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TRIET HOC, SO 6 (217), THANG 6 2009 [ NHAN NGAY MOI TRliONG TH&'''' Gl6l (5 THANG 6) " * ^ — '''' • '''' — " '''' — • • • • • • — — • • • • • • • • • • • • • XAY DUNG DAO DLTC SINH THAI MOT TRnCH NHI€M XR HOI CUn[.]
TRIET HOC, SO (217), THANG - 2009 [ NHAN NGAY MOI TRliONG TH&' Gl6l (5 THANG 6) " * ^ — ' - • ' — " ' — • • - •• • • - — — • • • • • - •• - • • • • • - - • XAY DUNG DAO DLTC SINH THAI MOT TRnCH NHI€M XR HOI CUn CON NGITOI DOI V6l TIT NHI€N • • • • PHAM THI NGQC TRAM(*) Bdi viet neu len nhiing dqc trUng cd ban cua dao ddc sinh thdi khdc vdi dao diic xd hoi noi chung Trong quan he dao diic sinh thdi, ngitdi bao gid cung Id chu the, tU nhien bao gid cung Id khdch the; siC tdc dong giiia chung chi di theo mot chieu Id mang lai Icfi ich cho ngiidi vd xd hoi, bo quen lai ich vd gid tri noi tai cua cdc khdch the tiX nhien Yi vay, ngiidi dd mang lai hau qud khon liidng cho moi triidng song Bdi viet dd chi rdng, dao ddc sinh thdi doi hoi mot sii tiiy thdc rat cao Bdy chinh Id cho gap nhau, cho gdn bo giiia dao ddc sinh thdi vd trdch nhiem xd hoi cua ngiidi doi vdi tii nhien Cudi ciing, bdi viet khdng dinh, triidc van de lai ich nin kinh te thi triidng vd thiic trang suy thodi nghiem ciia moi triidng tii nhien, van de xdy diing dao diic sinh thdi cang trd nen bdc xuc hOn liic ndo het vd phdi diiac tien hdnh d moi phdn cdu true ciia no: y thiic dao ddc sinh thdi, quan he dao ddc hanh vi, ket hop dao diic vdi trdch nhiem xd hoi cua ngiidi doi vdi tii nhien a hdi loai ngudi dang ton tai cung trd t h a n h mpt traeh nhiem xa hdi eua mdi triidng sinh eon ngudi dd'i vdi mdi triidng sd'ng nhan van thai - hay mdi trudng tii D a o dvifc v a d a o d i i c s i n h thai nhien - ngiidi hda Bang siic sang tao cua Sdng mdi triidng tii nhien - ngiidi tri tue va lao ddng diidc dinh hiidng bdi tri hoa, eon ngiidi ludn phai chiu sii r a n g budc tue dd, ngiidi vdi tii each mpt thiic the va quy dinh bdi cac mdi q u a n he: 1- giiia sinh hpc - xa hdi da khdng ngiing khai eon ngudi vdi ngiidi (gidfa cac ca nhan thae, sii dung eae ngudn tai nguyen thien vdi n h a u ) ; - giiia eon ngiidi vdi xa hdi nhien va mdi trudng xung q u a n h n h a m (giuta ca n h a n vdi eae edng ddng ngiidi Idn, dap iing cac n h u cdu song cang cao nhd khac n h a u ) ; va - giiia ngiidi vdi ciia minh va sii p h a t trien eua xa hoi tii nhien (mdi triidng xung quanh) Dao Song, cung chinh qua trinh say siia ddc diidc hinh t h a n h va giii vai trd eiic ky "nhao nan" cac tao p h a m thien nhien san quan trpng viec hiidng dan, dieu cd nhiing tao pham van hoa, eon chinh h a n h vi cua ngiidi nhdm dieu ngiidi da pham phai nhiing sai lam nghiem hoa eac mdi q u a n he dd Dao ddc cd lien trpng ddi vdi mdi triidng thien nhien, da tan quan triic tiep den Idi ich, "Idi ich dung ddn pha chinh ngudn sd'ng va "than the vd cd" la nguyen tdc cua toan bp dao ddc"(l) ciia minh Bdi vay, nay, hdn luc nad het, dad diic smh thai dang trd mpt yeu eau mdi ddi vdi pham chat cua ngiidi va theo dd, viec xay diing dao diic sinh thai 10 (*) Phd giao su, tien si, Vien Triei hoc Vien Khoa hpc xa hdi Viet Nam (1) C.Mae va Ph.Angghen Todn Idp t.3 Nxb Chinh tri Qudc gia Ha Npi, 1995, tr.l99 XAY DUNG DAO DlTc SINH THAI - MOT TR.ACH NHIEM XA HOI Hay, Idi ich chinh la nguon gdc sau xa cua dao diic Ldi ich, xet ve phiidng dien dao ddc, khdng phai chi la cai thoa m a n nhu cau, dap Ung dupe n h u cdu ciia chu the ma edn phai dap iing diidc ca n h u cdu cua khach the Ndi den Idi ich la phai ndi den gid tri Bdi vi, chi ed n b d n g gi (ea vat chat Ian tinh t h a n ) thoa man dUde n h u cdu va mang lai Idi ich cho ngiidi (ca ca n h a n Ian edng ddng, xa hdi) mdi diidc cdi la cd gia tri Trong eae q u a n he dao ddc xa hdi, ngiidi (cd t h e la mpt ca n h a n hay mot edng ddng) vda la chu the, viia la khach the Do vay, gia tri dao ddc va eac e h u a n miie gia tri dao diic cac q u a n he dao ddc xa hdi khdng the chi la nhiing gi m a n g lai Idi ich cho chu the, ma cdn phai bao dam sii hai hoa giiia Idi ich cua chu the va Idi ich cua khach the; dong thdi, Idi ich eua chu the va khach the dd cdn phai phu hdp vdi xu hiidng p h a t trien e h u n g cua xa hdi va xu the van ddng eua thdi dai Tren day, c h u n g ta mdi xet den Idi ich, gia tri mdi q u a n he vdi dao ddc xa hdi Vay, dao ddc sinh thai thi sao? Dao diie sinh thai la gi? N h d n g dae triing ed ban cua dao ddc sinh thai? Cd hay khdng cd nhiing c h u a n miie dao ddc sinh thai? Tai xay diing dao ddc sinh thai phai trd t h a n h mpt traeh nhiem xa hdi q u a n trpng eiia ngddi dd'i vdi tii nhien, dae biet cap thiet dieu kien kinh t e t h i trddng? Triidc tien, cdn phai k h d n g dinh rdng, dao di/c sinh thdi Id mot dang thiic dqc biet cua dao diic xd hoi, la thd dao ddc diidc the hien trdng mdi quan he gida ngiidi vdi tii nhien (vdi mdi triidng sdng tai dd'i vdi xd hoi; vi chi ed xa hdi, tii nhien ddi vdi eon ngUdi mdi la mpt cai khau lien he ngiidi vdi ngddi: chi cd xa hpi, tii nhien mdi bieu hien la cd sd cua sii tdn tai c6 tinh chd't ngiidi cua b a n t h a n eon ngiidi Chi cd xa hdi, tdn tai tii nhien cua eon ngUdi mdi la tdn tai c6 tinh chat ngddi cua ngudi ddi vdi eon ngiidi va tii nhien mdi trd t h a n h Cdn ngiidi dd'i vdi ngiidi"(2) La mpt dang dae biet cua dao ddc xa hdi, dao ddc sinh thdi bao gom nhiing quan diem, quan niem, tii tiidng, tinh cam, nhiing nguyen tdc, chudn miic quy dinh, dieu chinh hdnh vi cua ngddi qud trinh bien doi vd cdi tao tii nhien n h a m phuc vu cho sii sdng cua ngiidi, chd sii tdn tai va p h a t trien khdng ngiing cua xa hoi n h d n g dieu kien tii nhien - xa hpi n h a t dinh Ngoai n h d n g dae trUng ed ban cua dao ddc xa hdi, dao ddc sinh thai cdn ed nhiing net dqc thu rieng, dd la: • Trong quan he dao ddc sinh thai, ngddi bao gid edng la chu the, tii nhien ludn la khdch the Chu the va khach the dao ddc xa hpi tae ddng qua lai vdi t u a n theo n h d n g ehuan miic gia tri dao ddc Neu ben chu the chi biet den Idi ich cua rieng minh, bat chap Idi ich eua khach the (td ca n h a n cho den xa hpi) thi bi coi la ke vd dao dde, cd the bi t r d n g phat hay bi tra gia Trong dao ddc smh thai, eon ngudi vdi tii each chu the dao ddc ludn chu ddng quan he va tae ddng len tii nhien mpt each ed y thdc, ed mue dich la mang lai Idi ich ve cho minh Trong dd, sii tae ddng cua tii nhien len eon ngiidi va xa hpi chi la sii tae ddng md quang, vd thdc, hay chi la ehung q u a n h ) D u n g n h d C.Mac da viet: "Ban chat ngiidi cua tii nhien chi ton (2) C.Mac va Ph.Angghen 5(W t.2, Ir.l70 II PHAM THI NGOC TRAM "sii p h a n xa tii nhien" Do vay, sd d n g xd cang cao cua minh, vd dao ddc eua ngiidi ddi vdi tii nhien tri noi tqi cua chung la sii song vd phuc vu cd the diidc "tich luy" lai, m a u t h u d n giiia cho sii song Vdi each " h a n h xd" nhii vay, ngiidi va tii nhien cang sau sdc eon ngiidi da vd tinh vi p h a m nghiem trpng ddn, nhiing cdn ngUdi khdng the n h a n biet den dao ddc sinh thai C h a n g ban, viec diide, hay d u n g hdn la khong the Iddng khai thae va sii d u n g rdfng mot each biia triidc diidc h a u hoa Den lue eon ngiidi bai t r e n k h a p the gidi nhieu the ky n h a n thdc "sii tra thu" cua tii nhien thi qua, n h a t la t h e ky viia qua, da nhiing lai quen di gid da qua mudn va dd, ngiidi phai m a n g lai h a u hoa sinh t h a i vd cung nang g a n h chiu h a u qua n a n g ne minh gay ne, ma mpt n h d n g t h a m hoa nguy cho mdi triidng tii nhien va cung la cho hiem n h a t hien n a y la sii bien doi hau chinh ban t h a n minh todn cdu theo chieu h d d n g tieu eiie Nhdng - Dqo ddc gdn lien vdi gid tri Trong dao t h a m boa sinh t h a i dd khdng chi dang tan ddc sinh thai, Idi ich va gia tri ed tinh dae pha tii nhien, ma cdn t a n pha ca chinh sii thu Tat ca n h u n g thupe tinh khach quan sdng cua ngUdi, sii tdn tai va p h a t trien von cd cua khach the tii nhien hdp t h a n h cua xa hdi loai ngiidi Dieu da ehdng td b a n chat khach q u a n eua nd, tdc la gia tri rang, ngiidi chiia n h a n t h d c diidc thau npi tai cua khach the tii nhien dd Day dao gia tri npi tai cua thiic vat, cua rdng chinh la nhiing gia tri vd'n cd, tii t h a n eua dd'i vdi ddi sd'ng cua van vat, dd ed chung, chd khdng phu thupe gi vao nhu eon ngiidi va xa hpi, ma chi biet khai thae eau va Idi ich eua eon ngiidi Gid tri noi tai gia tri sd d u n g eua c h u n g den can kiet la sii - Trong dao dde sinh thai, mdi quan he vu cho sii song, edn cai ma chi theo mpt chieu, nghia la chi cd eon eon ngiidi tiep can, n h a n thdc va sii dung ngUdi chu ddng q u a n he, tae dong len cac diide tii cac yeu to' tii nhien, tiic la cai phuc khach the tii nhien, ehi cd ngiidi td cua cdc khdch song vd phuc the tii nhien chinh vu diidc cho Idi ich cua ngiidi, l a ^ m tri si'i dung cua cdc khdch the tii nhien Cae gia tri khdng hoan toan phu thupe vao gia tri npi tai cua ehung, ma chu yeu bi quy dinh bdi n h u cdu va Idi ich cua cdn ngiidi, bdi sii n h a n thdc cua cdn ngiidi, bdi t r i n h dp p h a t trien cua khoa hpc va edng giac dat eac nguyen tae, quy tae, ehuan miie gia tri phuc vu cho Idi ich cua minh, de t d dd, tii dieu ehinh h a n h vi d n g xd eua minh dd'i vdi tii nhien Do vay, de dam bao dUde sii hai hoa ve Idi ich gida eon ngiidi va tii nhien, doi hoi ngddi phdi c6 tinh tii nghe cua xa hpi Do vay, mpt n h d n g gidc, tii y thdc rat cao Mud'^n thiie hien dieu kien t h a y doi, thi lap tdc, n h d n g diidc dieu nay, mot gia tri sd d u n g cua cac khach the tii nhien phai biet nudi diidng, p h a t buy tinh yeu cung bi thay doi theo Trong quan he vdi tii von ed cua minh dd'i vdi thien nhien, "nhan nhien, ngddi chi tap t r u n g khai thae chi sd tinh ban thien", nudi diidng tinh mat, ngddi can n h d n g gia tri sii d u n g va thiie dung cua thdn, dao ly "Thien - N h a n boa dong", Ciic khach the tii nhien i.hdm phuc vu cho "Thien - N h a n hdp nhat"; mat khdc, nhu phai cd nhiing hieu biet sau sdc ve eac gia 12 cdu vd thoa mdn diidc Idi ich ngdy can XAY DUNG DAO DlTc SINH THAI - MOT TRACH NHIEM XA HOI tri cua cac yeu td tii nhien, cae quy luat nhien tdn tai, van ddng va p h a t trien eua ehung, t h a n h , cang hoan hao ve phUdng dien dao phai cd n h a n thdc d u n g dan ve vai trd, vi ddc, ngiidi dd cang cd traeh nhiem hdn tri va trdch nhiem Do vay, ngiidi nao cang triidng quan trpng eua Dao dde va traeh nhiem xa hpi deu ngiidi md'i q u a n he vdi tii nhien Tren phan anh ton tai xa hpi, bi ehi phd'i bdi cd sd n h d n g hieu biet dd, ngiidi mdi cd n h d n g dieu kien kinh te - xa hpi va van the Ilia ehpn, xac dinh diide nhiing e h u a n boa eua mpt xa hpi n h a t dinh, d mpt giai miie h a n h vi dao ddc d u n g ddn, phu hdp doan p h a t trien n h a t dinh cua lich sd, qua t r i n h k h a i thae, sd dung hdp ly nghia la ehung ed tinh lich sd cac ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien va bao Ngoai ra, dao dde va traeh nhiem xa hdi ve mdi triidng cdn phu thupe vao trinh dp n h a n thdc, vao D a o d i i c s i n h t h a i v a t r a e h n h i e m xa hoi - cu the sii giao due, nghia la ehung cung ed tinh doe lap tiidng dd'i Con ngiidi cang Dao dde sinh thai cd mdi q u a n he chat n h a n thdc diide sau sdc hdn, ddy du hdn che vdi traeh n h i e m xa hpi ciia cdn ngddi quy luat khach q u a n cua tii nhien, cua xa dd'i vdi tii nhien hpi Tren cd sd dd, n a n g liie chi phd'i tii - Dao dde sinh t h a i va traeh nhiem xa nhien va xa hpi eua ngudi se t a n g len hpi, triidc tien, deu diidc hieu la thupe llnh va vay, dao dde va traeh nhiem eua viic hoqt dong tinh thdn cua ngddi, la y ngddi dd'i vdi h a n h vi cua minh cung tang thdc ve nghia vu, bon phan, dao ly cua cdn len thed Xet ve phUdng dien phap ly, traeh ngUdi dd'i vdi tii nhien Tuy nhien, dd nhiem edn phai xuat phat td sii thd'ng n h a t khdng phai la y thdc, tinh cam t h u d n giOa quyen va nghia vu, quyen cang rdng ndm ddu de nguldi, ma phai diide thi traeh nhiem cang eao bieu hien qua hdnh dong cu the cua Dae triing ed ban n h a t cua dao dde va ngddi moi quan he, tdc dong qua lai traeh nhiem la sii tii y thdc, dae biet la gida ngddi vd tii nhien Neu nhii dad trdng dao dde sinh thai, vi d day chi cd sii ddc sinh thai ddde xay diing tren cd sd tae ddng mpt each ed y thdc theo mot chieu nhdng quan niem, tii tiidng, tinh cam, tdc chieu t d eon ngiidi den tii nhien Con la y thdc cua eon ngddi dd'i vdi thien nhien ngiidi sd'ng cd dao dde la ngiidi ludn cd va diide gpi la y thdc dao ddc sinh thai, y thdc, cd n a n g liie dieu ehinh mpt each tii diidc bieu hien bdng h a n h vi dao dde thdc nguyen, tii giac h a n h vi cua minh theo tien q u a n he vdi thien nhien, thi n h d n g e h u a n miie dao dde, nghia la eon trdch nhiem xd hoi cua ngddi doi vdi tii ngiidi tii giac n h a n lay traeh nhiem va nhien dddc hinh thdnh nghia vu cua minh trdng quan he vdi ngiidi thiic dqo ddc sinh thdi tren cd sd cua cd y vd y thiic phap khac, vdi xa hpi va vdi tii nhien Cdn n h a n quyen sinh thdi, dddc bieu hien bdng nang m a n h mpt dieu rdng, dao ddc sinh thai va Idc cua ngddi y thdc dddc nhdng traeh nhiem xa hpi eua eon ngiidi dd'i vdi tii hau qud hdnh dong cua minh gdy cho td nhien deu cd mot nen tdng chung Id sd tdy 13 PHAM THI NGOC TRAM thdc Tuy nhien, sd td y thdc nhiem xd hoi cua ngddi trdch vay, ngiidi khdng chi vi p h a m nghiem doi vdi tii trpng dao dde sinh thai, ma edn vd traeh nhien phdi cao hdn sd td y thdc dqo n h i e m dd'i vdi tii n h i e n va suy den cung, la Bdi vi, d day, traeh vd traeh n h i e m vdi sii sd'ng cua chinh minh n h i e m xa hpi, eon ngiidi khdng chi tii giac va eon c h a u m i n h Trong t i n h h i n h hien dieu ehinh n h d n g h a n h vi cua minh nay, can phai de cao traeh n h i e m xa hpi each d n g xii vdi tii nhien cho phu hdp eua eon ngddi dd'i vdi tii nhien, cu the la vdi nhiing e h u a n miic dad ddc sinh thai, ngddi cdn phdi ma ngddi dddc ldi ich hoac tdc hqi cdc hoqt ddc sinh thdi cdn phdi thdc dddc nhiing cua minh c6 nang liic de y hau qud hdnh gdy cho tii nhien dong dong ciia minh c6 ndng Idc xdc dinh qua t r i n h tae ddng qua len cae khach the tii nhien De lam diide t r i n h q u a n he, tae dong len nd Hdn nda, dieu nay, edn phai xay diing mpt dao ddc sd tii y thdc traeh nhiem xa hpi cua s m h thai mdi - t h d dao ddc biet tinh den eon ngiidi dd'i vdi tii nhien khong chi la sii sii hai hoa gida ldi ich eua chu the (con tii y thdc dao ddc, ma cdn ed ea sd tii y ngiidi) va khach the (tii nhien), nghia la thdc p h a p quyen, nghia la ngiidi phai cen ngiidi khdng nen chi biet den gia tri sd cd y thdc ve nghia vu, bon p h a n cua minh dung va thiic d u n g cua cac khach the tii dd'i vdi mdi triidng sdng eua minh Sii gap nhien, ma cdn phai biet tdn trpng, gid gin n h a u cua sii tii y thdc dao ddc sinh va bao ve n h i i n g gia tri npi tai cua cac yeu thai va traeh nhiem xa hpi eua eon ngiidi to mdi t r d d n g tii nhien dd'i vdi tii nhien la mpt ddi hdi tat yeu D a o dufc s i n h t h a i v a t r a e h n h i e m trdng xa hpi hien nay; ma, mdi triidng xa hoi tii nhien da va darig bi eon ngiidi tan pha trUdfng s o n g t r o n g d i e u k i e n k i n h te n a n g ne, nen kinh te thi triidng dang thi triidng eua eon ngifdi doi v6i moi cang keo ngiidi xa khdi n h d n g gia tri Viet N a m biidc vao nen kinh te thi npi tai von cd cua cae khach the tii nhien triidng da hdn 20 n a m So vdi lich sd hang (gia tri sd'ng va phuc vu sii sd'ng), ngddi nghin n a m ton tai va p h a t trien cua kinh chi biet den gia tri sd dung cua chung, te thi triidng thi k h o a n g thdi gian dd la chi biet chay theo Ipi n h u a n td'i da cang qua it, nhiing cung du de c h u n g ta cd the n h a n h cang td't khai thae va sii d u n g n h a n ed n h d n g tae ddng tich ciic, Ian cac nguon tai nguyen thien nhien va mdi tieu ciic cua nd triidng Kinh te thi triidng vdi quy l u a t gia tri, - Ldi ich Id nen tdng cua cd dqo ddc vd nguyen tae ldi n h u a n tdi da, q u a n he cung trdch nhiem xd hoi Tuy nhien, mo'i cdu va sii canh t r a n h da ludn kich thich q u a n he gida ngddi va td nhien, trai m a n h me viec tim kiem ldi ich, dae biet la qua mpt thdi gian qua dai, ngiidi hdu ldi ich kinh te Vi ldi ich kinh te trdde mdt, n h d ehi biet m a n g lai ldi ich chd minh ngddi ta de dang be qua van de dao ddc va qua trinh tae dong len tii nhien Vi traeh nhiem, n h a t la mdi q u a n he 14 XAY DUNG DAO DlTc SINH THAI - MOT TRACH NHIEM XA HOI gida eon ngiidi va tii nhien Trong dao ddc nhiem n a n g ne bdi niidc thai ddc hai cua xa hpi va cae mdi quan he ldi ich cae n h a may, xi nghiep, khu lien hdp che gida ngiidi vdi ngiidi, neu t u a n t h u nghiem xuat, bdi niidc thai ban cua cae cd sd chan tdc nguyen tae mpi ngiidi deu binh ddng ve nudi, benh vien, dien hinh va tai tieng ldi ich, thi chinh kinh te thi triidng se gdp n h a t la vu niidc thai cua n h a may bpt ngpt phan tich ciic dieu tiet h a n h vi dao dde cua Vedan da lam chet ddng song Thi Vai va ngiidi, lam cho dao ddc xa hpi dan dddc huy hoai mdi triidng sd'ng q u a n h vung, vu hoan thien hdn, tot hdn Tuy nhien, viec n h a may ddng tau Vinashin, v.v Viec dao dde sinh thai, khdng the van dung khai thae va sd dung bda bai eae ngudn tai nguyen tae binh dang ve ldi leh gida eon nguyen thien nhien, nhii rdng, khoang ngiidi va tii nhien, ma eon ngiidi ludn san, kim loai quy hiem, da dan den sii la chu the ldi ich Sd tae ddng ehi theo mot can kiet cua chung, dae biet la rdng Te chieu t d ngiidi den tii nhien da diia n a n khdng bao dam ve sinh an toan lUdng den nhieu he luy tieu ciie cho tii nhien Vi thiie, thdc phdm cang bien va vay, neu chi mpt thdi gian ngan, vdi nguy hiem hdn Cac te nan xa hpi dang gay quy md nhd hep, thi eon ngiidi khd n h a n sii d nhiem mdi triidng xa hpi, nhii nan biet diide sd "phan dng" eua tii nhien de ma tuy, mai dam, dai dich benh HIV- kip thdi dieu chinh h a n h vi d n g xd cua AIDS, khdng chi bien d cae t h a n h minh Td dd, sai lam cang diide "tich phd', ma cdn len ldi den h a n g cung ngo hem luy", den mpt mde dp nao dd, vao mpt thdi tren khap dat niidc, gay biet bao tai hoa diem nao dd, eon ngiidi n h a n thdc cho cupe sdng eon ngiidi, khdng ehi bom diidc sai 1dm cua minh thi da qua mudn ma cho ca cac the he mai sau Niidc ta cdn la mpt n h d n g niide mang - tii nhien da bi t a n pha C h u n g ta khdng the phu n h a n rang, dang phai ganh chiu hau qua nang ne n h a t triidc ed nen kinh te thi triidng, mdi cua sii bien ddi h a u toan cdu Miia Id, triidng thien nhien niidc ta da bi tan pha ngap lut, Id'e xoay, b a n h a n xay thddng Song, t d p h a t trien nen kinh te thi triidng, mdi triidng tii nhien bi t a n pha nhanh hdn, vdi quy md Idn hdn Bdi le, kinh te thi triidng, cdn ngiidi diidc kich thi'ch bdi ldi ich kinh te triidc m a t da lao vao ddng xoay cua cac boat ddng kinh xuyen tren k h a p mpi mien dat niide, nam sau lai n a n g ne hdn, ton t h a t Idn hdn nam triidc Tat ca n h d n g dieu dd dang ddi hdi phai xay diing mot dao dde sinh thai mdi phu hdp vdi dieu kien phat trien mdi eua dat niide va the gidi Yeu cdu xay diing dao dde smh thai trd nen bdc xuc hdn te, dae biet la llnh viic khai thae eac bad gid het, nd ddi hoi phdi xuat phat td ngudn tai nguyen mdi lu'dng tam, traeh nhiem cua ngiidi dd'i triidng edng cac boat ddng kinh doanh dich vdi tii nhien, nhiing suy den edng, la dd'i vdi vu nhdm tim kiem ldi n h u a n eao nhat, sii sd'ng edn cua chinh minh va cac the he nhanh n h a t Nhieu h a u hoa sinh thai da chau mai sau trade thdc trang xudng xay ra, n h d nhieu ddng sdng, ho ao da bi d cap nghiem trpng eua mdi triidng sdng thien nhien va 15 PHAM THI NGOC TRAM Trong sii p h a t trien m a n h me cua kinh te thi triidng, eua sii nghiep cong nghiep hod, hien dai hoa va hpi n h a p k m h te quo'c te, n h d n g gia tri eua dao dde ndi chung, cua dao dde s m h t h a i ndi rieng cdn phai cd n h d n g thay doi ve can ban Phdi t h d a n h a n rang, t r u y e n thd'ng van hoa dan toe, ngiidi Viet N a m da cd mot dao dde sinh t h a i r a t dang quy va dang t r a n trpng Vdi triet ly sd'ng hai hoa vdi thien nhien va vdi ly tiidng dao dde sinh thai "Thien - N h a n hoa dong" hay "Thien N h a n hdp nhat", eon ngiidi Viet N a m da ludn sd'ng gan bd vdi thien nhien qua biet bao the he, trai qua h a n g nghin n a m lich sd Song, dd dong thdi cung la h a n g nghin n a m cdn ngiidi Viet N a m ehi biet sdng niidng nhd va diia vao thien nhien, t h u a n theo thien nhien, phu thupe mpt each m d q u a n g vao cac the Idc eua tii nhien Dd vay, niide ta van mai luan quan cai vdng p h a t trien c h a m chap eua nen van minh ndng nghiep ed dien vdi "eon t r a u di trUde, cai cay di sau", ngiidi ndng dan van lam Id, vat va q u a n h n a m "dau tat mat tdi", "ban m a t cho dat, ban Idng cho trdi", mac du c h u n g ta da tien h a n h qua trinh edng nghiep boa dat niidc td n h d n g n a m 60 cua the ky XX Hdn 20 n a m qua, cung vdi viec chap n h a n nen kinh te thi triidng, vdi viec day m a n h sii nghiep edng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa va hpi n h a p kinh te qudc te, n h d n g gia tri dao ddc ndi chung, dao dde sinh thai ndi rieng da dot ngpt bi t h a y doi theo chieu hddng b a t ldi chd mdi triidng Sd kich thich m a n h me eua ldi leh tdi da trdde mat, ket hdp vdi n h d n g phddng tien ky t h u a t hien dai da lam chd ngddi lad vao khai thae va t a n d u n g tii nhien bat chap mpi h a u qua ed the xay va tren thiic te da xay 16 Dieu dd cd nghia la, n h i i n g gia tri cua dao dde sinh t h a i t r u y e n thd'ng d a n g phai ddi m a t vdi n h d n g thaeh t h d c to Idn va vd edng mdi me n h d n g dieu kien phat trien mdi eua dat niidc va thdi dai Nhii vay, chd den nay, sii chuyen ddi cac gia tri cua dao ddc sinh t h a i mdi chi theo hiidng ed ldi cho ngiidi, vi ldi ich triidc mat cua ngiidi va xa hpi Tuy nhien, vi mue tieu p h a t trien ben viing, sd chuyen doi la khdng the chap n h a n dddc va chac ehdn se bi p h u dinh Con ngiidi Viet Nam cdn xay diing mpt dao dde sinh thai mdi tren cd sd p h a t h u y n h i i n g net dep dao dde sinh thai t r u y e n thd'ng dan toe, dong thdi ket hdp vdi viec tiep t h u n h d n g gia tri sinh t h a i mdi, cho p h u hdp vdi mue tieu p h a t trien ben vdng Mudn lam diidc nhii vay, c h u n g ta cdn phai biet gan ket dad ddc sinh t h a i vdi traeh nhiem xa hpi eua ngiidi dd'i vdi mdi triidng sd'ng cua minh V a n d e x a y d i i n g d a o diic sinh t h a i p h u h d p vdi t r a e h n h i e m x a hoi Viec xay diing dao ddc sinh thai cdn phai diidc tien h a n h d tat cd mpi t h a n h td'cua nd: td y thdc, quan niem, tinh cam dao ddc, quan he dao ddc (quan he ldi Ich) den hanh vi dad dde hien thiie, nghia la t d ly luan den thiie tien dao ddc Xay diing dao ddc sinh thai khdng the taeh rdi traeh nhiem xa hpi eua eon ngiidi dd'i vdi tii nhien - Dao ddc sinh t h a i la sii p h a n anh ve phiidng dien dad dde hien thiie mdi quan he gida eon ngiidi va tii nhien Y thdc, q u a n niem, tinh cam dao ddc sinh thai phai diide xay diing t r e n nen t a n g triet ly hai hoa gida ngiidi va thien nhien, tren ed sd ly tiidng dao ddc "Thien - N h a n hoa dong" hay sd ddng tien hoa cua tii nhien va xa hpi, vi sii p h a t trien ben vdng Dd chinh XAY Dl^'G DAO D l T SIMl THAI - MOT TRACH NHIEM XA HOI la sii liep thu n h d n g tinh hoa quan niem, tinh cam dao ddc sinh thai truyen thd'ng ket hdp vdi n h d n g t n thdc sinh thai mdi de tao t h a n h mot y thdc sinh thdi Cd the hieu y thdc nhdn thdc sinh thdi mdi mdi la sd mot cdch sdu sdc, todn dien, khoa hoc ve td nhien (cdc gid tri noi tqi vd sd dung nhiing cua cdc yeu to' td nhien, quy luat ton tqi vd van dong chiing); ve vi tri vd vai trb cua moi quan nhiem, cung nghia he vdi td nhien; cua ngddi ve trdch vu cua ngddi viec dieu khien mot cdch c6 y thdc moi quan he hddng den mue tieu phdt trien ben vdng cua xd hqi vd sd dong tien hod gida xd hoi vd td nhien Dieu chi cd the dat diidc bang Cdn diidng tuyen truyen, giao due, diidi t a t cd mpi hinh thdc, ddi vdi tat ca mpi ddi tiidng xa hpi, n h a m cung cap cho ngUdi n h d n g t n thdc sinh thai can thiet cung nhii tinh cam yeu thien nhien von cd eua ngiidi Viet Nam Td sii hieu biet, ngiidi se tii giac dieu ehinh h a n h vi cua minh ddi vdi thien nhien mot each ed dao dde va cd traeh nhiem - Ve quan he dqo ddc sinh thdi Q u a n he ldi ich la quan he nen t a n g cua quan he dao ddc ndi e h u n g va q u a n he dao ddc sinh thai ndi rieng Trong xa hpi, ldi ich dddc dieu chinh te, luat phdp bang cdc bien phdp thddng kinh vd dqo ddc Tuy nhien, nhii tren da p h a n tich, mdi quan he ldi ich gida ngUdi va tii nhien cd tinh dae thd la ehi thoo mpt chieu, cho nen, triidc sd dung bien phap kinh te, cac bien phap luat phap va dao ddc gid vai trd ciic ky q u a n trpng dd ehinh la y thdc traeh nhiem cua ngUdi ddi vdi h a n h vi cua minh each dng xd vdi tii nhien va n h d n g h a u qua cua n h d n g h a n h vi dd Vi rdng, ban t h a n traeh nhiem da bao ham nd y thdc phap quyen va y thdc dao dde Trong quan he ldi ich giua eon ngUdi va tii nhien, dieu quan trpng n h a t la sd td nhdn thdc, sd td y thdc cua ngddi phdi d tam cao Va, dd cung ehinh la dae thu eua dao dde sinh thai va traeh nhiem xa hpi cda ngUdi ddi vdi tii nhien De cd dupe trinh dp tii y thdc eao, eon ngiidi can phai dUdc t r a n g bi ddy dd n h d n g tri thdc sinh thai hien dai cdn ed tinh cam yeu thien nhien va biet tdn trpng nd de ed the tiep tue khai thae, sd dung hdp ly eae ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien va bao ve mdi trUdng - Ve hdnh vi dqo ddc sinh thdi Hanh vi dao dde smh thai la sii bieu hien cao nhat eua dao dde va traeh nhiem cua eon ngUdi doi vdi thien nhien Htmh vi dao ddc sinh thai dUdc dicu chinh bdi mpt he chuan (he thd'ng Ciie ebui'in miic) ciic gm tri sinh thiii, tdc la Ciie giii tri khdng ehi mang liii ldi ich cho eon ngiidi, cho xa hdi, ma cdn phai bao dam cho tu nhien tiep tue tdn ttii an toan long xii hdi dang khdng ngdng van dong, phat trien He thong cae nguyen tiic, ehuiin miic hay tieu ehuan cua dao ddc sinh thill dupe hinh t h a n h tren cd sd eua y thdc diio ddc sinh thai (tU tUdng, quan niem, tinh cam cua eon ngiidi ddi vdi tii nhien) va quan he dao ddc sinh thai, chu yeu la quan he ldi ich va gan lien vdi traeh nhiem xa hpi cua ngUdi ddi vdi tii nhien Xay diing dtio ddc sinh thai la inpt nhu cdu cii'p thiet viec eon ngudi thiie hien traeh nhiem xa hpi dd'i vdi thien nhien Sii gan ket gida dao dde sinh thai vdi traeh nhiem xa hpi cua ngiidi dd'i vdi thien nhien phai trd t h a n h mpt phiin quan trpng ldi sdng cua ngiidi hien diii.C] 17 ... dao ddc sinh thai thi sao? Dao diie sinh thai la gi? N h d n g dae triing ed ban cua dao ddc sinh thai? Cd hay khdng cd nhiing c h u a n miie dao ddc sinh thai? Tai xay diing dao ddc sinh thai... quan niem, tinh cam dao ddc sinh thai truyen thd''ng ket hdp vdi n h d n g t n thdc sinh thai mdi de tao t h a n h mot y thdc sinh thdi Cd the hieu y thdc nhdn thdc sinh thdi mdi mdi la sd mot... a n dddc va chac ehdn se bi p h u dinh Con ngiidi Viet Nam cdn xay diing mpt dao dde sinh thai mdi tren cd sd p h a t h u y n h i i n g net dep dao dde sinh thai t r u y e n thd''ng dan toe, dong