CONG XGHE SEVH HOC & BAO Xt THI''''C \ ^ 1 T NGHIExN c u t ; TEVH HL^OXG TREN CAY LUA (Oi^za sativa L ) GS TS Bui Chf BiJu Vien tnicfng Vien KHKTNN Mien Nam Nhufng thach thiJfc cho an n inh lu''''ang thirc[.]
CONG XGHE SEVH HOC & BAO Xt THI'C \ ^ T NGHIExN c u t ; TEVH HL^OXG TREN CAY LUA (Oi^za sativa L.) GS TS Bui Chf BiJu Vien tnicfng Vien KHKTNN Mien Nam Nhufng t h a c h thiJfc cho an n i n h lu'ang thirc toan the gidi va Viet Nam tap trung vao cac sU kien nhiT sau: (i) sii thay ddi hau toan cau lam a m len quyen trai dat, (ii) thieu nudfc tudi cho cay trong, (iii) nguy ca thieu hijt lu'ang thiic trUdc tinh t r a n g dat nong nghiep giam va dan sd tang, (iv) stress phi sinh hoc cang bieu hien nghiem trong, dac biet kho han Ben canh do, sau benh hai cang phat trien each thufc ufng xuf cua ngUai nong nghiep t h a m canh theo xu hUdng kem ben vufng, can bang sinh hoc t r e n dong rugng bi pha va Co nai tinh he thong nong nghiep khong nufa Tfng dung cong nghe sinh hoc ket hgp vdi phuang phap truyen thong dang la giai phap dugc khuyen khich Trong bai nay, chung toi chi tap trung vao hai ddi tirgng chinh la ray nau va benh dao on t r e n cay lua I THANH T l / U CUA KHOA HOC CAY TRONG Trong Dai Hgi Qudc te ve Khoa hgc Cay lan thuf n a m tai H a n Qud^c, Giao sir J e r r y Nelson (2008) thugc DH Missouri, Hoa Ky da bat dau vdi bai p h a t bieu quan trgng ve "Khoa hoc cay trdng va sg dap ufng nhu cau cho tUOng lai" Sg phat trien cua Trung Qud^c va An Do nhiT quo'c gia day tiem nang ve kinh te da lam thay ddi quan diem toan cau, tir "giup da" sang "canh tranh" Nong nghiep va khoa hgc cay trdng dat nhieu t h a n h tgu rgc rd, vdi sg dau tiT cang nhieu cua td chufc tir n h a n tai cac nirdc dang phat trien; nhimg nong dan cd the se ddi dien gay gat vdi quyen sd hflu tri tue, quyen tac gia Khoa hgc cay trdng khong the dufng rieng mgt minh ma dang xem xet can than cac yeu td^ kinh te, xa hgi, moi tnrdng, chinh tri, dd bao gdm thi tru'dng n a n g lugng sinh hgc, thirang mai hda toan cau, chung ta se phai n h a n m a n h dac biet ve chat lugng va sg an toan luong thgc, thgc pham nhieu han so vdi yeu td^ moi tru'dng va xa hgi San xuat lUOng thgc se khong dap ufng nhu cau tirang lai; nhir vay chung ta phai xem xet lai "moi tnfdng" mgt each cdi md han, n h a n m a n h den phan tich cac tinh trang cd tinh chat tang them gia tri (added-value traits) ddi vdi chat lu'gng sdng cua ngirdi (Nelson 2008) Lua nirdc trdi chie^m hem 50% dien tich canh tac t r e n the gidi, nhimg san lirgng thdc ehi ddng gdp k h o a n g 25%; day la vung san xuat lua cua n h ^ n g ngu'di ngheo n h a t the gidi, day rui ro lu lgt, h a n h a n , xam nhap man Tiem n a n g ve nang suat d day cdn cd the khai thac t h e m so vdi n a n g suat da dgi t r a n d viing lua nUde tudi Giai p h a p ve cay lua C4 dang la phirang hirdng dang du'gc thgc hien chien lugc lau dai k e t hgp vdi t h a n h tgu khai thac lAi the lai F l Ngirdi ta dang phat t r i e n cay lua C3 sang cay C4 theo mo hinh GECROS Yin va Struik de xuat tCr n a m 2008 (Zeigler 2008) Hien nay, Bill and Melinda Gate Foundation da tai trg cho IRRI thgc hien tao gio'ng lua C4, giai doan 2009 - 2012 •:• HQI NGHI KHO.-V HQC CONG NGHE TO.\N QUOC VE BVTV LAN THL' •> -_ Giao Slf Ronald Phillips thugc DH Minnesota, Hoa K}', ngu'di \iia dgoc giai thu'dng International Food Prize 2007, da cd mgt tdng quan rat dang chu y ve cong nghe sinh hgc cay trdng Trudc tinh hinh dan sd tang binh quan ty ngu'di 14 nam, va dien tich nong nghiep chi cdn 1,5 ti nam 2050; san lu'gng Ido'ng thgc toan cau se phai tang gap doi so vdi hien Giai phap nao? Viec giai ma bg gen cay mo hinh cd the giup ich gi cho cai tie'n gidng cay trdng (bao gom cay lua) Cay mo hinh Arabidopsis thaliana da dirge sii dgng eho nhieu loai eay khac thain khao Tuang tg, eay mo hinh Braehydopium dugc ufng dung cho m§ cdc vung on ddi, cay Lotus japonicus la mo hinh cd dinh dam, Medicargo truncatula la mo h m h cho cay hg Dau, lua Oryza sativa la mo hinh sinh hgc eho me cdc, cay Populus dufgc ufng dgng de nghien cufu sinh hgc va di truyen cua gio'ng cay riTng Nhieu y tifang mai da thgc sg trd t h a n h hien thgc nhd thi nghiem t r e n cay mo hinh Thi dg: t i n h k h a n g tuyen trung gay benh sUng re nhd phan tuf RNA can thiep ufng dgng t r e n cay Arabidopsis, san xua't vaccine dich ta tren eay lua, va cay bap cd gen "eolicinogenic Bg gen vd cung phufc tap cua cay bap da gan nhU dugc giai ma hoan toan, dd, bay gid ngu'di ta cd the xem nd nhU cay mo hinh vao cudi n a m 2009 (Phillip 2008) Cf Trung Qudc, Giao Su QiFa Zhang thugc DH Ndng Nghiep Huazhong, cijng vdi cac ddng nghiep dang thgc hien chuong trinh qudc gia kha ndi tieng, dd la phat trien giong lua "Green Super Rice" Thach thufc toan cau tnrdc sg kien t h a m canh lua la (i) sg phat trien sau benh hai quyet liet han + suf dgng thudc khdng dung, (ii) ap lgc tang nang sua't + bdn phan khdng dung, (iii) thieu nirdc tudi nghiem trgng, (iv) da't t h a m canh khdng cdn md rgng dirge nufa Ba muc tieu rd rang eua Green Super Riee la: giam dau vao, tang san lugng, moi trUdng td't Gid'ng lua theo chien lirgc la: khang nhieu sau benh hai, hieu qua suf dung phan N cao, khang han Gen dap img yeu cau hieu qua ha'p thu dinh dudng cao da dugc cdng bd: Gen dieu khien NUE (N uptake efficiency) dugc khai thac tir ngan hang gen (vdi 64.000 mau gidng lua cd truyen) + thir vien cac ddng mutants de tim Idem gen cho NUE, bao gdm 270.000 transformants dgc lap, va 20.000 flanking sequences thir vien T-DNA (Zhang 2008) Cac nha khoa hgc quan sat sg the hien gen O s P T F l dieu k h i e n hieu qua h a p thu lan, dinh vi tren n h i i m sac the so' P h a t hien sg dap ufng r a t sdm vdi N b a n g ky thuat microarray Hieu qua suf dgng p h a n dam da giam nghiem t r g n g t r e n nhieu vung trdng lua Nghien cufu xu hudng n a n g sua't lua N giam d a n (dg a n yield declining) ciia Cassman va ctv 1996 va tai lieu eua Li 1991, cho tha'y d Philippines, de san xua't duge 1kg thdc, can bdn 15 - 18kg N, d Trung Qudc la 15 - 20kg N giai doan 1958 - 1963, nhung giam xudng 9,1 kg N d giai doan 1981 - 1983, va hien la 5,0kg N (Zhang 2008) Bao ve eay trdng t r e n quan diem tdng hgp: dinh dudng cay trdng, di truyen tinh khang eua eay chu, di truyen gen dgc t i n h cua pathogen, mdi trUdng sinh thai nai cay trdng t a n g tru'dng Mdi quan he ay dugc k e t hgp mgt chuang trinh lua "green super" d Trung Qudc la mgt mau mUc cho cac nudc trdng lua nhu Viet Nam, tap hgp dugc nhieu n h a khoa hgc dau n g a n h vdi mdt chuang trinh mang tinh qudc gia, qudc te, da linh vUc Ket qua nhU sau: NhUng gen "ammonium transporter" cay lua da duac p h a n lap thuoc ho gen OsAMT " ' ' ' V HQI NGHI KHOA HQC CONG NGHE TOAN QLOC VE BVTV LAN THLf •> "32 Gen ddng hoa ammonium bao gdm glutamine synthetase (GSI, GS2), glutamate synthase (NADH-GOGAT, Fd-GOGAT) va glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) Gen ed chdc n a n g "ammonium transport" va "ammonium transfer" bao gdm aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT) va asparagine synthetase (AS) Gen dap Ung vdi yeu cau k h a n g h a n t r e n ca sd cho'ng chiu va thoat h a n cua cac quan the RILs, T-DNA m u t a n t library, dd IRAT109 dugc xem xet n h u ngudn cho gen k h a n g va cac DNA muc tieu dung chuyen n a p la CBF3, LOSS, S0S2, TPS, HVAl, N P K l , ZAT, NCRD3, N H X l , CodA (Zhang 2008) Cac n h a khoa hgc da nghien cUu gen dieu khien "trehalose" la mgt diglucoside khdng khuf, vCra cd chUc n a n g dg trU carbohydrate, vu'a cd chufc n a n g bao ve cay trdng chd'ng lai stress Cay lua dugc ket luan r a n g nd chd'ng ehiu vdi sg tdng hgp trehalose nhieu h a n nhUng cay trdng hai la mam Suha Jabaij (2008) thugc DH McGill, Canada, nghien cUu Id t r i n h cua gen ma hda enzyme thugc nhdm phenylpropanoid va isoflavones cay dau n a n h non; chUe n a n g cua chung dd'i vdi n a m h a i Rhizoctonia solani He thd'ng kich khang (SAR) dugc quan t a m dac biet Hoat ddng cua Np-R lam thay ddi t h a n h te bao giup re cay bao ve chd'ng lai Rhizoctonia Hoat dgng np-BNR lam giam sg xam n h i i m eua pathogen d t r e n la cay dau va cay bdng vai Cac enzyme thugc nhdm isoflavones r a t quan trgng ca che de n e n sg phat trien cua benh nhd np-BNR Rouf Mian (2008) thugc USDA-ARS, va DH Ohio, Hoa Ky nghien cufu tinh khang cua dau tuong ddi vdi ray mem (Aphis glycines) Ray mem lam m a t 50% nang sua't dau tuang tai Minnesota, la ngudn vecta truyen benh sieu vi trung SMV, SDV, va AMV Tinh khang aphid dugc kiem soat bdi gen chu lgc Cd gen chinh dang dugc thgc hien ban dd di truyen Gidng dau n a n h PI243540, PI567301B va PI567324 duge ghi n h a n la gid'ng khang aphid, vdi ea che antibiosis thugc ve PI243540 va ca che antixenosis thugc ve PI567301B va PI567324 Hai gen Rag va Rag cua gidng Dawling va Jackson, theo thU tg da duge phan lap Gen Rag2 dugc phan lap tren PI243540 tren nhdm lien ket F, dinh vi gida hai marker ke can la Satt34 va Set_033 Myoung Rae Cho va ctv (2008) thugc chuang trinh UMB, Malaysia, nghien cufu ve tac hai eua tuye'n t r u n g t r e n cay trdng d vung Ddng N a m A, bao gdm Viet Najn Tuyen trung gay t h i e t hai trung binh 12% san lugng cay trdng, bie'n thien 3-21% Chung cd khoang 200 loai t a n cdng t r e n 2.000 loai cay trdng Trong dd dang ke nha't la tuye'n trung gay b e n h sUng re (Meloidogyne) t r e n hau h e t eay trdng can Tie'n bg mdi nha't la suf dung RNAi gid'ng k h a n g tuyen trung, tai lieu duge cdng bd' t r e n PNAS 103 (39) cua Huang va ctv 2006 Ky thuat t h a n h lgc cay gd'c ghep dugc dng dgng phd bien t r e n eay hoa hdng Ky thuat luan canh vdi cay bdng van thg, eay dien t h a n h t h a n s a n (Sesbania rostrata), bdn p h a n hUu ca, phun thud'c, da dugc de cap Nhdm tac gia edn p h a n lap dugc dd'i tUgng gay hai t r e n tCmg cay trdng n h u lua, chudi, cay vai, dda d Malaysia va Viet Nam •:• HQI NGHI KHOA HQC CONG NGHE TOAN QUOC VE BVTV LAN THL' • 33" li Dl TRUYEN PHAN TLT TRONG BAO VE CAY LUA (Oryza sativa L.) 2.1 u n g d u n g c o n g n g h $ s i n h h o c va tin s i n h h o c Ban gen eay lua da dugc giai ma t h a n h cong Trinh tg DNA cha't I f ^^^^ ^^° cua genome cay lua chiem 95%, vdi ldn phan tuf 389 Mb, phu t r e n t a t ca ca^^^^ n h i l m va t a m dgng cua 12 n h i i m sac the Tong sd nguyen to chuyen vi hien ^^^ xac dinh la 37.544 nguyen td, chiing lien quan den cac gen ma hoa protein q trgng Cd khoang 50% sd gen chUa bie't chUe nang Mgt dg an hgp tac qudc te mdi, cd tinh chat lich suf, danh dau sg p h a t ^^J^J^''^^^ nghe sinh hoe cay lua, dd la «Rice Annotation Project 1» (RAPl) tU n a m , gdm cac ngi dung: dat ten va eho ky hieu thd'ng nhat ngan ^ ^ ' ^ ^ ^ J j j ^ ' ^ ^ ^ nghien edu genome hgc cd tinh chat so s a n h vdi genome khac, ufng dgng an cua genome hgc chUc nang Cac phan mem chuyen dgng nhU Fgenesh, Gensean, Glocate, BlatRice dang dugc khuyen khich s\i dung de tim kiem gen mgc tieu, sau giai doan giai ma gen cay^lua t h a n h edng vang dgi Phuang phap tim kiem md gen mgc tieu (allele mining) cung dugc tap trung khai thac locus mdi hoae alen mdi (Ebaka va Yano, Trung T a m nghien cUu tai nguyen genome cay lua, Nhat) (http://www.rgrc.dna.affrc.go.jp) Mgt dg an qud'e ndi tieng khac, dd la OMAP (Oryza Map Alignment Project) da duge trien khai kha t h a n h cong N h i i m sac the sd cua cay lua dugc chgn lam muc tieu xem xet dau tien va ed ket qua budc dau, vdi ket qua so sanh gifla O sativa va O nivara [Genome Research 15:1284 (2005)], so s a n h giUa lua va ngd [Plant Cell 17:343 (2005)] Rod Wing (DH Arizona, USA) xem xet d mufc chi tiet h a n t r e n n h i i m sac t h e sd 1, va 10, nham xac dinh chdc n a n g cua gen genus Oryza bao gdm loai Ida trdng va 22 loai hoang dai, dai dien cho 10 kieu genome k h a c (http://www.OMAP.org) OMAP duge thUc hien t r e n ea sd 12 thU vien BAC chat lugng cao, dae t n m g cho 10 kieu genome cua Oryza Chuoi t r i n h tU "BAC end" cd ldn phan tuf 724 Mb thugc 10-12 t h u vien BAC da dugc suf dung vdi n g a n h a n g du lieu "SnaPshot fingerprint" OMAP da cdng bd ban dd vat ly cua O nivara[AA], rufipogon [AA], O glaberrima [AA], punctata [BB], O b r a c h y a n t h a [FF] Viec sap xep trinh tg cua gen n a m t r e n dUdng t h a n g nhU vay se tao r a m g t a r r a y cUc ldn vdi each xep dat gidng nhu genome cua Nipponbare, cung cap cho chung t a hinh a n h kha hoan chinh ve sg tien hda cua genus Oryza Khai t h a c cac gen k h a n g sau benh hai chinh td lua hoang kha t h a n h cdng tU dau the ky , n h d nhUng tie'n bg khoa hgc nhU vay Ken McNally va ctv (2009, 2006), t h i e t ke n h d n g m a r k e r p h a n tuf mdi dUa t r e n ea sd da hinh tU mgt nucleotide b a n g dot bien diem (SNPs) cho genome cay lua SNPs ra't phd bien cho genome ngUdi, nhUng k h a h a n che genome cay Ida Day cd the dugc xem nhu sg kien quan trgng cdng nghe sinh hgc cay lua Cdng trinh la mdt hgp tac qudc te gida IRRI va Cdng ty Perlegen Sciences, Inc., thgc hien SNP cho ea genome bkng each chay sequencing cua nhieu gid'ng lua •:• HQI NGHI KHOA HQC CONG NGHE TOAN QUOC VE BVTV LAN T H C •> "34 khac nhau, thdng qua lai DNA-DNA t r e n array mUc cao, vdi n h u n g nucleotides Ket qua r a t dang chu y vdi m a t mdi SNP / 100 bp Tinh k h a n g ben vUng, k h a n g rgng ddi vdi benh hai la ndi dung quan trgng Tuy n h i e n , cho de'n ca che tinh k h a n g va Id trinh hoat ddng eua gen sd lugng van chUa duge biet rd Thdng thudng, dd la n h d n g gen dap ufng lai co che tg bao ve cua cay, thi du nhu oxalate oxidase, chitinase, P R I , v.v Cdn lai nhdng gen khac van ehUa dugc bie't rd chUc n a n g cua chung Cdng tac chgn tao gid'ng lua tUOng lai gid'ng nhU cdng viec theo ddi da'u vet cua n h d n g doan p h a n td cUc nhd t r e n mdi nhiem sic the cua quan the lai dang p h a n ly, rdi tien h a n h lga chgn cac tinh t r a n g t r e n ea sd d a n h gia kieu gen nhd m a r k e r p h a n td, kiem tra lai kieu h i n h t r e n cac vung sinh thai khac Genomics cd tinh so sanh la ngi dung quan trgng thdi gian qua va tuang lai vdi nhUng dng dgng cge ky n h a n h chdng eua nd Td edng trinh cua Moore va ctv vao n a m 1995 de'n cdng trinh eua Paterson va ctv vao n a m 2004 cho tha'y: genome cay Ida khdng phai don gian, nd dugc xem la genome to tien cua cac m i cdc khac, vdi 62% transcriptome cd tinh chat lap doan (duplicated) Lap doan d day bao gdm s g ' m a t gen va sg chuyen biet hda, thdng qua nghien cdu "Oxford Grid" Hudng Uu tien cho nganh tin sinh hge [bioinformatics] dugc dac biet n h a n manh: (1) kha n a n g phan biet gen vdi nhUng sequence khac; (2) so sanh cac chudi trinh tg giUa cae loai vdi ngan hang dU lieu ed sSn; (3) phan tich "datapoints" cd tinh cha't phUe tap va khd'i lugng cUc ky to ldn; (4) tim thay cac hgp phan cua gen (Phillip 2008) 2.2 Genome h o c tinh k h a n g ray n a u Ray nau (Nilaparvata lugens) la dd'i tUgng gay hai lua r a t nghiem trgng d Ddng b a n g sdng Cdu Long Hien ed 18 gen da duge p h a n lap, cd 10 gen trgi va gen lan Gen lan bph2 lien ke't vdi B p h l , va bph4 lien ke't vdi Bph3 (Yang va ctv 2004) Cac gen chu lUe dinh vi t r e n cac n h i i m sac the da dugc ghi n h a n nhu sau: - N h i i m sic the 12: B p h l , bph2, Bph9, BphlO - N h i i m sac the 4: Bph3, b p h l , B p h l - N h i i m sdc the 6: bph4 - Nhiem sac the 11: Bph6 - N h i i m sac the 3: b p h l l , B p h l , B p h l - N h i i m sac the 12: B p h l Hai gen k h a n g ray nau B p h l va BphlO dugc tim thay lien ket r a t chat che vdi RFLP marker, C185 va RG457 t r e n n h i i m sac the sd 12 (Jena va ctv 1991, Ishh va ctv 1994, Hirabayashi va Ogawa 1996, Lang va Bdu 2003) Quan the lua hoang Oryza australiensis dugc p h a t hien cd mang gen Bph-10 va Bph-18 Tuy nhien, tinh k h a n g ray nau cua eay Ida duge dieu khien bdi nhdng gen dan nhu vay thUdng khdng ben vdng (Xu va ctv 2002) Sg pha vd tinh khang ray nau cua gidng lua mang gen Bph-1 va bph-2 s a n xua't lua dugc ghi nhan Cung HQI NGHI KHOA HQC CONG NGHE TOAN QUOC VE BVTV LAN THL' '> 35 mgt ngudn vat lieu cho gen khang ray nau, ngUai ta ed the xac dinh gi'\^, • rat ldn cua tinh k h a n g sd lugng, nhung hieu biet ve linh^ vUc n a y v a n nhieiJ h a n che, bdi vi tinh chat di truyen eua nhu'ng gen thd ye'u r a t khd khai thac, va ddi hdi nghien cdu phdc tap han rat nhieu Ngudn gen k h a n g ray nau tU Ida hoang da dugc khai thac t h a n h cong la: - Oryza australiensis: BphlO, B p h l - Oryza officinahs: b p h l l , b p h l , B p h l , Bphl4, Bphl5 - Oryza latifolia: B p h l Hien cd loai h i n h sinh hoc da duoc cong bd: BPHl va BPH2 cd d Dong N a m A, BPH3 cd d IRRI lab Saxena dinh danh, BPH4 chi dugc ghi n h a n a N a m A (An Do, Bangladesh) Tuy nhien, the gidi da thay ddi quan diem biotype b a n g quan the ray liau, va thay ddi thuat ngU thay ddi dgc tinh ray nau bang t h u a t ngd thich nghi (fitness) d ddng bang song Cdu Long (DBSCL), Ida hoang da dugc khai thac vdi gen khang Dd la gen BphlO cua Oryza australiensis; b p h l l , bphl2, B p h l , B p h l , B p h l cua O officinalis; Bphl2 eda latifolia Mgt gen mdi dugc phan lap t r e n O austrahensis la B p h l dinh v\ tren vai dai eua nhiem sac the sd 12, nhung khdng h e n ket vdi gen BphlO (gen da dugc Vien Lda ddng hda vao nam 2005) (Bdu va Lang 2005, Lang va ctv 2008, 2007) Tuy chdng ta dang pha'n dau da dang ngudn di truyen tinh khang ray nau; nhUng nd mdi ehi phat huy d mdc nghien cdu; thUc te san xua't cho tha'y, gidng chu lUe d DBSCL cd ngudn gdc khang td ngudn vat lieu r a t dan dieu: ehu ye'u tU CR94-13 va Babawee Vdi gen lan dieu khien tinh k h a n g , chdng ta phai luu y nhieu han de'n tinh ddng hgp td khuye'n cao sd dgng h a t gid'ng xac nhan Ngan hang gen Ida Viet Nam cung rat thieu ngudn cung cap gio'ng khang Quan the Ida hoang chu'a dugc nghien cdu, nhung ra't trien vgng de khau thac Sg pha vd tinh k h a n g ray nau eua cac gidng Ida hien sg kien thich nghi cua ray (sinh vat bac cao, chi can vdng ddi tap giao, m a t khoang 60 ngay, r a y cd the tao quan the mdi thich nghi vdi cay chu; neu ap lUc quan the ray qua cao t r e n ddng rugng) Sg ddng gdp tuang ddi cua lai dd'i vdi the he ke tiep la "fitness" (thich nghi) Chgn lgc dat ket qua td't lam thay ddi t a n sua't kieu gen lai, dieu dd can mgt thay ddi ve t a n suat gen giao td eua quan the bd me Chgn lgc quan the bd me ed the dugc thgc hien d mdc kieu hinh hon la d mdc giao td lam phat sinh va'n de phai xac dinh kieu gen bd me de ed loai giao td mong muo'n Hien tugng thieh nghi cua mgt ca the la sg ddng gdp cua nhdng gen tao the he ke tie'p hoac tao mgt sd ldn lai cua nd the he ke tiep (Bdu va Lang 2003) Khi gia tri fitness trung binh duge xem xet vdi gdc nhu vay, ngudi ta se gia dinh rang quan the khdng bi b a n che bdi yeu td moi trudng Neu chdng ta khdng cd nhdng rugng cung cap ngudn ray nau vdi m a t cao (thi du nhu J a s m i n e 85, cac gidng nep, v.v ) gia tri thich nghi trung binh se k h d n g •:• HQI NGHI KHOA HQC CONG NGHE TO.\N QUQC VE BVTV LAN THLf •> 36 thay ddi, tinh k h a n g ray nau se ed the dn dinh, vdi bg gid'ng dang canh tac tuanodo'i da dang ve di truyen cua cay chu Nhdng bien phap tac dgng ve mdi trUdnon h u "Ba Giam, Ba Tang", "IPM" se rat td't cho bien p h a p quan ly n h u vay Ndng dan sd dung h a t gid'ng xac n h a n la khau cd tinh quyet dinh quan ly tinh k h a n g ray nau trUdng hgp gen Idiang la gen lan Kliai t h a c gen mdi Bph-18 t r e n ngudn vat lieu IR65482-7-216-1-2 (dan xua't cua O australiensis), nhd m a r k e r RM6217, t r e n NST sd 12 (Jena va ctv 2006) Hai gen BphlO va B p h l dugc p h a n tich alen, cho tha'y dd la hai gen gen lien ket theo kieu lap doan (phan ly 15:1) t r e n cdng n h i e m sac the 12 (Jena va ctv 2006) Cae gid'ng trien vgng: OM4498, OM5930, OM2395, OM6055, OM5625, OM5936, OM5628, OM5799, OM7347, OM6840 da dugc khai thac hai gen BphlO va B p h l theo hudng (chgn lgc nhd chi thi p h a n td) Gen k h a n g B p h l t r e n n h i e m sac the so' cung dugc lUu y Ngudn cho la Ida hoang O officinalis, quan the duge thu t h a p tai Trung Qud'e Nd dinh vi d quang gida marker: C820-S11182 (trong dd ed 22 SSR va 25 STS) Nd dinh vi gan tam ddng, r a t khd lap b a n dd, k h a n a n g tai td hgp t h a p , ca'u true di n h i i m sac Sd dgng BAC clones cho tha'y t r e n 47 kb chieu dai doan p h a n td muc tieu, ed sg hien dien cua 11 ORFs [phan tich Gensean], vdi khoang each vat ly 1Mb/ di truyen cM (thay vi 260 kb/cM nhU binh thudng) Do dd, chung ta phai thgc hien fine mapping t h a t chi tiet de dd tim m a r k e r tuang dng (Yang va ctv 2004) Gen k h a n g B p h l t r e n n h i i m sac the so' 3, va B p h l t r e n n h i i m sic the so' dugc dat t e n mdi chuang t r i n h Green Super Rice d Trung Qudc la Qbphl va Qbph2, tinh k h a n g phd rgng cua chdng (Zhang 2008) 2.3 Genome hoc tinh k h a n g b $ n h d a o o n TrUde sg kien ddng tien hoa cua ky chu va ky sinh [gen R cua cay Ida -i- gen avir cua ky sinh] (Wang va Leung 1999), ngUdi ta dUa r a cac giai phap sau: - Gia t a n g k h a n a n g ngan can m a n h me sg p h a t sinh ndi (pathogen) - Sd dung tinh khang sd lugng: lam suy giam sU keo dai giai doan sinh san cua pathogen - Ddng hoa (cloning) gen k h a n g t h a n h cdng la tien de k h i n g dinh ca sd phan td va hoa sinh cua gen k h a n g theo hUdng ben vdng - P h a n tieh di truyen cua pathogen: xae dinh gen cua ky sinh la tin hieu cO sd; xac dinh yeu to' p h a t sinh benh la cdng eg tim gen k h a n g 2.3.1 Phdn tich di truyen cua Magnaporthe grisea Dd'i vdi n a m gay benh dao dn, Ralph A Dean va ctv (2005) thugc DH North Carolina State da cdng bd ke't qua ndi tieng ve giai ma bg gen nam, dang tren tap chi Nature Sau dd, Ma va ctv (2006), Chen va ctv (2007) nghien cdu toan bg genome eua vi n a m Magnaporthe grisea, gen va benh ly hgc, hien tugng synteny (gen tuang ddng vdi gen cua genome khac) Do ldn cua genome vi nam la 40Mb, •:• HQI NGHI KHOA HQC CONG NGHE T0.4N QUOC VE BVTV L.AN T H C v 37 vdi n h i i m sac the Nam 1998, ngudi ta lap mgt consortium qudc te vdi ten ggi la "International Rice Blast Genome" (IRBGC) de hgp tac nghien cdu benh djo dn t r e n cac vdng trdng Ida toan the gidi Sd lugng gen cd genome eua vi nam la 11.109 gen, p h a n bd theo ti le 1/3,5 kb, bao gdm 45% so gen cd ma di truyen ddgc xac dinh P h a n tich Signalp-2.0 (PSORT) cho thay, sd protein chua dugc bie't gan vOi khu vuc chitin la 1.258 Cae DNA ed tinh chat lap lai khong phan bd ngSu nhien genome ma phan bd theo nhdm, khdng cd hien tugng synteny Theo ket qua hgp tae qud'e te eda consortium nay, ngUdi ta da thiet lap dugc microarray chat lugng cao, ed tinh kha thi v i m a t thuang mai NhUng phan tich "knockout" va the h i e n gen ddi vdi gen muc tieu da cung cap eho chdng ta nhieu kien thdc ve bien dUdng protein, sg dieu chinh nitrogen cua vi nam qua trinh phat sinh benh t r e n lua Dac diem eua gen dinh vi telomere se rat khd tim marker ddng phan ly Gen AvrPit h e n ket vdi ehi thi phan td m355-366 (2,3 cM), gen ArvPia hen ket vdi S487 (3,5 cM) Chung deu dinh vi tai telomere cua n h i i m sac the sd va 7, theo thd tU (Chen va ctv 2007) Do dd, viec tim marker hen ket vdi chung khdng phai la dieu d i dang Trong M grisea hai gen P M K l va C N dai dien cho ldp gen fndi, p h a t sinh benh khac vdi kieu truyen thdng Ca hai gen P M K l va C0N7 deu cd tinh chat hoai sinh Chdng khdng ky sinh t r e n te bao chu ca trUdng hgp chung da xam n h a p vao rdi thong qua vet thuang Xu va Hamer (1996) eho rkng P K M l ma hda "MAP kinase", dieu cd the kich boat gen tao dia bam ed tinh chat chuyen biet, va tao sinh tong hgp t h a n h te bao mdi, hinh t h a n h ap lgc tao bUdu Khi vao dugc te bao cay ehu, P K M l can cd mgt tin hieu eua hang loat gen khac, phuc vu cho sinh trudng kieu ky sinh Khae vdi P K M l , gen C0N7 la mgt gen dieu hda (nd lam nhiem vu dieu tiet cd tinh chat chuyen ma) Nd dieu khien hien tUgng ky sinh td kieu hoai sinh (saprophytic) sang kieu ky sinh (parasitic) cua pathogen (Shi 1995) Gen C N cd the dieu khien nhieu gen mgc tieu khac ve mat chuyen ma di truyen, r a t can cho qda trinh xam nhap theo ca che "invasion" vao cay chu Gen CONl la mgt gen phat trien khac cua ca che nay, duge ngUdi ta p h a t h i e n dot bien gen gay thay ddi ve hinh thai cua nam, td bao td dang h i n h qua le chuyen t h a n h dang hinh kim (Shi va Leung 1994) P h a n tich chudi ma di t r u y e n cua CONl cho tha'y khdng cd mgt sU tuang ddng nao ve chudi ky tU n h u so' lieu bao quan (database) Ngudi ta khdng biet: ed phai CONl la mgt gen dieu h d a hay chi la mgt chudi ma dan gian gidp cho viec xac dinh cac t h a n h p h a n cau true hinh thai hge te bao Liu va Dean (1997) chdng minh rang sg dot pha eua mdt gen ma hoa "G-protein" thugc the "-subunit" (gen magB) da lam suy giam sg n h i i m benh va k h a n a n g dinh cU cua nam, nhUng cd nhdng bieu hien khiem khuyet da dugc phat sinh ca hai giai doan t a n g trUdng va ky sinh cua pathogen Nhdng nghien cdu n h u vay chi rang cac gen dieu hda phat trien r a t can thie't eho nam, qua t r i n h dieu tiet sg ky sinh cua chdng Ddi vdi nam M grisea, ed hai loai hinh gen chuyen tinh da dugc clone hda vdi ky •:• HQI NGHI KHOA HOC CONG NGHE T0.\\ QUOC VE BVTV LAN THLT •^ "^8 t h u a t "map-based cloning" (Valent va Chumley 1994) Gen chuyen tinh AVR2-YAJVI0 cua gidng Ida dieu khien sg hoat dgng cd tinh chat khdng tuang hgp (incompatible interaction) gidng Ida Yashiro-mochi Protein cua AVR2-YAM0 cd 223 amino acid va the hien md tip "zinc-protease" NgUdi ta gia dinh rang: AVR2-YAM0 ban t h a n nd edng la "elicitor", edn chdc n a n g "protease" cua nd se cd the san sinh the "elieitor" sau cung Nhdm thd hai cua gen chuyen tinh la PWL (viet t a t td chd pathogenicity on weeping lovegrass) dieu khien tinh chat ghi n h a n t r e n cay chu Eragrostis curvula (tieng Anh ggi nd la eay weeping lovegrass) (Sweigard va ctv 1995) H a n g loat cac tUang ddng cua gen PWL da dugc clone hda td cac isolate cua n a m M grisea ky sinh t r e n mgt gidng cd hda b a n (Kang va ctv 1995) Dang hinh ban dau cua gen PWL2 ma hda protein Ua nUdc, giau glycine, the hien mo tip cua chudi ky tg mang tin hieu bi m a t sinh vat eukaryote Nhdng thay ddi td ban chat khdng dge sang gay dge cd the tha'y trUdng hgp dot bie'n gd'c base cua chudi ma di truyen, hoac trUdng hgp thay ddi vung promoter, thay ddi he dieu khien, lam m a t kha n a n g the hien gen (Kang va ctv 1995) Leong va ctv (1997) da thgc hien ky thuat cloning gen avr ed lien quan den tinh chat chuyen biet tren gid'ng Ida Co39, phan tieh chudi ky tU eho tha'y khdng cd mgt sU tUang ddng nao vdi nhdng gen avr dugc bie't trUde day AvrCo39 ed ba khung dgc ma (ORF), thi nghiem dot bien cho tha'y ORFl va R F r a t can thiet de phgc vg chdc n a n g "avirulence" 2.3.2 Phdn tich di truyen gen khdng benh dao dn cua cdy lua Nghien cdu di truyen tinh k h a n g benh dao dn cd the ndi duge bat dau td Goto thiet lap he thd'ng gid'ng chuan ndi dd'i vdi n a m gay benh dao dn tren Ida d N h a t vao dau t h a p nien 1960 (Ou 1985) Cd khoang 50 gen chu lgc dugc ghi n h a n (Chen va ctv 2005), t a t ca la gen trgi chi trU pi-21 la gen lan (Jeung et al 2007) NgUdi ta da ddng hoa duge gen Pib, Pita, Pi36, Pi9, Pi2, Pid2, Piz-t (Liu et al 2007) Yoshimichi Fukuta (2008) thugc chuong trinh hgp tac JIRCAS va IRRI ve benh dao dn t r e n Ida da nghien edu cac dieu kien de cd tinh k h a n g khang benh dao dn Ida trd n e n ben vdng Cd t r e n 80 gen va QTL dieu khien tinh khang benh dao dn da dugc bao eao, nhUng nhieu gen dugc tim t h a y t r e n cung loci Khdng cd the dinh tinh va p h a n biet tdng gen k h a n g rieng le Hien t r a n g nghien cdu ve di truyen tinh k h a n g vin edn phUc tap Mgt n h d n g ly dd la thieu he thdng gid'ng chuan k h a n g t r e n nhdng ndi chuan (blast isolates) Can phai lam rd tinh chat gay benh cua cac isolates va tinh k h a n g cua cay chu Giai phap: bg gidng chuan k h a n g qud'e te mdi dang dugc p h a t trien bdi IRRI va Nhat Nhdng gidng chuan k h a n g mang mgt gen dan va phu t r e n 24 kieu gen khac Dieu dd se tao t h u a n lgi cho viec dieu tra ngan h a n g gen, p h a t trien he thdng chuan khang, va lam rd sg khac biet eua ndi (isolates) H a n che: mgt qudc gia hay mgt td chdc khdng the hoan chinh ndi dung neu t r e n ma can td chdc m a n g tinh quo'c te sau rgng, cd m a n g ludi hgp tac nghien cdu, chia se thdng tin, vat lieu ngan h a n g gen, ngudn pathogen Mgt dg an nghien cdu da dugc t h a n h lap ed t e n la "Blast Research Network for Stable Rice Production" (Fukuta 2008) •:• HQI NGHI KHOA HQC CONG NGHE TOAN QUOC VE BVTV LAN THL' • 39 Trong mgt tuang tac giufa ky sinh va ky chu cd tinh chat ddng tie'n hda cao, tinh k h a n g benh cd the dugc chia t h a n h hai dang: (1) tinh k h a n g ve cha't lugng (qualitative)- de cap de'n k h a n a n g ngan can m a n h me sU p h a t sinh cac ndi chuj^en tinh (strain) cua "pathogen", n g a n can sU sinh san cua pathogen, t i n h k h a n g sd lugng (quantitative) lam suy giam sg keo dai giai doan sinh san cua "pathogen", theo khai niem tucmg tac ca ban; (2) tinh k h a n g chuyen t i n h ddi vdi ndi (race) dugc dung de d i i n ta mgt p h a n Ung k h a n g benh ddi vdi mgt kieu gen cua mdt pathogen chuyen biet nao dd, va t i n h k h a n g khdng chuyen tinh la p h a n dng k h a n g ta't ca kieu gen khac (Wang va Leung 1999) Gen dinh vi t r e n cac n h i i m sac the cung ddgc bao cao vdi it nha't 18 loci lien quan den tinh k h a n g sd lugng (Kinoshita 1995, Yu va ctv 1991, Mackill va Bonman 1992, Zhu va ctv 1993, Wang va ctv 1994, Naqvi va Chattoo 1996) Tuy nhien, cho de'n viec cloning t h a n h cdng gen k h a n g dao dn van chUa dugc ghi nhan, mgt sd gen Pi-b, Pi-ta, Pi-ta2, Pi-5, Pi-7 dang duge hoan thien mgt each tieh cge tai nhieu phdng thi nghiem tren the gidi (Tsunoda va ctv 1998, Wang va ctv 1998b, Chen va ctv 1998), gen Pi36 tren n h i i m sac the sd (Liu va ctv 2007), gen Pi40(t) thugc mdtip NBS-LRR tren n h i i m sac the sd (Jeung va ctv 2007), sU tien hoa Pi-ta locus cua Oryza rufipogon (Huang va ctv 2008) cung dugc cdng bd gan day Vien Lda Ddng bang sdng Cdu Long thgc hien khai t h a c Ida hoang, Te Tep, Sdc Nau lam ngudn eung cap gen khang va ddng hoa gen Pi2, dinh vi gida RFLP marker la RG64 (phan cat bang Xbal) va L P O l l l - 1 (phan cat bang B g U l ) t r e n nhiem sac the so' va tim kiem gen mdi k h a n g ddng n a m cd ddc tinh m a n h nha't bg sUu tap la O M P l (Bdu 2002, Bdu va Lang 2003, 2007, 2008, Lang va Bdu 2002, 2003, Brar va ctv 2005) Gen Pi-ta2 va Pi-ta lien ket r a t chat, hoac cd the xem dd la hai alen k h a c dinh vi t r e n cung mgt locus, hai gen da dugc thiet lap b a n dd di truyen, dinh vi d t a m dgng cua nhiem the so' 12 (Wu va ctv 1996, N a k a m u r a va ctv 1997) Ben canh dd, Wu va ctv (1996) da thie't lap ban dd di truyen va b a n dd vat ly b a n g each sd dgng BAC clone, quet r a t ky khu vgc gen Pi-ta, vdi m a r k e r p h a n td lien ke't chat'trong khoang 0,5 cM Tuang tg nhu vay, Nakamura va ctv (1997) da thiet lap mgt "contig map", vdi qui md quet 300 kb, va m a r k e r lien k e t vdi gen Pi-ta2 khoang 0,3 cM Tuy nhien, vdng t a m dgng la noi the hien r a t tha'p k h a n a n g tai td hgp va the hien t a n sua't cao cua chudi ma lap lai Dieu n a y dat r a cho chdng ta nhdng khd k h a n viec tie'p can vdi gen muc tieu bkng ky thuat "chromosome walking" C a n day, Rybka va ctv.(1997) da xac dinh gen Pi-ta2 lien ke't vdi hai marker ke can vdi khoang each di truyen khoang 0,3 cM Gen Pi-ta dugc dinh vi tren ban dd d vi tri chdng lap vdi Pi-ta2 bkng phuang p h a p p h a n tich kieu gen theo gian dd (graphical genotype) cua mgt ddng dkng gen Ke't qda ggi cho chdng ta khai niem: hai gen ed quan he vdi ve ehdc nang, tuang tac allelic, hoac it nha't chdng lien k e t vdi r a t chat, va chdng cd the ed cdng mgt ngudn gen td tien (Rybka va ctv 1997) •:• HQI NGHI KHOA HQC CONG NGHE TO.AN QUOC VE BVTV LAN T H C •:• "40 GS Jean-Loup Notteghem (CIRAD, Phap) la mdt chuyen gia rat ndi tieng ve benh dao dn tren cay Ida Ong da chdng minh duge cd sU ket hgp gida di- truyen quan the va di truyen phan td de nghien cdu gidng Ida chdng chiu benh Trg ly cua Giao su la Dr Jean Benoit Morel da bat dau td nghien cdu gen Pi-1, Pi-2 de xem xet sU tie'n hda cua pathogen lam pha vd tinh k h a n g benh dao dn t r e n cay Ida d khu vUc Ddng Nam A Su tien hda di truyen quan the cua Magnaporthe grisea dugc nghien cdu tren gen Pi-33 va ddng hda cua nd, gen Pi-33 -i- Pi-1 -i- Pi-2 cho t h a y mgt phdi hgp tdt cho tinh khang ben vdng, dd gen Pi-33 bieu hien phd k h a n g benh dao dn rat rgng Sg tuang tac cua 30 gen thugc he thd'ng tU ve cua cay Ida eung dugc ghi nhan Hg nghien cdu rat sau ve transcripotomics va chdc n a n g cua gen thdng qua dot bien lam m a t chdc n a n g (vdi 70 mimic mutants), T-DNA va ky thuat TILLING Hg neu ly thuyet rat an tUgng la lam the nao ngan chan dugc sU tie'n hda cua pathogen de nd khdng pha vd tinh khang Ke't qua the hien qua p h a n tich "regulator" Ne'u regulator phan dng duong tinh: ed nghia la pathogen mat chdc n a n g (khdng hoat dgng), neu regulator p h a n dng am tinh: cd nghia la pathogen phuc hdi lai chdc nang Nottenghem va cgng sg sdn sang chia se ket qua tren "Oryzagenes DB" Viec p h a n lap gen k h a n g cd it quan trgng bkng viee xae dinh t i n h khdng hieu qua ve ndng hgc cua cac gen da dugc lap b a n dd va dugc clone hda Sg phd'i hgp lai cac gen k h a n g se gidp cho tinh k h a n g trd nen dn dinh han Tinh da hinh DNA cua 181 isolates n a m gay benh dao dn d DBSCL dugc ghi nhan, vdi 181 kieu gen tUOng dng vdi 181 haplotype n a m (Du va Loan 2009) Cac gen Pi-1, Pi-5(t), Pi-3, Pi-4(t) k h a n g td't vdi cac ndi n a m d mien Bac Trong dd 24 gen thd nghiem vdi 158 isolates cua nhdm n a m gay b e n h hai chinh; khdng ed gen nao bieu thi hieu lgc hoan toan d vung ddng bkng sdng Cdu Long Trong dd, hai gen Pi-z, Pik-m cd ty le isolates n a m gay benh dao dn t a n cdng tha'p n h a t (Du va Loan 2009) Mgt gid'ng Ida t r i e n vgng d DBSCL thudng bi pha vd tinh khang vdng 2-3 vg Ida sau dd, the hien mdt sg p h a t trien kem b e n vdng san xua't dge canh 2-3 vg Ida lien tge nam, t h a m canh cao, sd dung thud'c bao ve thgc vat va p h a n N chUa hgp ly, gieo sa day Vdi he thdng di truyen tuyet hao cua M grisea, ngUdi ta ed the xem xet gia tri thieh nghi cua pathogen ddi vdi gen k h a n g chuyen tinh Trong dieu kien phdng thi nghiem, dieu cd the duge thgc hien bkng each hoan t h i e n n h d n g nghien cdu ve thay ddi gen, the hien the dot bien avr chuyen tinh, chdng duge thay vao loai hinh nguyen thdy Gia tri dot bien nhU vay dugc Udc doan bkng each so s a n h trgc tiep gida ddng dot bie'n va ddng nguyen thuy NgUdi ta phai chuan bi mgt bg gidng NIL (gan nhU dang gen) vdi mgt gen k h a n g don hoac da gen k h a n g de xac dinh ve m a t di truyen gia tri ndng hgc cua n h d n g gen k h a n g Thdng tin ve linh vUc nhu vay se eung cap cho chung ta ca sd khoa hgc cua chien lugc chdng gen khang (pyramiding) mgt each cd hieu qua Tinh k h a n g so' lugng td lau duge xem nhU mgt loai hinh ly tudng cua t i n h k h a n g dn dinh ban chat khdng chuyen tinh dd'i vdi ndi cua nd Vi gen chinh cd a n h hudng che khuat (masking), n e n chdng ta r a t khd k h a n chgn lgc tinh k h a n g •:• H O I NGHI KHOA HQC CONG NGHE TO.AN QUOC VE BVTV LAN THLf • 41 sd lugng cd nhdng gen chinh xuat hien Nhd ky t h u a t p h a n tich m a r k e r p h a n td, t i n h k h a n g on dinh do'i vdi benh dao dn cua eua gid'ng Ida Moroberekan dugc dieu k h i e n bdi ca hai n h d m gen: gen chinh va gen sd lugng (quantitative t r a i t loci = QTL) (Wang va ctv 1994) NgUdi ta tim tha'y d 10 doan bg n h i i m t h e cd a n h hudng di truyen de hinh t h a n h sd vet benh dao dn Ba sd n h d n g m a r k e r nghien cdu ve QTL dieu khien tinh k h a n g khdng hoan toan (partial) lien k e t vdi gen k h a n g hoan toan benh dao dn, da duge cdng bd' trUde day Theo n h d m tac gia nay, kieu gen va kieu h i n h QTL dugc ghi n h a n n h a lUdi la n h d n g dU doan r a t tin cay ve tinh k h a n g benh dao dn t r e n ddng rugng d hai dia diem k h a o sat (Wang va ctv 1994) N h u vay, ve ly thuye't, chgn gid'ng nhd m a r k e r p h a n td (MAS = marker-assisted selection) cd the duge ap dgng de ke't hgp gen dan cd t i n h k h a n g m a n h vdi gen so' lugng khdng chuyen t i n h ndi Tuy nhien, va'n de ehung nha't cua b a n dd QTL la: hau he't n h d n g m a r k e r gkn vdi QTL edn each biet qua xa vdi nhau, chda du sdc dg doan chinh xac mgt chuang t r i n h chgn lgc gid'ng hieu qua (Tanksley va Nelson 1995) Cho nen, hien chUa cd mgt chUOng t r i n h chgn gid'ng nao t h a n h cdng theo chie'n luge MAS ve tinh k h a n g so' lugng t r e n cay Ida ill GIAI PHAP NAO CHO GIONG LUA DONG BANG SONG CLTU LONG - Cdng nghe sinh hgc nong nghiep va khoa hgc cay trdng d a t nhieu t h a n h tUu, nhUng ndng dan se cdn phai ddi dien gay gkt vdi r a y nau, b e n h dao dn chang dudng tdi Cdng nghe sinh hgc phai ket hgp vdi n h d n g phUcmg p h a p truyen thdng, dam bao yeu to' he thd'ng tg nhien: gida ky chu va ky sinh, gida ky sinh va thien dich, gida ky chu, ky sinh vdi mdi trUdng canh tac Ida - Nhdng thach thdc t h a m canh Ida d DBSCL: p h a t trien sau b e n h h a i quyet liet han, ap lgc t a n g n a n g sua't cdng vdi mda vu gieo trdng lien tuc lam thay doi he thdng sinh thai truyen thdng, hieu qua bdn p h a n dam tha'p (30-40%), a n h hudng cua thay ddi hau bat budc chdng ta phai tien h a n h n h d n g nghien cdu cd t i n h chat he thdng tdng hgp, da nganh, dap dng mgc tieu: (1) giam dau vao [phan bdn, thudc BVTV], (2) san lugng tie'p tue tang, (3) mdi trUdng an toan Mudn giam p h a n N bdn vao, viec chgn tao gidng cd gen dieu khien tang cUdng k h a n a n g ha'p thu ammonium mgt each hieu qua, (cdng nhU vay ddi vdi p h a n P va K) la dieu can thiet - Bao ve cay Ida tren cO sd dinh dudng cay trdng, di truyen tinh khang cua cay chu, di truyen gen dgc tinh cua pathogen, mdi trudng sinh thai nai cay Ida t a n g trUdng Tinh khang ben vdng, phd khang rgng ddi vdi benh hai la ndi dung quan trgng Tuy nhien, cho den ca che tinh khang va Id trinh boat dgng cua gen sd lugng van chUa dugc bie't rd Phuong phap phan tich QTL eac gen thd ye'u (minor); td vung gia dinh den gen dng cd vien, td gen dng cd vien den gen muc tieu can duge cai tien - Cdng tac chgn tao gidng Ida tuang lai gid'ng n h u cdng viec theo ddi dau vet cua nhdng doan p h a n td cUc nhd t r e n mdi n h i i m skc the cua quan t h e lai dang p h a n ly, rdi tie'n h a n h lga chgn cac tinh t r a n g t r e n ca sd d a n h gia kieu gen nhd chi thi p h a n tuf, kiem tra lai kieu hinh t r e n cac vdng sinh t h a i khac theo nguyen tkc MAS •:• HQI NGHI KHOA HQC CONG NGHE TO.AN QUOC VE BVTV LAN T H O • _ - Su pha vd tinh k h a n g ray nau cua cac gid'ng Ida h i e n sg kien thich nghi eua ray, khai thac gen mdi BphlO va B p h l td ngudn Ida hoang ed phd k h a n g rgng la ngi dung can ehu y Ben canh, chdng ta phai quan ly duge quan the r a y nau t r e n ddng rugng, khdng de bgc p h a t vdi m a t cao - Chgn tao gid'ng Ida nhd chi thi p h a n td [MAS] phai ket hgp vdi d a n h gia kieu hinh truyen thdng Lien ke't gida m a r k e r va gen mgc tieu cd chat che de'n dau thi ky thuat fine mapping vkn la ngi dung t h e n chd't, bdi vi cd the k h o a n g each di truyen IcM (tUOng duang td 0,25 den Mb) se cd sU h i e n dien cua nhieu ORFs [cac gen chUa rd chdc n a n g cung n k m vung ay] Ra soat ky m a r k e r lien ke't vdi gen k h a n g la viec lam khdng thUa Su cong bo' ke't qua "Rice SNPs" cua Ken McNally (2009) la sg kien quan t r g n g phuc vu fine mapping tdt han - Sg kien ndi tieng ve giai ma bd gen n a m Magnaporthe grisea la hudng nghien cdu di truyen ngUge lai quan ly gid'ng Ida k h a n g benh dao on N h d n g p h a n tich "knockout" va the h i e n gen cua n a m dd'i vdi gen muc tieu da cung cap cho chdng ta nhieu kie'n thdc ve bien dUdng protein, sU dieu chinh nitrogen cua vi n a m qda trinh phat sinh benh t r e n Ida Sg dot pha eua mgt gen ma hoa "G-protein" thugc the "-subunit" (gen magB) da lam' suy giam sU n h i e m benh va k h a n a n g dinh cU eua nam Day la n h d n g k e t luan r a t d a n g quan tam - Xet ve tinh k h a n g so' lugng: cac gen dinh vi t r e n eac nhiem skc the vdi it n h a t 18 loci dugc ghi n h a n cd lien quan de'n t i n h k h a n g sd lugng (Tanksley va Nelson 1995) Tuy nhien, van de chung nha't cua ban dd QTL la: hau h e t n h d n g m a r k e r gkn vdi QTL edn each biet qua xa vdi nhau, chua du sufc dU doan chinh xac mot chuang trinh chgn lgc gid'ng hieu qua Viec thuc hien chgn gid'ng nhd chi thi p h a n td trudng hgp la thach thdc qua ldn TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Bui chi Buu, Nguyen thi Lang 2003 Application of molecular m a r k e r s in rice breeding in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam In Advances in Rice Genetics GS Khuch, DS Brar, B Hardy (Eds) IRRI, Phihppines, 216-220 Bui chi Bdu, Nguyen thi Lang 2005 Nghien cdu va dng dung m a r k e r p h a n tuf de phat hien gen k h a n g ray nau t r e n cay Ida (Oryza sativa L.) Hgi nghi khoa hgc toan qud'e 2005 Cdng nghe sinh hgc nghien cdu ca ban, Hudng 8.2 Bg Khoa Hgc va CN, Chuong t r i n h nghien cdu ca b a n khoa hgc t u nhien Ha Ngi Tr 165-169 Bui chi Buu, Nguyen thi Lang 2007 Rice conventional and molecular breeding at CLRRI (1977-2007) OMonRice 15:1-11 - Bui chi Bdu, Nguyin thi Lang 2008 Giao t r i n h Di Truyen P h a n Td N h a Xuat Ban Ndng nghiep in lan t h d Ba, 629 trang Bui chi Bdu 2002 Tuang tae gida ky sinh va ky chu b e n h cay t r e n ca sd sinh hgc p h a n td Bui chi Bdu (Ed.): Ca sd di truyen t i n h k h a n g sau benh hai cay trdng Nha XB Ndng nghiep T r a n g l l - •:• HQI NGHI KHOA HQC CONG NGHE TOAN QUOC VE BVTV LAN THLf • 43" ... ky chu va ky sinh [gen R cua cay Ida -i- gen avir cua ky sinh] (Wang va Leung 1999), ngUdi ta dUa r a cac giai phap sau: - Gia t a n g k h a n a n g ngan can m a n h me sg p h a t sinh ndi (pathogen)... va C N dai dien cho ldp gen fndi, p h a t sinh benh khac vdi kieu truyen thdng Ca hai gen P M K l va C0N7 deu cd tinh chat hoai sinh Chdng khdng ky sinh t r e n te bao chu ca trUdng hgp chung... va tao sinh tong hgp t h a n h te bao mdi, hinh t h a n h ap lgc tao bUdu Khi vao dugc te bao cay ehu, P K M l can cd mgt tin hieu eua hang loat gen khac, phuc vu cho sinh trudng kieu ky sinh Khae