VIEN OIA LY VIEN KHOCN VIET NAM HOI DIA LY VEET NAM VAN DE SU'''' DUNG HOP LI TAI NGUYEN Rl/NG 6 NGHE AN Trdn Thi Mai Phuang'''' 1 DAT VAN DE Rirng la tai nguyen sinh vat vd cimg quy gia bdi nd khdng nbiing[.]
VIEN OIA LY - VIEN KHOCN VIET NAM HOI DIA LY VEET NAM VAN DE SU' DUNG HOP LI TAI NGUYEN Rl/NG NGHE AN Trdn Thi Mai Phuang' DAT VAN DE Rirng la tai nguyen sinh vat vd cimg quy gia bdi nd khdng nbiing ddng vai tro co' sd cho su phat trien kinh tc - xa hgi ma cdn giir chirc nang quan trgng ve mdi trudng sinh thai Rii'ng dugc xem la "la phdi" dieu hda kbi bau, tri tinb dn djnh va mau md ciia dit, ngan chan sy xdi mdn, riia trdi dat, giam kha nang bdi lan d luu cac dong sdng, dilu tiet dong chay, giam nhe thien tai va d nhiem mdi trudng, la noi tni ngii ciia cac loai ddng thyc vat hoang da va la sinh ke cua ngudi dan mien mii Do dd, viec SLI' dung hgp li tai nguyen rirng cd y nghia rat quan trgng ;; Nghe An la mdt nbiing tinh cd dien tich rung Idn nhat nude ta hien Dac biet, vimg mien mii hiem trd phia Tay Nghe An la viing dugc danh gia cd tinh da dang sinh hgc cao vdi nhiing canh rirng nhiet ddi nguyen sinh va nhieu loai sinh vat quy hilm Tuy nhien, hien sire ep cua gia tang ddn sd, sy ddi ngheo va nhung ban che viec su dung, quan li tai nguyen da dan tdi tai nguyen rirng d day chua dugc khai thac tuong xirng vdi tiem nang Vi vay, viec nghien ciru hien trang va de xuat cac giai phap sir dung hgp li tai nguyen rirng la bet sue can thiet hien NOI DUNG NGHIEN ClTU 2.1 Von riing d'Nghe An Nghe Ail la tinh co tdng dien tich ty nhien ldn nhat ca nude vdi 1649068,23 dd 71,4% dien tich la dat lain nghiep Theo bao cao Quy hoach bao ve va phat trien rirng giai doan 2008 - 2010 tinh Nghe An, nam 2008 ting dien tich lam nghiep cd rii'ng la 777359,7 ha, chiem khoang 47,15 % dien tich dat ty nhien, dd: - Dien tich rirng tu nbien: 689.007,6 ba - Dien tich riing trdng: 88.282,1 Trong do: Theo muc dich sir dung, rirng dugc chia loai: -Rirng phdng hd: 395146,4 - Rirng dac dung: 170003,7 - Rirng san xuit: 613032,1 * Tdi nguyin thuc vdt rirng Rung d Nghe An la noi hgi tu, dan xen cua cac yeu td dia li va yeu to thuc vat nen cd sy da dang ve cau true, phin loai, ciing nhieu ban dja loai quy hiem He thyc vat riing d Nghe An cd day dii cac ylu to nhiet ddi, can nhiet ddi va dn ddi Theo tai heu thong ke budc diu cd 153 bg, 522 cbi va 986 loai than gd, chua kl din bai than thao, than leo va ding Trong dd co 23 b a i than go va loai than thao dugc ghi sach Dd Viet Nam nhu: Bach xanh, Thdng dd, Phi ban miii, Thdng tre Thong Pa Khoa Dja li - Dai hoc Vinh Hgi nghi Klioa bgc Dia ly Todn qud'c la'n tb&S-Hd Ndi, 2010 205 HOI DIA L'r VTET NAM VIEN DIA LY - VIEN KHOCN VIET NAM CO Thong Da Lat, Thiiy Timg binh da voi Sam bdng Sam lanh Tram Hoang Dan, Thong hai la det Cim lai, Cini lai Ba Rja Cim lai Dong Nai Gd dd Gu mat Giang huong cam bit Giang huong Mil chim Lat hoa, Lat da dong Dinh Sen Mat, Pomu, Mun Nghiin Lim xanh Kim giao Sa nhan Sain Nggc Linh Bach hgp Thao qua, Riing tap trung d vung doi niii \'a co sy phan boa theo dai cao: - Rung kin thudng xanh: phan bo a cao < 700m - Riing kin hon giao cay la kim phan bo d cao > 700m * Tdi nguyin dgng vtit rirng Sy da dang ciia dja hinh \ a canh quan sinh thai da tao cho be ddng vat dNghe An tinb da dang, ding thdi c6 nhieu b a i ban dja quy hilm Theo tai lieu thong ke, dgng vat riing d Nghe ,A.n bien cd tren 1000 bai thugc 86 hg va 28 bg Trong dd cd 64 bai thu, 137 bai chim 25 loai bd sat 15 loai ludng thi Hien cd 34 loai thii, bai chim, loai ca dugc ghi vao Sach Do Viet Nam Vdi nhung gia tri ndi bat v l vai trd bao tdn cac loai sinh vat ban dia luu giu vdn gen di tru)'ln va gop phin giir can bang sinh thai moi trudng cua khu vyc khu dy tru' sinh qu)en miln Ta) Nghe An da dugc td cbirc Van hda - Khoa bgc - Giao due cua Lien hgp quoc (UNESCO) cdng nhan la khu dy tru' sinh quyln the gidi (9/2007) Day la khu dy trii' sinh quyln ldn nbit khu vyc Ddng Nam A vdi tdng dien tich la l.303.285ha la hanh lang xanh kit noi \iing loi gom: Vudn qudc gia Pii Mat Khu bao tin thien nhien Pii Hulng va Khu bao ton thien nhien Pii Hoat, thugc dia ban hu)'en miln nui (Con Cudng, Anh Son, Tuong Duong, Que Phong, Quy Chau, Quy Hgp, Ky Son Thanh Chuong, Tan Ky) Hien trang sii' dung tai ngu)'en rirng d Nghe An 2.2 Hoat dgng khai thac riing Tir nam 1943 cho den dien tich rirng d Nghe An cd nhieu bien dgng, tir che phu dat 74% (1943) giam xuong 29,4% (1992) va tang din din 47,1% (2008) Bdng 1: Dien bien dien tich rirng Nghi An tir 1943 - 2009 Nam 1943 1963 1973 1985 1992 2001 2005 2008 Dien tich (ha) 1227800 1145998 748764 599841 585705 688401 717905 777359.7 Dc che phu (%) 74 69.5 45.4 36.3 35,5 41,7 43,5 47,1 (Ngudn: BC dieu chinh hien trang sir diing ddt den nam 2010 Sd TN& MT Nghe An) Trudc 1992, nhieu nguyen nhan nhu chien tranh, viec kbai thac rirng lam dung, cong tac quan li rirng cdn long leo, dac biet ddi sdng cua nhan dan viing ngheo doi sinh ke phu thugc hoan toan vao rirng nen dien tich rii'ng ty nhien bi giam thu hep nhanh chdng, chat lugng riing cang giam siit, sd lugng b a i cd nguy co tuyet chung cao, chat lugng rirng nguyen sinh giam ca ve phan loai san lugng Cling nlur cau tnic tang thir Cdng tac chain sdc tu bo rung chua dugc chii trgng nbieu Tu) nhien tir dau thap ki 90 ciia the ki XX cho den nay, nhan tbirc dugc vai tro quan trgng ciia tai nguyen rirng va kinh te rirng, Nghe An da co nhieu chinh sach khu)en lam nlur thyc hien Ngbi dinb 01 Nghi dinb 02 ciia Cbinh phu ve khoan rirng va 206 Hdi nghi Kboa bgc Dia ly Todn qud'c Id'n th&s - Hd Ndi, 2010 VIEN DIA LY • VIEN KHOCN VIET NAM HOI DIA LY VIET NAM Qiao dit lam nghiep din hg gia dinb, Chi thi 55/CT-UB 08/11/2001 ciia UBND tinh Nahe An vl viec tang cudng quan li khai thac va che bien him san, nbieu chinh sach hi trg gia cay giong, hudng dan ki thuat cho ngudi ddn tham gia uam cay, rirng Ben canh dd, cong tac khoanh nudi, phuc hdi, chain sdc, tu bd va bao ve cac khu lini" tu nbien phong hg ciing dugc tang cudng Nhd do, che plui rung khdng ngung duge tang len, tir 35,5% (1992) tang len 41,7% (2001) va 47,1 % (2008) Trong vong nam (2000 - 2008) tdng dien tich rirng tang len 92962,7 (binh quan tang 13300 ha/nam) Trong do, rirng lu nbicin tang 66000 ba Rirng giau cd xu hu'dng tang cac khu rirng dac dung tir rirng trung binh len, rirng trung binh giam thuc hien ke hoach khai thac hang nam va lam tac kbai thac qua cudng lam mit rirng Rirng tang gan 27000 ha, rirng go cd trir lugng giam manh nhu ciu ciia thj trudng lieu thu gd may nam gan day tang nhanh Vdi 72% dien tich dat tu nhien la dat lam nghiep, boat ddng san xuat lam nghiep : ; ;;'; ; da trd nganh kinh tc chinh d dia ban cac huyen mien mii d Nghe An, nhat la doi vdi cac dong bao dan tgc thieu sd San lugng go khai thac trung binh tir 90.000 100.000 in' go/nain, san lugng ciii kbai thac tren trieu ste/nam Ben canh do, moi nam rimg cdn dem lai nguon lgi ldn tir cac lain san phi gd nhu tre, nira luong (35600 cay), nhya thdng (9500 tan), song may (495 tan) (nam 2008) Kinh te rirng da tao viec lam, tang thu nhap cho hang nghin hg gia dinh, doanh nghiep, gop phan xda ddi giam ngheo, on djnh cugc song va gid gin an ninh bien gidi vimg mien nui phia Tay Nghe An Hoiit dgng rirng, chdm sdc, tu bd riing Trong nbirng nam gan day boat dgng rirng da dugc tinb Nghe An va cac dia phuong clui trgng dau lu vdi cac dir an rirng Idn nhu chuong trinh 661, 135, 147 Do dd, dien tich rirng da tang len nhanh chong Trung binh dien tich rirng tap trung hang nam klioang 9500 - 10.000 Trong dd chu yeu la trdng rirng san xuat Nam 2008 dien tich rirng san xuat bien cd la 73.453,1 ba (chiem 83,3% dien tich rirng trdng) Ben canh dd, dien tich rirng dugc cham sdc va tu bd tang len bang nam Nam 2008 dien tich rung dugc tu bd la 181.320 dien tich rirng dugc cham soc la 18.615 ba, dien tich khoang nudi, phuc hii dat 52.000 ba Hogt dgng qudn li vd bdo ve rirng Cdng tac quan li va bao ve riing da dugc phan cap cu the va co su phdi hgp ciia nhieu td chiic, ca nhan cimg tham gia - Ddi vdi rirng phdng hg: hien tai cd 11 Ban quan li rirng phdng hg (Que Phong Quy Chau, Quy Hgp, Tan Ky, Ky Son, Tuong Duong, Con Cudng, Nam Dan, Nghi Lgc, Thanh Chuang, Quynh Luu) Mgt sl dien tich rirng phong hd chua co chii rirng thi giao cho chinh quyen, bat kilm lain bao ve - Ddi vdi rirng dac dung: co Ban quan li (BQL Vudn qudc gia Pii Mat, BQL Khu bao tdn thien nhien Pii Hudng, BQL limg phdng hg Nam Dan quan li Kliu di tich van hoa - lich sir Kim Lien Rieng Khu bao ton thien nhien Pii Hoat (Que Phong) chua co BQL - Ddi vdi rirng san xuat: vdi chu truong xa hdi boa nghi rirng, bien tren dia ban CO cdng ty lain nghiep (7 kim trudng quIc doanh cii), 10 Tdng Dgi Thanh nien xung phong Hgi ngbi Kboa bgc Dia ly Todn qud'c la'n tb&S-Hd Ndi, 2010 207 VIEN DIA L'Y • 'VIEN KHOCN VIETNAM HOI DIA L'Y VIET NAM lang nien lap nghiep nliieu doanh nghiep tu nhan \a cho doanh nghiep nude ngoai cimg tham gia bao \e cham sdc tu bo rimg san xuat, kinh doanh rirng Ngoai de tang cudng cdng tac bao ve rirng ben canh cac bat kiem lam cua huN'en cd chdt kiem lam co ddng cua tinh nham bao ve rung co cac tinh hudng bit thudng xay Tuy nhien, lye lugng kiem lam kiem soat van cdn mong va thieu ve phuong tien thiet bj nen tinh trang rirng bj chat pha van cdn dien bien phuc tap Dien ti'ch rimg mit moi nam bi chat pha va bj chay len tdi hang chuc rimg ty nhien Nam 2008 dien tich nnig ty nhien bj suy giam cha) \'a chat pha bira bai la gan 60 2.3 Nhung ton tai viec sir dung tai nguyen rimg d Nghe An Mac du cdng tac bao ve va riing da dat dugc mgt sd ket qua nhat djnh nbirng bieu qua ciia viec sir dung tai nguven rirng van chua cao va chua tuong xung vdi tiem nang d Nghe An hien Nhtrng \'an de ton tai bien la: - Chat lugng rirng ty nhien suy giam: Dien tich rirng hien chu yeu rirng ngheo rung trung binh va rirng phuc hoi (chiem tdi 90%o) Rung giau chi d vimg bien gidi hiem trd \a cac Vudn quoc gia Khu bao tdn thien nhien Ngoai ra, khai thac chua bgp li nen dat rung trd nen ngheo kiet rung bj pha trd trang cd, ca)' bui dat trdng ddi nui trgc, cau triic tang thu \'a sinh khdi deu giam - Trong bao cao " Quy hoach long the phat trien kinh te - xa hdi tinb Nghe An den nam 2020" phan dau dua che phu rirng len 60%, song dien tich rung tang nhung nam gan day chii yeu la rirng san xuat nen rirng ngheo ve phan bai cav cau true cbi cd - tang gd nen kha nang chong chju vdi cac yeu td bat lgi rat thap so vdi rirng ty nhien - Rirng ty nbien khai thac mdi nam Idn mdi chi cd khoang 25% dien tich rirng dugc cham sdc, tu bo hang nam Ben canh dd, rung ty nhien van bi chat pha trai phep Trong nhtrng nam gan day, lii quet xay thudng xuyen bon d cac huyen Tuong Duong, Que Phong, Ky Son, Anh Son gay thiet hai ldn ve ngudi va ciia ma ngudn gdc cbinh la mat rirng dau ngudn - He thong cac co quan quan quan li d Khu bao tdn thien nhien Pii kiem lam cdn mdng, dgi ngu can bd phirc tap nen khd khan viec bao li, bao ve rirng cdn nhieu ban che nhu: thieu Ban Hoat vdi cac chiic nang nhiem vu rieng, cac chot thieu dien tich rung rgng Idn, dja hinh ve rirng - Chinh sach phat trien kinh te lam nghiep: day la dja ban cd nhilu ddng bao dan tdc sinh sdng, ddi song ngheo khd, nhung kinh te lam nghiep chua that sy dam bao ddi song cho ngudi dan d day vi vay dan tdi hien tugng chat pha rirng bira bai, ddt rirng lam nuong ray, hieu qua cua sir dung tai nguyen rirng chua cao Mat khac, chinb sach cua tinb Nghe An viec cho doanh nghiep nude ngoai thue dat trdng rirng nguyen lieu co the dan den nbirng bau qua ve mat moi trudng sinh thai, kinh te - xa hdi va an ninh - qudc phong Hang nghin hd gia dinh khu vyc se bi mat dat rung san xuat - mat ke sinh nhai 206 Hdi nghi Khoa bgc Dia ly Todn qudc lan th&S - Hd Ndi, 2010 VIEN DIA LY - VIEN KHOCN VIET NAM HOI DIA LY VIET NAM - Dien tich rirng tu nbien c6 nguy co bj mat trien kbai xay dung cac cong trinh thiiy dicn, thiiy lgi, cdng nghiep va dd thj Ddy la xu the tat yeu ciia su phat triln son" qua trinh trien khai cac dy an can quy hoach hgp li, ban che nhirng tac dgng to Idn tdi tai nguyen rirng, diic biet d cac khu vyc tai dinh cu Thyc te ki cugc song ciia ngu'di dan tai vimg tai dinh cu gap nhieu kho khan, khdng dugc dam bao nen rirng licp tue bj pha dl lam nuong ray va khai thac go, ciii trai phep - Dien tich dat lain nghiep chua dugc plui xanh cdn nbieu, hicn van 34% dien tich dit lam nghiep chua cd rirng 2.4 Kien nghj cac giai phap su dung hgp li tai nguyen rung Tir tiem nang va thyc te khai thac, sir dung tai nguyen riing mgt sd bat cap nhu tren, chimg toi de xuat mgt so giai phap nham sii' dung hgp li ho'n tai nguyen rirng d Nghe An nhu sau: * Ddi vdi cong tac qimn li, bao ve rirng - Bao ve nghiem ngiit dien tich rirng ty nhien hien cd, dac biet la rirng phdng hg diu nguon, cac Vudn quoc gia va Khu bao tdn thien nbien - Nghiem cam khai thac, san ban cac bai ddng thuc vat quy hiem dugc ghi sach Do Viet Nam, Nghj djnh 48 - CP - ND, Sach Dd thi gidi (lUCN) - Kien toan he thong td chirc cac Khu bao tdn thien nhien, lap Ban quan li Khu bao ton fliien nhicn Pii Hoat de thuc hien cac chirc nang, nhiem vu rieng ciia Khu bao ton - Tang cudng vai tro cua cac co' quan quan li rirng, ddng thdi giao due, tuyen truyen nang cao y thirc ciia ngudi dan viec bao ve rirng va bao ve moi Irudng - Quan li lira rirng chat che * Doi vdi boat dgng kbai thac va chain soc rirng - Thyc hien quy hoach rirng: rirng phong hg, rirng dac dung, rirng san xuat pbii hgp vdi dieu kien sinh thai rirng - Xay dyng ke hoach khai thac rirng tu nhien hgp li - Day manh trdng rung, ben canh trdng rirng san xuat (tap trung rirng nguyen lieu phuc vu cdng nghiep die bien kim san), phai cbii trgng trdng riing phong hg va rii'ng dac dung de dam bao chirc nang bao ton va bao ve moi trudng sinh thai - Nang dien tich rung dugc chain sdc, tu bd, khoanh nudi, phyc hoi hang nam - Dam bao che phii rirng dau ngudn, rung phdng bg cua cac luu virc song, ho thuy dien tren 60%) - Ho trg hon nua ve ki thuat, vln dl ngudi dan tren dja ban cd the phat trien kmh te lam nghiep co hieu qua, chuyin doi co cau kinh tl gdp phan xda ddi giam ngheo, giam sue ep ciia dan sd len tai nguyen riing - Kiem soat chat che doi vdi cac doanh nghiep va ca nhan dugc giao dat giao rung nham dam bao su dung hgp li va bin vung tai nguyen rirng, dat rirng cimg nhu mdi trudng sinh thai miln mii ^9' nghi Kboa bgc Dia ly Toan qud'c lan th&S-Hd Ndi, 2010 209 VIEN DIA LY • VlfeN KHOCN VIET NAM HOI DIA L'Y VIET NAM - Qu) hoach hgp li cac cong trinh kinh te a khu vyc cd rung ty nhien va td chirc tot hon dieu kien song d nhung viing di dan tai djnh cu KET LUAN Nghe An la mgt tinh co dien tich riing ldn tinh da dang sinh bgc cao tiem nang phat trien kinh te rirng rat Idn Tuy nhien, nlurng ban che qii-an li khai thac riing, sir doi ngheo \a cac chinh sach phat trien kinh te rimg kem hieu qua nen hien Nghe An van clura khai thac dugc tdi da the manh ve rirng cua minh Bdi \'ay, can phai co quy hoach tdng the va giai quyet ddng bd cac van de bat cap bien de su dung hgp li, hieu qua \a ben viing tai nguyen rirng d Nghe An TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Doan dieu tra quy hoach lam nghiep Nghe An (2008) Bdo cdo Quy hogch bdo ve vd phdt Irien riing giai dogn 2008 ~ 2010 linh Nghe An Cue Thdng ke Nghe An (2009) Nien gidm thdng ki Nghe 4n 2008 Huynh Nhung (2007) Bdo cdo Hien trgng, du bdo vd de xudt cdc gidi phdp bdo ve, phdt triin da dgng sinh hgc tinh Nghe An din 2020 Sd Tai nguyen va Mdi tru'd-ng Nghe An (2007) Diiu chinh quy hogch su dung ddt den ndm 2010 linh Nghi An 210 Hdi nghi Khoa hgc Dia ly Todn qud'c la'n th&s - Hd Ndi 2010 ... Nahe An vl viec tang cudng quan li khai thac va che bien him san, nbieu chinh sach hi trg gia cay giong, hudng dan ki thuat cho ngudi ddn tham gia uam cay, rirng Ben canh dd, cong tac khoanh nudi,... rirng Rirng tang gan 27000 ha, rirng go cd trir lugng giam manh nhu ciu ciia thj trudng lieu thu gd may nam gan day tang nhanh Vdi 72% dien tich dat tu nhien la dat lam nghiep, boat ddng san xuat... DIA L''Y VIET NAM lang nien lap nghiep nliieu doanh nghiep tu nhan \a cho doanh nghiep nude ngoai cimg tham gia bao \e cham sdc tu bo rimg san xuat, kinh doanh rirng Ngoai de tang cudng cdng tac