trieu san pham alumin; Bd sung he tan/ndm Nhd may dien phan thdng t)dc hdi nhieu giai doan de nhdm: 0,5 trieu tan/ndm cd ddc dung djch kidm - Can phai tdi Uu hod qua + Ddi vdi eac nhd may dien trinh cdng nghe, hien dai hod phan nhdm: Dung be dien phdn thiet bj de giam chi phf cd CUdng dp ddng dien Idn: >300 nguyen, nhien lieu ddn mUc KA ; Be dien phdn ed cue dUdng thap nhat, vf du: thieu tafde; Tdng cUdng cd khf + Ddi vdi cdc nhd mdy hod - tu ddng hod vd bao ve mdi alumin: Lisa chpn ndng dp kidm trudng: Cap lieu tu ddng, dung he tdi UU; dp dung cdng nghe hod thdng Ipc bui khd thay cho he tach ddc biet (hod tdeh bang thdng Ipc bui Udt tnfdc ddy Ve dudng dng, hod tach vdi cdc chdt mdt edng nghe, lua chpn thfch xiic tac, cdng nghe ddng xdr ly hpp thdnh phan chat dien phan cdc loai bauxit khdc nhau: Cdng cd ty sd cridlit thap vd han chd nghe ddng song song, cdng chdt cho them nghe hod tdeh giai doan); Tdng Ngodi ra, hien dang tap hidu qua qud trinh kdt tinh (san trung nghien cUu theo mdt sd xudt alumin dang cdt vdi ndng dp hudng: Didn phdn cloma, phCi kiem cao); Giam tdn that kiem; ddy bang chat thdm Udt nhdm, Sdr dung cdc chdt kdt bdng tdng dung cue dUdng trd nhidn, hpp qud trinh Idng nhOrng cdng trinh nghidn ciiu ndy dang d giai doan thdr nghiem vd Ve mdt thidt bj thi dung hd dp dung thdr thdng iSng - rda bun dd tdc dd cao, ddy hinh cdn; Kdt tinh giai doan Ket luan: dd tao alumin d dang cdt; Dung - Nudc ta cd ngudn tdi Id nung ldp sdi tudn hodn ^ nung nguydn bauxit thudc loai Idn KHCNM s d 4/2010* CN TUY^N, CH^ BI^N K H O A N G S A N tren the gidi, nhUng ngudn dien ndng cdn rat thieu de phdt trien nganh cdng nghiep nhdm Viet Nam, vay trudc mat can tap trung cho san xuat alumin - Ddi vdi viec san xuat alumin, can phai: Lua chpn edng nghe san xuat alumin bang phUdng phdp Bayer chau My hda tdeh d nhiet dp tmng binh (khoang 145°C) dung djch hda tach cd ndng dp kiem thap (khoang 170g/l Na26c) de xdf ly qudng bauxit Tdy Nguyen vdi edng nghe vd thidt bj tien tidn nhu Kdt tinh giai doan de tao alumin d dang cdt; dung he thdng Idng, rdfa bun dd tdc dp cao, day hinh cdn; dung Id nung Idp sdi tuan hodn de nung san pham alumin; dung he thdng bdc hdi nhieu giai doan dd cd dac dung djch kiem Ddy Id cdc giai phdp edng nghe tidn tidn, phu hpp vdi xu hudng phdt triln ngdnh cdng nghidp nhdm cdia thd gidi, vide dp dung nd se gdp phan quan trpng dam bdo hidu qud cho cdc nhd mdy sdn xudt alumin tU qudng bauxit gipxit d khu vuc Tdy Nguydn eiia nude ta./ ... vdo loai va chat lupng bauxit Gid trj edng nghiep eda bauxit chd ydu 6[Sgc xdc djnh bdi chi phf Cd ban Id tieu hao kiem va bauxit cho tan alumin Mdt sd tdc gia de nghj chia bauxit xd ly bang phUdng... Qudc) de xdr ly qudng bauxit diaspor; nhd may alumin d Hungary, Nam Tu, mdt vdi nha may d Australia xd ly quang bauxit bdmit va se 6ugc dp dung cho nha mdy alumin xd ly qudng bauxit diaspor d mien... eda bauxit ma edng nghe Bayer 6ugc chia giai phdp cdng nghe: * Cdng nghd Bayer chau My OUdc dp dung neu AI2O3 eda bauxit d dang gipxit (trihydrate - ngam nude: AI2O3.3H2O) hod tach de dang Bauxit