SCIENCETECHNOLOGYl TIET KIEM NANG Ll/OfNG VA SUT DUNG HOP LY TAI NGUYEN NircrC TRONG DO TH! TAI VIET NAM SAVING ENERGY AND WATER RESOURCE IN THE CITIES OF VIETNAM Pham Van Quan Tom t£t Tift kiem nang Itfotigvasfidutighcrply tai nguyen nude da tr&thatihdiirdng trinh muc tieu quoc gia San xuat nang liMig la nganh tieu thu va thai nhieu nude nhat va nguoc lai, xis ly nuik cung la mot cac hoat dong tieu thu nhieu nang lucng nhat Gal bao cung cap cac thong tin lien quan den moi quan he dac biet giiia nirdc va nang luong va de xuat cac giai phap cho cac thi Viet Nam nhSm su' dung tai nguyen CO hieu qua toi da Tir khoa: Nang luong, nude, tai nguyen, thi Abstract Energy saving and effedive use of water resource become the national target program of Vietnam Energy plant is the biggest consumer of water resource In the contrast, water supplying and treatment become the main factor of energy use in urban area This paper provides a dose relationship in term of waterenergy nexus and proposes the solution for energy efficiency and natural resource consen/ation in the cities of Vietnam Keyvrords: Energy, water, resource, city TS Pham Van QuSn Vu Phat tnen nguon nhan lire, Bd Cong Thirong Email: qiianpv@inait gov.vn I.DATVAND^ Phat then ben vdng la muc tieu thien nien ky Cd rat nhieu each hieu ve phat trien ben vdng nhd: "Phat then ben vdng la qua trinh phat trien ma viec dap dng nhu cau cua the he hien tai khdng lam anh hadng den the he tddng lai dap dng nhu cau cua ho (Brundtland)" hay "Phat trien ben vCrng la phat thai it cacbon"theo nghla phat trien ben vdng la sd dung nang luong tiet kiem (Nhat Ban) Theo each dd cac hoat ddng cua ngddi deu dUdc Udc tinh mdc tieu thu nang Idong nham cd Ngaynhanbai: 15/10/2014 Ngay diap nhan dang: 15/12/2014 the tiet kiem tai nguyen mdt each tdi da; vi du nha so sanh tieu thu nang laong cho viec sd dung td hoac xe bus Ian laot la 2,51 va 0,21 (MJ/ngudi/ km) nham khuyen khich mpi ngadi sd dung phaong tien cdng cdng Phat trien ben vdng cung cd nghia la sd dung hop ly tai nguyen, cy the d day chung ta de cap den tai nguyen nddc Ngay 22 thang hang nam da ddoc Lien Hiep Quoc chpn lam Nadc The gidi, khau hieu nam 2014 la "Nadc va nang luong" vdi muc tieu de ngadi nhin lai tam quan cua tai nguyen quy gia bac nhat tren Trai dat Bat ke giai doan phat trien nao, mpi vi tri, ngudn lac tai nguyen vacaxa hoi deu phai doi mat vdi van de ve tiep can an toan ngudn nude va nang lapng Vdi nhdng khu vac ngheo nhat, noi v i n dang thuc hien cac myc tieu thien nien ky, tiep can nguon nudc an toan va nang lapng la nen tang cho viec xda doi giam ngheo va pha vd vdng luan quan cua doi ngheo va lac hau Trong nen kinh te phat tnen, nadc va nang lapng tao ddi dao han va de dang tiep can hon la mdt phan cua tien bd kinh te nhang di kem vdi dd la nhdng thach thdc ve cac ngudn cap nadc va nang laong cd gioi han nhu cau lai mot tang cao, ngoai cd thach thdc quan ly an ninh luong thdc Do ap lye td nhdng van de va khan hlem nadc mdt gia tang, nen cac quoc gia da nhan thay can thiet phai chuyen dich theo hadng tap trung quan ly cac ngudn tai nguyen sin cd de bao ton nguon nddc cho cac he sinh thai va cac Ipi ich ma ehiing cung cap cho ngddi, cho nen kinh te va cho viec bao ve mdi tradng Nadc va nang lapng deu rat can thiet cho cudc sdng, nhd'ng ngddi chda tiep can dieu kien co sd vat chat toi thieu thi hang ho van phai vdpt qua nhieu khd khan nha cac ganh S * TapdiiKHOAHOC&CONGNGHE I«!MJ!1»MC6NG NGHE nang td vong hoac sdc khde kem, cac hoat ddng tieu ton thdi gian cho lay go hoac nadc phye vu cho cac nhu cau rat CO ban cua minh, nen giao due thap, bat binh dang gidi va cac hau qua khac tai ngheo, can trd kinh te va tien bd xa hdi Ca nddc va nang lUdng deu cd tiem nang xda bd ngheo ddi giam ngheo, cai thien sdc khde, tang nang suat lao ddng cung nhu giam bat binh d^ng gidi, cac dieu kien cho tre em va cac muc tieu phat trien xa hdi khac Day la ly co ban tai tiep can nadc va nang laong cd the cd tac ddng rat tich cUe vao xda ddi giam ngheo, Tac ddng true tiep cd the thay td viec cai thien tiep can nude, ve sinh mdi trUdng va cac ngudn nang lapng, Tac ddng gian tiep co the thay nhd viec thieu tiep can ngudn nadc va nang luong la mdt han che phat trien kinh te ben vdng - day la nhan td quan eho xda ddi giam ngheo tren dien rpng Kinh Nhu cau cap nudc eho smh boat cLia mot so thi tren The gidi (Otaki, 2012) Hinh Nhu cau sft dung niTdc dinh d Han Quoc (%) Vttinli CiAtgiil Nnii ilii Ktanc if \h 20 OimgMa Mdc tieu thu nude trung binh tai Viet Nam Mdi QUAN H | GlCTA Nl/CfC VA N A N G LUCfNG 2.1 Nhu cau sif dung nUdc cCia cac thj tren The gicri va Viet Nam "Nadc - ty ngddi dang khat" la khau hieu ma Mdi tradng The gidi nam 2003 daa ra, dieu ed nghTa la gi? mdt phan ba dan so The gidi khdng CO nadc de udng hay sao?Thac ra, van de chinh d day khdng ph^i la thieu nadc cho ngudisd dung don thuan ma nd mang y nghTa ve sd khd khan cua ngUdi dan qua trinh tiep can vdi nadc sach - nude dam bao ve sinh theo tieu chuan nao dd, nhat la tai cac nudc dang phat tnen, Xet ve mat tai nguyen, nddc ngpt cd the eoi la mdt ngudn tai nguyen tai tao vdi trd IdOng la rat Idn, Ldpng nddc ngpt tren cac sdng ho chi chiem mdt ty trpng rat nhd so vdi trd luong cd nddc ngam va bang d cdc cua Trai dat, nhien van de d day lai la viec phan phdi tai nguyen khdng dong deu gida cac khu vdc tren The gidi (ho Balkan d Nga dd trd den /5 nude ngot tren The 20,TapdiiKHOAHOC&CONGNGHE So Mdc tieu thu nUdc sinh hoat tai Ha Noi (L/ngudi/ng Hinh Nhu cau sd dung nude tai Viet Nam Toilet (n = 2j) (loenarmal probabilrtvplol) babilrtvploll** ' a ' Giitgiu B '^ f (i)=38) (kignotmal piobabBty pkitl ^ # I lof (volume/|L/iHy/ptr«HiJ) Iqg (yohm,e/ll/*.y/|»fHi Nauan („=„, (lognormalprobabllitvplol) / lof (volume/IL/dw/p«non Tdm [n = 25) {loenormal probability plot) IMDIIIiy pioij kx fmhinw/Il/d^/iieng Hinh Mo hinh phan bd nhu cau dung nddc cho cac muc dich tai Ha Noi, (Otaki, 2012) SCIENCE T E C H N O L O G Y I I gidi), la viec khai thac sd dung bda bai ngudn nadc ngam gay suy giam ve trd lUdng va dac biet la gay nhiem nadc ngam cac hoat ddng cdng nghiep, sinh hoat, san xuat ndng nghiep la viec b^t bupe phai sddung cac nguon nadc khdng dam bao ve sinh ma khdng qua bat ky cdng doan xd ly nao hay xd ly khdng triet de Cac so thdng ke ve tinh hinh sd dung va tieu thu nudc sach tren The gidi hien cho thay nhu cau cap thiet phai sd dyng tiet kiem, hop ly nguon tai nguyen nay: - 50%: la phan tram sd ngudi khdng dapc tiep can vdi cac nguon nddc (tuong daong vdi thdi ky La Ma, each day 2000 nam); - 40 ty: la sd gid moi nam ma ngddi dan chau Phi dung cho viec tim kiem va lay nadc; - 5,3 ty: 2/3 dan sd the gidi se chiu canh thieu nadc trade nam 2025; -1,1 ty:tacJngdacJng1/6dans6The gidi khdng ddpc tiep can vdi nddc sach; -1,8 trieu: la sd tre em chet mdi nam cac benh lien quan den nguon nddc (trung binh ISgiay/ngUdi) Xa hdi cang phat trien thi nhu cau ve nddc sach cang eao, d cac quoc gia phat trien nhu cau binh quan moi khoang 300-400 L/ngUdi/ngay (Han Quoc: 206 IVngadi/ngay; Nhat Ban: 313 L/ngddi/ngay, Viet Nam: 70 U ngddi/ngay) Tai Viet Nam, tieu chuan cap nddc ddi vdi thi trung binh va nhd la d mdc 75-80 L/ngddi/ngay, doi vdi cac thj Idn la 100-150 L/ngddi/ ' Theo thong ke, Viet Nam hien cd khoang 40% dan so thi bi thieu nude va ti le ngddi dan ndng thdn duac cap nadc sach cung chi d mdc 30-40% 2.2 Moi quan he giuTa nUdc va nanglUOng a) Tieu thu nar^g lUOng frong xLf ly nifdc Mdt khdi laong Idn nang lapng dUdc sCr dyng qua trinh thu gom, xd ly, phan phdi den cac doi tapng sCf dung Sau daoc khai thac, nadc duoc van chuyen den cac cdng doan xd ly bang cd hpc, hda hoc de dat chat lapng theo muc dich sd dyng, Thdng thadng cdng doan bdm thadng chiem khoang 15% tdng nang lapng ddpc sd dyng qua trinh xd ly va phan phdi Nadc dung cho muc dich tadi tieu hau nha khdng ddi hdi phai xd ly nhien theo Udc tinh 85% nang lapng sddung tadi tieu la cho cae hoat ddng bom Tai cac vung bj nhiem man hoac khan hiem nadc cho nen phai sd dung nddc man hoac nadc lo de tddi tieu thi chi phi danh cho nang luong chiem den 40% tong chi phi cho viec khd man, thdng thadng ngudn nang lapng chu yeu dapc tao td viec sd dyng nhien lieu hda thach Ddi vdi nude cap cho myc dich sinh hoat, sau dupe xd ly nddc duoc van chuyen den ngadi sir dung Cdng doan chiem den 85% nang lUOng cho toan bd qua trinh vdi myc dich gid ap he thdng va bom truyen tai Khi nudc den tay ngadi sd dyng, nang laong van can phai tieu ton cho cdng doan bom len cac bon trd, tee nddc Tai cac nadc han ddi, nang luong sd dung cho viec sddi am b^ng nadc Idn hdn nang ldpng dung cho thap sang gia dinh Sau sd dung, nang laong lai phai sd dung de xd ly nadc thai thdng qua cac qua trinh vat ly, sinh hoc Theo ade tinh, nang ldpng danh cho toan bd qua trinh cap, thoat nddc va xd ly nadc thai chiem den 4% tong nhu cau sCr dung cua mot quoc gia Do dan so tang nhanh, da kien nhu cau sd dung nang lapng cho muc dich se tang khoang 20% vdng 15 nam tdi Do dd nhu cau phai sd dyng tiet kiem nang lapng danh eho cap, thoat nudc la mdt nhiem vu bat budc eho cac dd thi cua Viet Nam Tai Hoa Ky, sd dung nang lupng cd lien quan den nudc vao khoang 521 trieu MWh/nam, taong daong vdi 13% mdc tieu thy dien cua quoc gia Lapng cacbon sinh qua trinh van chuyen, xd ly va dun nudc d Hoa Ky ade tinh khoang 290 trieu tan/nam Mdt sd nghien cdu cho thay, cac he thdng tadi thdng minh tiet kiem t d 16-30% lapng nudc so vdi cac he thdng truyen thdng kiem soat bang thiet bi bam gid nhUng vdi chi phi taong daong Moi nam, ngadi dan Hoa Ky cd the tiet kiem 852 ty lit nude nhd vao lap dat he thdng thdng minh dieu chinh theo dp am thich hpp Luat mdi cda bang California, My quy dinh bat budc ed cac thiet bi kiem soat tadi thdng minh tai cac cdng trinh mdi ketCf nam 2012 b) Tiet kiem nudc va tiet kiem nang li/ang thi Tiet kiem nang laong can bang sddung nadc (capthoat nUdc, xd ly nddc thai) cac dd thj hien dang trd mdt van de rat dang quan tam, Cac thdng ke eho thay xd ly m^ nddc udng trung binh tieu thy 0,633 kWh, phat thai 0,625 kg CO^, xCr ly m^ nadc thai tieu thu 0,5-0,7 kWh, phat thai 0,507 kg CO^ (Energy and sewage, 2007) Tai My, sd lieu ve mdc tieu thy nang lUdng xCr ly nadc cap vdi cac loai ngudn khac nhasau: - Sd dyng t d ngudn nddc mat 0,37 kWh/m^ - Td nude ngam 0,48 kWh/m^ - Td nude thai 0,75 kWh/m^ -Td nude tai sd dung 1,75 kWh/m^ -Td nude bien 5,54 kWh/m^ (http://www3,gov,ab.ca/env/water/ Conservation/resldential.cfm) CAC GIAI P H A P C H O V A N Bi Sl> D U N G T A I NGUYEN Nl/OC VATt^T KI^M N A N G Ll/ONG 3.1 Cac giSi phap cong nghe, qudn ly Theo tinh toan, khoang 6-18% nhu cau sddung nang lapng cua mot thi cho viec san xuat, van chuyen va xd ly nddc Giai phap dat la chung ta can phai phan phdi nddc va nang ldpng dung cho, dung thdi diem va dung gia So25.2014.TapdiiKHOAHOC&CONGNGHE IM!rôTJ!lằMC6NG NGHE 4> ã Congngniep Xay Jtrng t T d j o r g righi^p K 5an Nhang • O u J r l y , lieu dung Hinh Sd dung nang lirong cae nganh ciia Viet Nam (Nguyen Hdu Dung, 2008] n a n g lUOng h o n n h u n g g i a t h a n h c o x u h a d n g g i a m r d ret Gia t h a n h x d ly n a d c td ngudn nddc bien sddung cong nghe mang da giam 80% vong thap ky qua (hinh 6), Giai phap tot nhat hien cho cac thi Viet Nam la phoi hpp cac cong nghe xd ly nddc de lam giam chi phi danh cho nang laong San xuat dien tieu thu rat nhieu nUdc Han 50% lUOng nUdc sd dung cdng nghiep la danh cho phat dien Khai thac va san xuat nang laong - Oanh rang; Dung cdc dyng nu6c de xuc mieng thay vi de nudc cWy thang td vdi - T a m : S d d u n g v d i h o a sen thayvi t a m b o n Cac t h d n g ke c h o thay viecsij d u n g v d i h o a sen t i e t k i e m n a d c co the g i a m t i e u t h u n d d c sach 2 % va neu t h a y d o i e a c h g i a t g i u q u a n ao cothe g i a m % t i e u t h y n u d e sach - Khdng nen md vdi nUde to het cS sddung - Tai s d d u n g n d d c rda rau de tudi cay, rda s a n COng righ$ mSng - T h a d n g x u y e n k i e m t r a xem cacvoi n a d c t r o n g n h a e d bj r d ri hay khong, - Ngoai ra, can gid sach nguon nudc bang each khdng vut rae xudng ao ho, tranh gay nhiem ngudn niTdc, Hinh gidi thieu mo hinh nha