36{2), 175 183 Tap Chi CAC KHOA HOC V£ TRAI DAT ^CO SO DIA LY PHUC VU QUAN LY, SU* DUNG HOP LY TAI NGUYEN vA BAO VE MOI TRUING Vi/CJN QUOC GIA KON KA KINH, TINH GIA LAI HA QUY QUYNH Email haquyquynh@g[.]
36{2), 175-183 Tap Chi CAC KHOA HOC V£ TRAI DAT ^CO SO DIA LY PHUC VU QUAN LY, SU* DUNG HOP LY TAI NGUYEN vA BAO VE MOI TRUING Vi/CJN QUOC GIA KON KA KINH, TINH GIA LAI HA QUY QUYNH Email: haquyquynh@gmail.com Ban ifng dung vd Triin khai Cong nghe, Vien Hdn lam Khoa hoc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam Ngdy nhdn bai: 28 - 10 - 2013 M d ddu Nghien cuu dia ly tdng hgp, ap dung tigp can sinh thai cdnh quan gidi quyet cac van de ve qudn ly, bao vfi vd khai thae hgp ly tdi nguyen vd bao vS mdi trudng la mgt hudng nghien ciiu dia ly ung dung dang dugc phdt trien kha manh me d Viet Nam, Nghien cuu tdng hgp mdi lien quan va tdc dpng tuong hd giila cac yeu td Dia chat, Dja ly, Khi hgu, Thiiy van, Thd nhudng d mgt Vudn qudc gia (VQG) nhdm xac dinh dac diem ciia tung don vj sinh thai cdnh quan la co sd khoa hge oho viec d l xudt gidl phap qudn ly vd su dung hgp ly tai nguyen, mdi trudng VQG Bai bdo "Co sd dia ly phuc vu quan ly, sir dung hgp ly tai nguyen va bdo ve mdi trudng VQG Kon Ka Kinh" vdi muc dich, (1) lam ro nhan td dja ly phdt sinh cdc dan vi sinh thai canh quan; (2) chirc ndng ciia tirng don vj canh quan; (3) dinh hudng tdng thi phyc vu cdng tac quan ly va su dung hgp 1^ tdi nguyen, bdo ve mdi trudng VQG Phuong phdp, t u lieu sir dung Cdc phuang phap chinh dugc su dung gdm (1) Phuang phap dilu tra, thu thgp, phan tich, ddnh gid vd xu ly thdng tin tdng hgp gdm dia chat, dja hinh, hau, thuy van, thd nhuong va sinh vat; (2) Phuong phap thdng ke sd lieu tir: a) tdi lieu, bao cdo iim trir; b) dac, tinh todn chgn lgc tir ban do; c) cdc bdo cdo khoa hge; (3) Dilu tra bd sung ve sinh thdi dugc tbuc hien dgt, tir nam 20112012 d l khdo sat, thu mdu theo tung kieu rung va dai cao Tai mdi dilm dilu tra tbuc hien cac ndi dung, tga dp; dp cao; quan sdt; xac dinh thdnh phdn loai sinh vat; thu mdu; ghi phieu dieu tra vd chup anh; (4) Phuong phap ban do, GIS dugc su dung de xay dung bdn dd sinh thai canh quan va phdn tich cdu tnic, chirc nang cdnh quan; (5) Phuang phap chuyen gia thyc hien thdng qua phdng vdn, tham khao tryc tiep de phan loai, thu thap thdng tin, xem xet cdc don vj sinh thdi canh quan Co sd dia ly de dinh hudng tong the phuc vu cdng tac qudn ly va su dung hgp ly tai nguyen, bao ve mdi trudng VQG Id xac dinh vd phdn tich cau tnic chuc nang sinh thai cdnh quan cua VQG thdng qua ket qua nghien cuu tiem nang tdi nguyen thien nhien, kinh t l xa hgi, kit cdu tdng va khai thdc lanh thd d VQG Kon Ka Kinh Quan dilm dmh hudng phdt tnen VQG tren co sd phdn tich sinh thai canh quan gdm: (I) phdt trien kinh tl phii hgp vdi he sinh thdi, khai thdc lgi thi dac thii; (2) tdng hgp cac moi lien he ve phat trien, ddm bao hdi hoa, khai thdc va bao tdn, (3) md rdng cdc loai hinh phat trien kinh te tren co sd chirc nang ciia rtmg don vi sinh thdi cdnh quan, phii hgp vdi trinh VQG, Nguyen tdc dugc sir dung djnh hudng phat triln VQG tren co sd sinh thai canh quan gdm: (I) ddm bdo kha nang cung cdp tai nguyen vd nhu cau xd hpi, dam bdo loi ich cho cdng ddng va dat hieu qua kinh te - xa hdi; (2) phii hgp vdi trinh dp ngudn nhdn luc va co sd tang ciia VQG; (3) dam bdo mdi chuc nang cua dan vj smh thai canh 175 quan la co sd de thiet ke it nhdt mdt logi hinh khai thae va mdi dan vj sinh thai canh quan cd the thiet ke nhieu logi hinh khai thae Bdi bdo su dung tu lieu cua cdc cdng trinh sau: Bdn dd dia hinh gdm cac Idp thdng tin: dia hinh, thiiy vdn, hanh chinh; Atlat qudc gia cac ban thdnh phdn nhu dja chdt, hdu; He thdng phdn logi sinh thai cdnh quan cua Pham Hoang Hai [1]; Anh vetinh Landsat ETMcdcnam 2010, 2011 [6], vd sd lieu dieu tra thyc dia cua tac gia Kit qua vd thao lu|n 3.1 Nhdn to thdnh tgo sinh thdi cdnh quan VQG Kon Ka Kinh Cdc nhdn td dia ly thdnh tao cdnh quan phdn dnh su da dang va tinh dac thii cua tung don vj sinh thai cdnh quan; phdn ndy phdn tich nhdn td dja ly tao sinh thai canh quan va he thdng cdu true sinh thdi canh quan VQG Kon Ka Kinh chilm 54,2% dien tich VQG; phan hh a vung trung tdm va sudn phia tdy; (2) Ddt Feralit mun ndu vdng tren da magma kilm (FHk), didn tich 5200 ha, chiem 12,4%; phan bd chu ylu d phia ddng bdc; (3) Ddt Feralit vang dd tren da bien chat (FHs), dien tich 1150 ha, chiem 2,7%, phdn bd chu yeu d phia tay bac VQG; (4) Ddt Feralit dd vang trdn da magma axit (Fa), dien tich 5500 ha, chiem 13,2% phdn bd chit yeu tren sudn ddng bdc, thudc Cao nguyen Kon Ha Nimg; (5) Dat Feralit nau tren dd magma kiem (Fk), dien tich 6690 ha, chiem 16,0%; phan bd chti yeu d sudn ddng; (6) DSt ddc tu ven sdng sudi (P) dien tich 600 ha, chiem 1,4%, phan bd dgc theo cac thung lung ven sdng sudi Logi dat 1-5 cd thdnh phdn ca gidi thit trung binh, loai cd thdnh phan ca gidi thit nhe Tang day ciia ddt dugc chia cap: Cap l>100cm; cdp tir 50 den 100cm va cap 25° [2, 4] Sinh thdi cdnh quan VQG hinh thdnh tren ca sd tdc ddng tuong hd cua cdc hgp phdn tg nhien gdm: vi tri dja ly, dia chat, dia hinh, ddt; hdu, thuy van va Sinh vat Do su tuong tac ciia dieu kien hdu, vdi nIn dja chat va cac dang dja hinh da hinh thdnh nhdm dat chinh (I) Ddt Feralit miin vdng dd phat triln tren da magma axit (FHa), dien tich 22640 ha, Tdng hgp dilu kien hgu d VQG Kon Ka Kinh hinh kieu sinh hgu Kilu Kl Ignh, rdt dm; K2 Ignh dm; K3 mdt, rdt dm, K4 mdt dm va K5 hai ndng, dm Y i u t t f B j a hinh yfut6NM^\im a) Dia hmh 1) Klin sinh h$u(M Cl D-SB Dinh bi mat din S1 S j o n bao mbn r i a Suan lia Irft tich tu S3 Be mat Ihung lOng K l Lanh, rSl Sm K2 Lanh Sm K3 Mat rSl Sm KS Hai n6ng Sm 2) Lupng mua (rung bmh nim (mm) A mua iS\ nNiu, rSl Sm (>2DIK)) B: mua n h l ^ , Sm (1500-2000) 3) mi$t tM nam (ap C) 1: hai nAng (>20| II mdi (1S-Z0) III lanh (10-15) 4) 06 asi mua Ifnh fOiing Ignh) C S p miia Ignh tiling binh (3-4 thing) CSp 2- mCiB Ignh dai (5-7 thflng) c a p 3' mCiB Ignh rSl dai (6-11 lhang) b) Loai aSt FHa-Ferallt mCin vSng FHk-Feialit miin nSu va FHs-FeialitvSngilo Fa-Feralit vdng Fk- Feralit nSu Uo p - D f i c t u van sang BJ Kl^u STCQ V Rung NDTXia kim 2:RungNDTXiarang 3: R u n g l h u ' s i n h N D T X I a r e n g Rung Ir6ng Sdng su6i Tham CO, cay bui Dan cu, eS\ nAng nghiSp c) Thanh phan ca giOi II thil trung binh Hinh Ma tr$n sinh th^i canh quan VQG Kon Ka Kmh, 2013 VQG cd che dp thuy van dac tnmg ciia cac sdng Ba va sdng Kon Pne Song Ba bdt ngudn tu cac sudi d phia bdc, chay qua Vudn qudc gia theo hudng bdc nam Sdng Ddk Pne bat ngudn tu sudn tay Kon Ka Kinh, chdy theo hudng bdc, nhap vdi sdng Ddk Bia tai huyen Kon PIdng He thdng sdng - sudi d VQG Kon Ka Kinh ngan, hep, tdc ddng chay ldn, nhieu thdc ghSnh [2, 4] nhiet ddi gio miia niii thdp khdng cd miia ddng lanh [1-3] Vd dac didm kinh tl - xa hdi: VQG cd 70 hd vdi 301 ngudi Dan tdc Ba Na chiem 71,3% dan tdc Kinh chidm 26,9%, dan tdc it ngudi khac (Tdy, Niing, Hmdng, Dao,, ) chi chiem 1,8%, (1) Phu Idp sinh thai cdnh quan mil thdp cao nguyen: hau nhiet ddi gid mua dai nui thap cao nguyen, nhiet dp tmng binh la 17°C Lugnginua tmng hinh nam 2.000-2.500mm; sd mua bmh quan nam, 127 ngay; dp dm tuang ddi tmng bmh nam 80% Phu ldp ndy cd kieu sinh thai canh quan la Rdng nhidt ddi thudng xanh la rdng; Rung thd sinh thudng xanh la rong; Rung nhiet ddi thudng xanh la kim; Thdm cd, cay bui va Sdng sudi, mat nudc [5] Cdu true he thdng sinh thai canh quan duoc xdc dinh thdng qua dac diem cua nhan td thdnh tao va dugc md ta bdng Bang He thong phan vj vd chi tieu phan loai sinh thai canh quan VQG Kon Ka Kinh [1] TT C4p , |, ^ , Chi lieu phar loai Vl tri aia ly quyet dinh ch4 nhiet va hoan luu quyin tCf hinh hau vanh dai Bp cao dia hinh lam bien tinh hoSn iLfu quyen Phu h i hinh fhanh vCing hau quy djnh viing smh thai cua h# thi/c vai Hmh thai dia hinh qui dinh tinh d6ng nh4t cCia qu^ frinh Ifrn chu trmh vat chat boc mon Lffp tich tu va SU' inh hu'ong cua cao dia hinh Du'oc phin pham vi mot phu he canh quan cao nguyen Dac tryng hinh thSi cQa dai dia hinh, th4 hi6n tinh p phi dja dm, cac dac trii'ng djnh Itrong CLfcng rnu io>p j^^>^ 1^^^^ cCa_quin the thu-c vat, tren ca so- ket hp'p giu'a yeu to dja hinh va hau Ou'oc xac dinh tju-a vao die tru'ng ^nh lu-^rng smh Kilu hau quyet dinh su- hinh cac kieu tham thi^c vgt 3.2 Dgc diem canh quan VQG Kon Ka Kinh 2.1 He thong sinh thdi cdnh quan Ket hop he thdng phdn vi canh quan va su phan chia nhdn td sinh thai quyet dinh cdu tnic phan loai sinh vat, muc dp da dang sinh hpc cua timg don vi smh thai canh quan Dua vao dac di6m nhan to tao gdm nen tang ran va nen nhiet am d VQG Kon Ka Kinh, he thdng sinh thai canh quan VQG duac xep tu cao den thap, dan vi hinh thai la kieu smh thdi canh quan He -> phu he -> Idp -> phu ldp -> kieu, Bdn sinh thai canh quan VQG duac xdy dung d ty le 1:50000 (hinh 1, 2) [1-3] He va phu he: VQG ndm He sinh thai cdnh quan nhiet ddi gid mua Viet Nam, anh hudng ciia gid mua Tay Nam va gid miia Ddng Nam bidn tinh tac dung dia hinh nui Kon Ka Kinh tren cao nguyen Kon Ha Nimg, Phu he sinh thdi canh quan 178 Ldp vd phu ldp: VQG thudc Idp cdnh quan niii thap cao nguydn, dac tnmg bdi ddy Kon Ka Kinh cao gdn 1800 m Ldp smh thdi canh quan niii dugc chia thdnh phu ldp: Phy Idp canh quan mil thip cao nguyen dai 700-1700m va Phu ldp cdnh quan ddi dai 2000 cay/ha, Rirng cd ting, Rdng thd smh thiFdng xanh ia rpng Tbuc vdt chiem im the la cac loai cdy Id rdng thupc cdc ho De Fagaceae, Long nao Lauraceae, Ngpc lan Magnoliaceae, Sau sau Hamamelidaceae, Che Theaceae va hp Tram Myrtaceae Dp che phii 0,7-0,8, Tru lucmg dao ddng 150-200m^/ha, trung binh 180 m^/ha, Kieu phat tridn tu kilu rung thudng xanh la rpng bi tac ddng bdi hoat dpng khai thdc ciia ngudi Mat dd cdy tai sinh >2000cay/ha, dd 25% la cdy ho Ddu Khu vjfc tdc dpng m^nh phat trien loai tre nua nhu: Ld d 108''20' Schizostachyura spl., Nua Schizostachyum sp2, Cdc loai Le Pseudoxytenanthera spp Moi khodng 600-900 bui vd 6000-9000 cdy Dudng kinh binh qudn 4-6cm, chieu cao binh quan 9-lOm 108°24' 108'2e' Hinh Bdn dfi sinh thai canh quan VQG Kon Ka Kinh 2013 (Ngt/oi l§p- Ha Quy Quynh) Bang Dien tich cac kieu sinh thai canh quan VQG Kon Ka Kinh (so lieu tac gid tinh todn tfr ban do) TT Kilu smh thai canh quan Rif ng NOTX la kim Rifng NDTX ia rong Rilfng IhLr smh NDTX la rong ROng Irong Song suoi Tham co, cSy bui DSn cu*, dit n6ng nghiep Tong s6 Dai cao l)dn d6) Kilu sinh thai cdnh quan Rl>ng nhi^ a(A t h v ^ g xanh iA r$ng RCrng nhi§t din Ihirfrng xanh \A kim ROrig thl> smh ttiu*ng xanh ]A rjng Rirng Irong SOng sudi Thdim CO cSy bui Ddt nong nghl$p, khu ddn CLF TTiii % 97,47 77,22 98,73 5,06 26,58 86,08 5,06 Rdng nhiet ddi thudng xanh la rdng: cd dien tich ldn, tinh nguyen trang cao, ngudn tbuc an gidu, kilu tham tbuc v^t dup'c bao tdn kha tdt Kieu ndy cd 77 loai thu phdn bd, chilm 97,47%, 168 loai chim (71,49%), 42 loai bo sat (97,76%) va 38 loai Ich nhdi (97,44%) phdn bd Rdng nhi&t ddi thu-dng xanh Id kim: phdn bd d dp cao trfin i300m Dien tich nhd (4230 ha), dp ddc ldn, tinh nguyen trang cao Kieu la noi sinh song cua cac loai: Cha Vd, Sdc, Khi Cac loai dgng vdt d dp cao la bd an sau bo, bd nhieu rdng, mpt sd loai Sdc bay, ddc biet la lodi khudu Kon Ka Kinh thich nghi vdi kieu ndy Cd 61 lodi thii (77,22%), 168 loai chim (71,49%), 37 loai bd sdt (86,05%) va 38 loai Ich nhdi (97,44%) phan bd Rdng thd sinh thudng xanh id rdng thdm thyc v|t bj tdc ddng, phdn bd d cao dudi 1000m Phdn ldn cdc lodi ddng v | t cd xuong sdng deu phdn bd d kilu sinh thdi cdnh quan Cd 78 loai thii (98,73%); 186 loai chim (79,15%); 42 loai bd sat (97,67%) vd 38 loai Ich nhdi (97,44%) phan bd - Thdm cay bui: phan bd nhilu d dai tu 700 din 1000m Tinh nguyen trgng thdp Thue vat thdn thao phdt triln chu ylu la Cd tranh Imperata cylindrica, Ldch Sacchamm spontaneum, Cac lodi tbuc vat neu tran ngudn thdc an cho cdc loai Bd Tdt, Bd rimg, Trdu rung, Nai,,, Kieu Id noi phan bd ciia: 68 lodi thu (86,08%); 220 lodi chim (93,62%); 41 loai bd sat (95,35%); 15 lodi Ich nhai (38,46%) Bkt ndng nghidp, khu dan cu: kieu sinh thai canh quan ndy cd dien tich phan bd nhd, ngudn thdc dn tv nhien it, Tinh nguyen trang rdt thdp, Cd lodi Ihii (5,06%); 91 loai chim (38,72%); lodi bd sdt (4,65%) vd lodi Ich nhai (7,69% sd lodi cua VQG) phdn bd d kilu sinh thdi canh quan nay, Rdng tr6ng: tinh nguyen trgng thdp Cd lodi thu (5.06%) chii y l u Id cdc loai Sdc va Chupt; 105 lodi chim (44,68%); lodi bd sdt (9,03%) va loai Ich nhdi (7,69%) phdn bd Chim 168 168 186 105 95 220 91 % 71.49 71.49 79,15 44,68 40,43 93,62 38,72 Bo sat 42 37 42 41 % 97,67 86.05 97.67 9,03 11,63 95,35 4,65 Ed 38 38 38 38 15 97,44 97,44 97,44 7.69 97.44 38,46 7,69 Sdng sudi: kieu sinh thai cdnh quan Sdng sudi Id noi phdn bd cua 21 loai thii (26,58%.); 95 loai chim (40,43%); loai bd sat (11,63%); 38 loai Ich nhai (97,44%) Kilu sinh thai canh quan la noi sinh sdng quan ciia cdc lodi ech nhdi 3.3 Co s& dia ly phuc vu qudn ly vd bdo ve tdi nguyen mdi tru&ng VQG Kon Ka Kinh Tren co sd tdng hap cac dieu kien dia ly qua phdn tich cdu true, chuc ndng sinh thai cdnh quan ciia tung don vi lanh thd de xdc dinh cdc chuc ndng quan ly, phdt triln ciia VQG bai bdo de xudt cdc ndi dung thue hien tren cdc kieu sinh thdi cdnh quan nhu sau: Chuc nang bao tdn, phdng hp va bao ve mdi trudng duoc thue hien d khu vyc rdng 387! ha, bao gdm cac kilu sinh thdi cdnh quan 1,11 vd III, dd viing cd dp cao dja hinh >1000 m Id 27825 chilm 65,8% dien tich toan VQG Khu vuc dupc trien khai quan ly de bdo tdn tai chd cac lodi thue vdt, ddng vat ddc hiiu, quy hiem, bao V? mdi tmdng Chuc nang phat triln rung dugc thue hien cdc cdng viec khoanh nudi tai sinh phuc hdi rung, cdi tao tham thue vat vd dp dung cdc bien phap kJ thudt lam sinh khac de tang dp che phu rung, ndng cao gia tri da dang sinh hpc, khd nang phdng hp thue hien d kilu sinh thai cdnh quan IV (