TIET KIEM NANG LI/0NG TRONG THIET KE VA X A Y D I / N G CAC CONG TRINH CAO TANG VA THUONG MAI GS TS KTS Nguyen Hihi Dung Hien nay toan the gidi dang dCrng trade thach thCrc cua su khan hiem nguon nguy[.]
TIET KIEM NANG LI/0NG TRONG THIET KE VA X A Y D I / N G CAC CONG TRINH CAO TANG VA THUONG MAI GS.TS.KTS Nguyen Hihi Dung van dang t6n tai each tieu dung lang le da tang len thap nien dCrng trade thach thCrc cua phi va kem hieu qua ve nang lUpng vUa qua, nguon von dau t u nuoc su khan hiem nguon nguyen mpi mat cua doi song xa hoi ngoai da gia tang mot each dang ke H ien toan the gidi dang lieu, dac biet la nhien lieu hoa thach Nha nude dang trien khai ban Tiet kiem nang \uang cung voi van hanh khung phap ly can thiet va de bien doi hau dang tro Hien trang chuong trinh muc tieu quoc gia ve Tii thuc hien chinh saeh m d moi quan tam ion lao cua toan nhan tiet kiem nang luong cac linh cua, chuyen doi nen kinh te sang loai TU cac nude phat trien, cho den vLfc san xuat, sinh hoat, cac toa nha CO che thi trUdng co sU dieu tiet ciia cac nude dang phat trien da va dang va mot so ITnh vUc kinh te hoach djnh cac chien lupe quoc gia Trong chien luoc va chuong trinh ve sCf dung nang lupng tiet kiem hanh dpng tiet kiem va bao ton nang hieu quci va tim kiem, phat trien cac lupng quoc gia, tiet kiem nang luong nguon nang luong saeh thay the dau tieu thu khu vUc xay dung cac md, than da toa nha, cac cong trinh xay dung Viet Nam cung nhu nhieu quoc chiem mot vi tri quan Tai Viet gia khac dang dUng trudc sU mat Nam, nang luong tieu thu cho cac toa can doi nghiem giua cung va nha, dac biet cac cong trinh nha d va cau ve nang lUpng trUdc toe dp phat cong cong cao tang chiem khoang trien kinh te - xa hoi va thi hoa 23 - 24% (nam 1994) tren tong sd dang dien nhanh chong Trong nang luong tieu dung quoc gia; ty Mot dieu ma chung ta c6 the chua biet la mirc niidc bien dang len thi Viet Nam la mot ba noi chju thiet hai nang nhat tren the gidi cung vdi khu vUc sdng Ninle vung Nam A P K W l T l ^ y 6.2009 Nha nude, nhu cau nang luong sU dung da gia tang mot each nhanh chong, dac biet la cac khu vuc thi Toe dp ti le tang trUdng cua khu vUc nha d va cong trinh edng cong giai doan 1996 - 2000 trung binh 12% hang nam Hien toe dp la khoang 15% va se cao hon nUa de dap dng yeu cau cua thi hoa Chi tinh rieng d Ha Noi va TP Ho Chi Minh da cd hang tram du an cac khu thi mdi, cung vdi cac cong trinh nha d can ho cao tang dviac xay dung hoan thien, phan Idn da di vao sd dung Nhieu edng trinh khach san cao tang, cao 6e van phong va trung tarn thUOng mai cd dien tich san sddung tren lO.OOOm^ va tieu thu dien nang Idn hon 1-2 trieu KWh/nam.Oay la nhdng ho tieu thu dien nang Idn can dupc quan ly va CO bien phap nang cao hieu suat sCrdung nang lupng Phan Idn cac cong trinh cong cong nhu eae toa nha hanh chinh, trUdng hoe, benh vien, khach san dupe xay dUng trUdc day deu dua tren tieu chuan thiet ke thap, sCrdung 6B«E^ni[l^l 6.2009 Cur da nay, sau 15 nam, nhiet trung binh toan cau tang qua 20°c so vdi thdi ky tien cong nghiep, nghTa la tinh trang BDKH nguy hiem vdi tham hpa sinh thai la khong the tranh khdi De tranh tinh trang bien doi hau nguy hiem, cac niTdc phat trien phai giam it nhat 80% lUdng phat thai, den nam 2020 phai giam 30% so vdi mufc phat thai nam 1990 eae thiet bi lac hau cd hieu suat nang lupng ehua cao Mat khac, han che cua dieu kien kinh te - xa hoi, viec sd dung nang lupng nhUng cong trinh kem hieu qua, gay lang phi Nhieu edng trinh khach san va edng trinh cao tang mdi xay dung tai eae thj td nguon von dau tu nude ngoai, thudng dUpc thiet ke xay dung theo tieu chuan cua nude ngoai Trong sd phan Idn edng trinh da dupe thiet ke khdng thich hop vdi dieu kien hau tu nhien va kinh te ky thuat cua Viet Nam Trong qua trinh van hanh, sd dung nang lupng mot each khdng hpp ly va cd nhu cau sd dung nang lupng Idn Nang lupng sCrdung eae toa nha, dac biet cac edng trinh cao tang va thuong mai tai Viet Nam la Idn, nhUng Iai tan man, khdng tap trung Do dd viec kiem soat va van dpng thuc hien tiet kiem nang lupng khd hon nhieu so vdi cac ho tieu thu nang lupng khu vue edng nghiep hay giao thong Do vay can thiet phai khao sat nhung trd ngai rao can de tim nguyen nhan va kien nghi eae giai phap thuc hien huu hieu Chinh phu da ban hanh Nghi djnh so 102/2003/NO-CP ve sddung nang lupng tiet kiem va cd hieu qu^, dd cd qui djnh ve tiet kiem ^ nang lupng cac toa nha Thang Tmang dai hocXay diJng 11/2005, Bp TrUdng Bd Xay dung da kiem toan, da rut mot so nhan dmh tai Viet Nam thieu hut cac loai vat lieu ky quyet djnh ban hanh Qui chuan va danh gia budc dau each nhiet, cac loai den va cac thiet bi Xay dung Viet Nam - Cac cong trinh Mot dieu de nhan thay la khuynh xay dung sd dung nang lUpng co huong thiet ke cong trinh kien true hieu qua Lan dau tien Viet Nam da vdi nhieu mang kinh Ion dang thinh san va nha hanh chinh cao tang tieu ban hanh mot khung phap qui ky hanh tai cac dd thi Trao luu chay theo thu dien nang tren trieu KWh/nam thuat ve tiet kiem nang lupng kien true hien dai phuong Tay, bo qua qua trinh van hanh chua tien edng tac thiet ke xay dUng cac cong nhung nghien cUu, giai phap phu hop hanh cong tac kiem toan nang luong t r i n h c a o t a n g v a thuong mai NhUng vdi dieu kien kinh te, xa hoi va hau Cac chu dau t u chua quan tam den qui djnh bat bupc doi vdi cac Viet Nam can phai phe phan nhung bien phap de tiet kiem nang edng trinh cd dien tich san sd dung tren 2500 m - t r d len Dieu tra khao sat tong quan Chuong trinh dieu tra tong quan CO hieu suat nang lupng cao Doi vdi nhdng edng trinh khach NhUng bat hop ly cac giai luong cung nhu chua tinh den hieu phap thiet ke edng trinh, dac biet qua kinh te va xa hoi cua cac bien la phan vd edng trinh kem hieu qua phap each nhiet va lap dat thiet bi da lam Trong cong tac quan ly qui hoach, that thoat nguon nang luong sd kien true va phat trien thi hien hoan toan chua quan tam tdi van de lUong dung edng trinh xay dung thudc Bd KHCN va MT phdi hop vdi tU 20 - 30%, da khdng tan dung to hieu suat nang luong cua cong trinh TrUdng DH kien true Ha Noi tien hanh ehUe chieu sang va thong thoang t u xay dung cao tang va thuong mai khao sat 16 cong trinh hanh chinh nhien Chua CO nhdng hudng dan va qui tiem nang tiet kiem nang thuong mai cao tang tai Ha Noi va TP Van de each nhiet cho ket cau dmh cu the tham dmh cap giay phepxay dung chocac loai edng trinh Ho Chi Minh nam 1999-2000 edng trinh, nhu sd dung vat lieu each Sau dd, khudn khd hoat dpng nhiet, each nhiet cho mai, tUdng Do la thieu cac cjiai phap, d i e cua chuong trinh nang lUpng va mdi ngoai, eda sd, eda di chua duoc quan tai VI cho den Viet Nam chua ban trUdng sU hop tac giUa Chinh phu tam t u khau thiet ke den dau tU xay hanh Bd luat va van ban duoi luat ve Ha Lan, Bd KHCN va MT va trUdng OH dung edng trinh Cac tieu chuan thiet bao ton va tiet kiem nang luonq Kien true Ha Ndi da tien hanh kiem ke edng trinh hien hanh ehUa cd cac toan cong trinh cao tang tai Ha Ndi dieu khoan qui djnh eu the ve van de va TP Ho Chi Minh Qua khao sat va Tren thj trUdng vat lieu xay dung Nhiimg hoat dong can thiet Nhu cau sd dung nang luong I W l l T l ^ ? 6.2009 hu thi Linh 0am-Ha Noi DU tinh den cuoi the ky , ham lUOng CO^ t r o n g quyen se dat 540 - 970ppm, nghia la tang gap doi so vdi thdi ky tien cong nghiep Nhu" vay, nhiet trung binh toan cau se tang 2,0-4,5°c MiTc nUdc bien t r u n g binh dang len t u o n g tTng la 0,18 den 0,59m vao thdi ky 20902099 so vdi t r u n g binh thdi ky 1980-1999 edng trinh phu thudc eae yeu to hau (nhiet dp, dp am tuong doi, toe dp gid, sd lan trao doi khdng mot don vj thdi gian, eUdng dp bde xa va true xa cua mat trdi, eudng dp va dp roi cua anh sang tu nhien ), sU tien bd ciia khoa hoe edng nghe xay dung va yeu cau nang cao chat lupng cupesdng Nhdng giai phap de nang cao hieu suat nang lupng sd dung ben edng trinh cao tang va edng S i S P n i i l B l • 6.2009 mai, cac eP quan nghien edu, tru sd hanh chinh Nha nude, chung eU cao tang va eae khach san Idn cd sd dung dieu hoa khdng khi, cac thiet bj sddung nhieu nang lUpng Nhdng quy djnh quy chuan dUpe ap dung cho: (a) Ldp vd edng trinh, loai trd khdng gian lam kho ehda hoac nha kho khdng cd dieu hoa; (b) Nhdng thiet bj va he thong cua edng trinh bao gdm: - Chieu sang ndi va ngoai that -Thong gid -Dieu hoa khdng -Dun nude ndng -Thiet bj quan ly nang lUpng Cac Chu dau tu can cd ban thuyet minh ap dung cac giai phap tiet kiem nang lupng theo qui djnh cua qui chuan xay dung ho so thiet ke CO sd thudc bao cao du an, hoac bao cao du an dau tU xin phep 3.7 Jrlin khai dp dung qui chuan xay dung hoac cai tao, sda chua Idn xay dung - cac cong tr'mh xay dt/ng sCt edng trinhxaydUng dung nang lucing co hieu qua Quy chuan quy djnh nhung yeu 3.2 Hoan thien he thong tieu cau ky thuat tdi thieu bat bupc phai chuan thiet ke va xay dt/ng cac cong tuan thu de sd dung nang lupng cd trinh co hieu suat nang luang hieu qua thiet ke xay dUng mdi Thdi ki td 1990 trd ve trudc, hoac cai tao cac edng trinh thuong nhieu nguyen nhan, eae loai vat lieu trinh xay dung bao gdm: • Giai phap thiet ke hau sinh hoe (Bioclimatie design) - lam mat thu dpng (passive cooling) tao thong thoang tu nhien, tranh thu anh sang tu nhien, tren cO sd khai thac nhdng kien true truyen thong • Giai phap each nhiet tot cho vd bao che edng trinh (mai, tUdng ngoai, eda sd, eda di, san ) de han che truyen dan nhiet gida ben va ben ngoai edng trinh Dieu dac biet can thiet doi vdi cac edng trinh sd dung he thong dieu hoa Sd dung ket cau che chan njng rpi xuyen phong, de han che anh hudng cua bde xa nhiet mat trdi Sddung trang thiet bi edng trinh cd hieu suat nang lupng cao (tren 20-30%), de sd dung va de van hanh, khdng gay nhdng tac dpng xau den mdi trUdng Nong bui Id luTng chung cua Ha Noi ca hai mua cao hdn tieu chuan cho phep 2,5 lan Trong d d nong bui ve mua ndng cao ho^n 1,2 lan so vdi mua lanh va cao hon 2,9 lan TCCP Nong bui Id ItTng t o n g so d khu viTc Phap Van cao nhat, gap 4,5 lan nong bui d diem kiem chuTng Lac Long Quan, gap 1,8 lain khu vifc Kim Lien, gap 1,5 lan khu vUc cho Dong Xuan va gap 1,2 lan khu viTcThUdngDinh xay dung, each nhiet chua co nhieu tao xay dung cac toa nha va d thj trUdng Viet Nam, cac nha thiet cong trinh xay dung ke xay dung da ap dung mot sd bien De thuc hien qui chuan xay dung phap de tiet kiem nang lupng sd da ban hanh, can nhanh dung cac edng trinh nghien edu ban hanh cac tieu chuan a Chpn hudng nha va edng chong thiet ke va xay dung cac cong trinh trinh: thUdng thi theo hudng Nam nha d, cong trinh hanh chinh cao va Dong Nam de lay gio mat miia tang, cong trinh thuong mai he, anh nang am mat trdi vao mua CO nhung dieu khoan qui dinh van de dong, tranh nSng nong hudng Tay va ve each nhiet cho ldp v6 cong trinh, gid mua Dong Bae Trong dieu kien ve hieu suat nang luong sddung ben khdng the chpn dupe hudng tot thi edng trinh Dae biet can quan tim cac giai phap quy hoach thiet ke tam den nhdng qui djnh ve he thong xay dung de han che cac bat loi ve thong thoang, chieu sang, nhiet, che dieu kien hau Da co mot so edng chan nang cho cong trinh, cung nhu trinh nghien edu ve hau hoc xay cac thiet bi sd dung ben cong dung trinh b Sd dung cac vat lieu truyen Hien tai TrUdng DH Kien true thong, eae giai phap ve kien true, ket Ha Ndi dang tien hanh nghien edu cau va td ehde mat bang, cong nghe danh gia hien trang va nghien edu sd dung ket hop vdi thong thoang xay dung cac mo hinh quan ly nang t u nhien de tiet kiem nang lupng, luong cd hieu qua cac toa nha duoc qui dinh tai cac tieu chuan: cao tang tai Viet Nam TCVN 4319-86; TCVN 4430-87; TCVN Ngay 1/1/2008 Hoi dong Cong 4452-87; TCVN 4601-88; TCVN 5065- trinh Xanh Viet Nam thudc Qui cac 90; TCVN 4318-86; TCVN 4605-88; dd thi Xanh cua Hoa Ky da chinh thde TCVN 5687-92 dupc phep hoat dpng tai Viet Nam c Mot sd cong trinh nha d, cong Hoi dong phoi hop vdi OH Kien trinh edng cong da duoc cac kien true Ha Ndi dang trien khai xay dung true SU va ky sU xay dung quan tam Tieu chuan danh gia cac Cong trinh td chUc khoi tich cua tung gian Xanh tai Viet Nam theo quan diem phong; chieu day tUdng bao quanh; thich Ung vdi bien doi hau, tieu vat lieu nhe each nhiet, each am cua chi quan dau tien la tiet kiem cac bde tUdng ngan, ket hop vdi cac nang luong Hai ben cung dang trien eda sd Id thong hoi de hut gio va khai xay dung Du an Qui hoach cac thong thoang tUnhien; cac giai phap dd thi Xanh tai Viet Nam cau tao kien true ve mai nha da duoc Neu thuc hien tot va dong bp quan tam chong ndng, chong ret va nhdng cong viec t u khau thiet tham nude mua, nhu da dung giai ke thi cong den van hanh cong trinh, phap mai ldp: Ben tren mai be tong theo kinh nghiem cua mot sd nude cot thep, lop them ldp mai ton hoac tren the gidi va khu vUc n h u Hoa fibroximang Ky, Nhat Ban, Thai Lan, Singapore, Tuy nhien, eon mot sd ton tai: He thong eae tieu chuan, qui chung ta se co the tiet kiem duoc it nhat 5%, tham chi cao nhat la 30% pham thiet ke ehua kjp thdi ban nhu cau tieu dung ve dien nang hanh dong bp de khuyen khich viec cac toa nha Day la mot so ap dung eae giai phap thiet ke tiet khong nhd, chang nhdng mang Iai kiem nang lUpng va san xuat cac loai hieu qua kinh te Idn cho cac chu dau vat lieu nhe each am, each nhiet Cac tu, chu cong trinh, nguoi sd dung, thiet bi dieu hoa khdng khi, chieu mat khac cung ddng gdp dang ke sang, lam mat edng trinh, cho viec phat trien ben vdng dd Nganh edng nghiep vat lieu xay thi, giam nhe cac tac ddng den mdi dung ehua tap trung de san xuat vat trUdng va dac biet cac chat thai lieu nhe each nhiet va ap dung cac gay anh hudng den hien t u p n g bien edng nghe s d d u n g nang luong tai ddl hau BWnill&iT 6.2009 ... ciia khoa hoe edng nghe xay dung va yeu cau nang cao chat lupng cupesdng Nhdng giai phap de nang cao hieu suat nang lupng sd dung ben edng trinh cao tang va edng S i S P n i i l B l • 6.2009 mai,... nang lupng cao (tren 20-30%), de sd dung va de van hanh, khdng gay nhdng tac dpng xau den mdi trUdng Nong bui Id luTng chung cua Ha Noi ca hai mua cao hdn tieu chuan cho phep 2,5 lan Trong d d... phep 2,5 lan Trong d d nong bui ve mua ndng cao ho^n 1,2 lan so vdi mua lanh va cao hon 2,9 lan TCCP Nong bui Id ItTng t o n g so d khu viTc Phap Van cao nhat, gap 4,5 lan nong bui d diem kiem