KHOA HOC, CONG NGHE CHUYEN GIAO NGHIEN CUU Ap DUNG CAC GIAI PHAP TIET KIEM NANG LUDNG NHAM GIAM THIEU HIEU UMG NHA KINH trong hoat ffgng Idiach san or TP, Ho Chi Minh PGS TS DINH XUAN THANG, ThS DANG[.]
KHOA HOC, CONG NGHE - CHUYEN GIAO NGHIEN CUU Ap DUNG CAC GIAI PHAP TIET KIEM NANG LUDNG NHAM GIAM THIEU HIEU UMG NHA KINH hoatffgngIdiach san or TP, Ho Chi Minh PGS TS DINH XUAN T H A N G , ThS DANG THI THUY NHUNG Vien Moi trudng va Tai nguyen Dai hoc Quoc gia TP Ho Chi Minh Tom tat: Bai bao chira swquan ly nang Iwgng khdng hieu qua ton tai nhieu nam linh vwc hoat ddng khach san, ddng thdi xac dinh tiem nang giam CO^ gay hieu irng nha kinh ciia cac khach san a TP HCM Qua dd, tac gia de xuat cac giai phap chung ve tiet kiem nang Iwgng lien quan den hoat ddng khach san nham tang cwdng viec chdng lang phi nang Iwgng, sir dung nang Iwgng cd hieu qua han, gdp phan giam thieu bien doi hau, BVMT, tiet kiem chi phi va giai quyet dwgc tinh trang thieu hut nang Iwgng hien Abstract: The paper has shown that the energy management inefficient has existed for many years in hotel operations and focused to determining the CO^ reducing potential which causes greenhouse effect on the environment by Hotels in HCM city Besides, The Author recommends some personal methods in general to energy - saving related to Hotel activities for enhancing the anti-waste energy and using energy more efficiently efficiently, preventing the changes of climate, protecting the environment, help to reduce climate change, saving cost and resolving the deficit of energy today II KET QUA NGHIEN CUU I MO DAU Ngay nay, hien tugng ndng len cQa Trai Da't dang b mUc bao ddng va trd mdi quan tam khdng nhQng cQa mdt qudc gia ma la cQa toan cau nhQng anh hudng nghiem trgng cQa nd gay dd'i vdi khf hau, he sinh thai va quan trgng hon ca la gay nguy hai den ddi sdng cQa ngudi Mdt nhQng khf quan trgng gay nen hidu Qng nha kfnh dd la khf CO^ , Viet Nam dugc edng nhan la "Diem de'n du Ijch an toan" Vi vay lugng khach du Ijch den Viet Nam khdng ngQng gia tang ve sd lugng, dac bidt la d TRHCM Ben canh vide tang dang ke' nhu eau didn nang eho vide md rdng SX, sinh hoat eua cu dan TR lugng khach tang thi nhu cau luu tru cung tang, dieu ddng nghTa vdi lugng dien nang tieu thu cang nhieu, gian tie'p lam gia tang lugng khf thai gay hieu Qng nha kfnh vao bau khf quyen Vi vay de tai dugc nghidn cUu nham danh gia kha nang gay hieu Qng nha kfnh hoat ddng khach san tai TRHCM gay ra, ddng thdi de xua't mdt sd bien phap tie't kidm nang lugng lam giam thie'u hau qua gay hieu Qng nha kfnh ITnh vuc hoat ddng khach san 20 B A O HQ LAO DQNG 10/2010 11.1 Hien trang va djnh hu'dng phat trie'n khach san tai TR HCM den nam 2020 Hien nay, TRHCM ed 641 khach san vdi tren 25.700 phdng, dd cd 52 khach san tieu ehuan tU 3-5 vdi trdn 8.248 phdng, gdm 14 khach san dat tieu chuan vdi tdng sd phdng la 4.370, khach san dat tieu chuan vdi tdng sd phdng la 1.556 va 30 khach san vdi 2.322 phdng Cdn lai la eac khach san va tha'p hon Cae phdng tieu ehuan - thudng xuyen kin chd cang ed nhieu khach mudn dung nhQng phdng ed dich vu tdt bdn canh dd sd iQgng khach thuang nhan mdt gia tang ndn nhu cau khach san 3-5 la rat cao Theo du bao cua Sd Du Ijch TRHCM, de'n nam 2020, tdng sd phdng thieu hut cd the Idn den 20.000 phdng Ddy la ngudn tieu thu nang lugng Idn can quan tam, quan ly va cd bien phap nang cao hieu sua't sQ dung nang lugng 11.2 Hien trang suf dung dien va dir bao li/ vien tiep tan chij dong dieu khien ddng md cac AHU khu giam thieu thdi gian giat va hda chat sQ dung - ^ giam ehi vwc dai sanh theo gid quy dinh phi didn, nudc, nhan cdng -^ giam ONMT Bang 4: Cong sua't dien tieu hao cua cac • loai bong den Den day tdc 11W 13W 25W 40W 50W Den compact 5W 5W 7W 11W 13W thay the 75W 100W 15W 23W 500W 70W (2 bdng) Bang Ket qua tinh toan chi phi nang lu'dng va phat thai CO^ Khach san Tieu thu (kWh/nam) Tiet kiem (kWh/n^m) Tiet kiem/nam (VNO/nam) Phat thai 002 (tan/nam) Giam phat thai COj (tan/nam) Ta't ca khach san b TP.HCM hien 307.353.642 90.940.551 145.505.000.000 484.628 143.369 Ta't ca khach san b TP.HCM du bao de'n nam 2020 546.539.357 161.711.408 258.738.000.000 861.771 254.940 10/2010 BAO HQ LAO DQNG 23 KHOA HOC, CONG NGHE - CHUYEN GIAO B Tieu thy ( k W h / n a m ) Q Phat thai C (tan/nam) i • TiSt ki$iTi (kWlVnam) 600000000 500000000 T— / 400000000 ^ 300000000 200000000 y 100000000 -^ r\1 H^ Ta ca khach Tat ca khach S9n a sgn o TP,HCMhi#n T P HCM d« bao den nam 2020 • Giam phat thai C (tin/nam 900000 800000 700000 600000 500000 400000 300000 200000 100000 y\ y 5^ 1— Tat ca khach Tat ca khach san cr TP.HCN*an o T P H C M hien d u bao den nam 2020 Hinh 2: Bleu lifdng dien tiet kiem di/dc va lifdng CO^ giam phat thai cua tat ca cac khach san d TP.HCM hien va dif bao den nam 2020 Quat gid cQa FCU dat d chd LOW khach khdi phdng vdi muc dich thdng gid la khdng can thiet vi thdi gian khach ngoai khdng lau, khdng phdng khdng ddn ndi am mdc ddn mQc khdng the chap nhan dugc hoac neu ed thi mQc rat thap va mau chdng mat di FCU hoat ddng trd lai Tuy theo thdi gian khach khdi phdng va cdng sua't quat ma cd lugng didn nang tid't kidm tuong Ung d Thay doi phwang phap xa da dan lanh kho trW ddng Khi thay ddi phuang phap xa da sQ dung dien trd bang phuang phap xa da bang nudc thi didn nang tidu tdn giam 4-8 lan so vdi phuang phap sQ dung didn trd Ben canh dd, phuang phap xa da sQ dung nude ed the tdi uu hda thdi gian xa nham tie't giam tdi da didn nang tidu tdn d Bgc bao dn he thdng lanh Cac may lanh sau mdt thdi gian sQ dung Idp bao dn cac dudng dng dan lanh va nude lanh se bj hu hdng va nhiet se bi rd ri ngoai gay hao tdn didn nang va gay hu hai ca'u true khach san Khi Idp bao dn cac dudng dng ddn lanh va nudc lanh khdng bj hdng cd the giam dugc 5% lugng didn nang may lanh tidu thu e Lap dat cac den cam irng khu vwc it ngwai qua lai va nha ve sinh Trong khach san b nhQng khu vuc edng cdng it ngudi qua lai nhung cd nhu cau vd chieu sang thi lap eac den cam Qng Dac diem cQa cac den la cd bd phan nhan bie't vat ehuye'n dgng Khi cd ngQdi thi den se tQddng sang va khdng ed ngQdi thi nd se tu ddng tat sau mdt thdi gian dugc cai dat f Lap dat he thdng nwdc ndng sut dung nang Iwgng mat trdi - Tap chi 24 BAO HO LAO DQNG / 10/2010 Vdi mat nang lugng bUc xa trdn khu vuc TRHCM va eac vung phu can dat trung binh 19MJ/mlh thi khach san nen lap dat he thdng cung cap nude ndng bang nang lugng mat trdi (NLMT) va kha nang cung cap nudc ndng cQa mdt may trung binh la 300lit/ngay vdi nhiet dd nudc trung binh dat dugc 60°C (nhiet nude vao khoang 28''C) nhQng nang td't Cdn nhQng nang yeu thi he thdng cd the gia nhiet nudc len den 40''C, phan gia nhiet cdn lai cac may nude ndng dam nhan Mdt may nudc ndng NLMT giup gia nhiet lugng nudc cap 300 lit/ngay tU nhiet 28°C len nhidt 60°C thi thu dugc lugng nhiet nang la: ' Q = 300 kg/ngay x 0,997 Keal/kg.dd x (60-28)''C = 9571,2 Kcal/ngay =11,1 kWh/ngay Mdt may nude ndng NLMT giup gia nhidt lugng nudc cap 300 lit/ngay tU nhiet 28°C len nhiet 40^0 thi thu dugc lugng nhidt nang la: ' Q = 300 kg/ngay x 0,997 Keal/kg.dd x (40-28)°C = 3589,2 Keal/ngay = 4,16 kWh/ngay Vide lap dat he thd'ng nudc ndng dung NLMT khdng ddi hdi phai thay ddi nhieu khach san va tudi thg cQa he thd'ng rat cao (tren 15 nam) Tuy theo nhu cau nudc ndng cua tUng khach san ma cd the tinh toan dugc lugng didn nang tie't kidm khac III.3 Cac giai phap khac a He thong dien: - Lap thdm eac ddng hd didn cho cac phu tai chinh khach san, bang cacf^theo ddi nang lugng tidu thu cd the xac djnh nguydn nhan mUc tidu thu cao va dieu chinh kjp thdi - Mach dien cap cho khach san ndn thdng qua eac tu ddng ngat trudc cung cap eho cac he thdng rieng le KHOA HOC, CONG NGHE - CHUYEN GIAO Tat ca eac tQ dien dugc bd tri mdt khdng gian rdng rai va theo tUng day rieng se thuan tien edng tac bao tri, bao dudng va ve sinh djnh ky - Djnh ky thu thap eac dQ lieu va xQ ly de nam dugc tinh trang van hanh cQa thie't bj - Xay dung ke hoach bao tri thie't bj, bao gdm cae hoat ddng da dang nhu lam sach bd lgc khdng khi, kiem tra niem/khe cQa cQa tQ ddng nham dam bao edng sua't va hieu qua hoat ddng d mQc tdi uu Viec lam cung giup lam tang tudi thg cQa thiet bj, giup giam didn nang tieu thu va giam ehi phi tren hoa dan nang lugng - Vao cac thdi diem tidu thu dien: cao diem, tha'p diem va binh thudng can ed nhan vien ghi chep can than, sd lugng didn tidu thu dugc cap nhat tUng ngay, tUng thang, tUng nam de cd su tang didn tidu thu mdt each dot bie'n se dugc phat hien va can thiep kjp thdi - Tat cac thie't bj khdng can thiet vao gid cao diem - Lap cac chia khoa gal tuddng ngat ngudn dien hoac la he thdng trung tam ddng ngat dien dat tai quay le tdn khach rdi khdi phdng Cd nhieu loai khoa gai: khoa gai dang tU, dang nhua, sQ dung ky thuat sd b He thdng cira so: SQ dung loai cQa sd Euro Window/ va US Window bdn ngoai cac cQa sd, cQa ban cdng mat tien khach san Vdi giai phap dau tu giup giam khoang 40% phu tai nhiet cho he thdng dieu hda khdng vao thdi gian bj nang chie'u, dam bao tien nghi nhidt cho du khach c He thdng thang may: La mdt bd phan khdng the thieu cac khach san, nhung so vdi cac thiet bi khac thi nang lugng tieu thu chiem khdng nhieu Mdt vai giai phap giup tid't kiem nang lugng nhu: - Vao gid tha'p diem ndn tam dQng thang may hoac ehi van hanh mdt thang (ne'u khach san ed nhieu thang may) - Nen sQ dung loai thang may cd lap bien tan (inverter) giup van hanh em, dn djnh va tie't kiem dien - Bd tn phdng eho khach hgp ly, lien ke eac phdng da dugc dat va d tang tha'p nha't cd the nham han ehe sQ dung tfiang may giam tidu thu nang lugng va ehi phi nhan cdng cf Van de sir dung nwdc: Hau het eac khach san deu phai sQ dung ddng co bam nudc dd tich trQ nudc thuy cue vao bdn chQa va phdn phdi khach san ndn sQ dung nude tie't kiem cGng gdp phan tid't kidm didn Mdt vai giai phap dan gian: - Cae bdn cau nen sQ dung loai cd che tie't kiem nudc - Thay cac vdi nudc thudng bang vdi nude tu ddng ngat, vdi nudc cam Ung d eac khu vuc edng cdng, lap them cac sensor ngat nudc tu ddng sau giay b cac vdi nude edng cdng nham tranh that thoat nudc ed the xay khach luu tru hoac nhan vien qudn tat cac vdi nudc - Tranh van hanh thie't bj xQ ly nudc cua be bai vao gid cao diem d Giai phap khac: - Giai phap lap them cac bd ddng cQa tu ddng d cac cQa vao chinh nham giam tdn that lanh khu sanh khdng gian ben ngoai - Trang bj tivi LCD cd dan nhan Ngdi nang lugng, chat lugng cao, dep, sang trgng va tid't kidm de'n 60% dien nang so vdi loai tivi thdng thudng - Thay the dan cac may lanh sQ dung chat CFC, cac tQ lanh sQdung R12 - Trang bj may Qi bang hoi nude nham tid't kidm didn nang tieu thu - Bd tri cae hoat ddng khac khach san (giat Qi, bam nude, ddng lanh ) gid tha'p diem Vdi giai phap se gdp phan giam tai gid cao diem va tie't kiem dugc mdt phan chi phi dien nang IV DANH GIA VIEC AP DUNG CAC GIAI PHAP TIET KIEM NANG LUffNG DOI VOI KHACH SAN THEN DjA DAN TP HCM Vide ap dung cae giai phap trdn mang lai nhQng hieu qua thie't thuc ve mat KT-XH va mdi trudng nhu: - Giup nang cao hieu qua sQ dung nang lugng, tid't kidm didn nang tieu thu cQa khach san, gdp phan giai quye't dugc tinh trang thie'u hut nang lugng nhu hien giam tinh trang cup dien luan phien, giam ehi phi dau tu xdy dung phat trien mang ludi dien Qud'c gia - Tie't kiem ehi phi cho khach san - Giup nang cao hinh anh khach san vdi khach hang - Giup tang tudi thg thiet bj dien, giam su cd va rui ro cho vide sQdung dien - Giup mgi ngudi nhan thUe dugc vide tid't kidm nang lugng ngoai tie't kidm chi phi cdn gdp phan lam giam lugng thai gay hieu Qng nha kinh, bdi chung ta sQ dung nhieu nang lugng thi lugng nha kinh thai vao bau quyen cung tang cao, lam cho nhidt be mat Trai da't ndng len, nudc bien dang cao - Gdp tieng ndi chung vao nhQng nd luc chdng lai su bie'n ddi hau toan eau Ke't qua tinh toan ehi phi nang lugng va phat thai COj dat duoc eu the nhu sau: (xem Bang va Bieu dd tren Hinh 2) V KET LUAN Tidu thu dien nang cQa cac khach san la mgt cac van de can quan tam dd'i vdi bie'n ddi hau va mdi 10/2010 B A O HQ LAO DQNG 25 KHOA H O C , CONG NGHE - CHUYEN GIAO trudng toan cau tai TR HCM Theo sd iieu dieu tra hien trdn dja ban TR HCM cd khoang 25.700 phdng, dd ed 52 khach san tidu ehuan tU 3-5 vdi tren 8.248 phdng, cdn lai la eac khach san va tha'p han; theo djnh hudng phat trien cua nganh du Ijch de'n nam 2020, TRHCM se thie'u hut ed the len den 20.000 phdng Vdi sd lugng phdng nhu trdn lugng didn tieu thu hien tai khoang 307.353.642 KWh/ nam va den nam 2020 la 546.539.357 KWh/nam Day thue su la mdt ap lue rat Idn cho nganh didn ndi rieng va la van de can quan tam chien lugc giam thieu dien nang tidu thu nham giam thieu thai gay hieu Qng nha kinh va bien dd'i hau Vdi eac bien phap dan gian can ap dung nhu da de xua't d trdn kha nang giam thie'u, tiet kiem dien hoat ddng du Ijch rat dang ke Ne'u nhu ta't ca khach san tai TRHCM deu thue hien td't cac giai phap ve tid't kiem nang lugng thi cd the tie't kiem tU 20 - 30 % tdng ehi phi nang lugng cQa khach san va se tid't kiem dugc cho TRHCM: Lugng didn nang gan: 91 trieu kWh/nam, chi phi tie't kidm han 145 ty dong/nam, giam lugng thai gay hidu Qng nha kinh khoang 143.369 tan COj/nam Du bao den nam 2020 tiem nang giam thai gay hidu Qng nha kinh hoat ddng khach san d TRHCM la: 254.940 tan CO^/nam - vdi lugng CO^ giam phat thai tuong duong vdi su phat thai CO^ cQa 25.940 ngudi nam Day la cac sd khdng nhd, tU dd eho tha'y vide ap dung cac giai phap ve tid't kiem nang lugng chang nhQng mang lai hidu qua kinh te Idn lao eho eac khach san ndi ridng va Nha nude ndi chung, ma cdn ddng gdp dang ke eho vide phat trien ben vQng dd thj, giam nhe cac tac ddng ddn mdi trudng va dae biet eac chat thai gay anh hudng de'n hien tugng Bie'n dd'i hau toan cau Tai lieu tliam liliao Le Huy Ba (2001), Moi trudng hau thay doi, moi h hoa ciia toan cau, NXB Dai hoc Quoc Gia Thanh Ho Chi Tran Ngoc Chan (2001), nhiem khong va xir ly k thai Tap 1, NXB Khoa hoc va Ky thuat Nguyen Khac Cudng (1994), Moi trudng va bao ve truang, NXB Dai hoc Bach Khoa Thanh Ho Chi Minh Pham Ngoc Dang (2003), Moi truang khong khi, NX Khoa hoc va Ky thuat Trung tam Nghien ciru va Phat trien ve Tiet kiem Na lugng (2001), Quan ly nang lugng khach san Trung tam Tiet kiem Nang lugng TPHCM (2004), Bai cac khoa huan luyen tiet kiem nang lugng cho cac doanh ngh Trung tam Tiet kiem Nang lugng TPHCM (2002), H thao chuyen de: Cac ca hoi tiet kiem va sir dung hieu qua n lugngtaikhach san, cao dc.Q D A I L E K Y N I E M (Tiep theo trang 8) ngugc da chinh thUe md cQa sau nam xay dung Day la noi trung bay nhQng hien vat cha dng de lai ed be day Ijch sQ hang nghin nam, giup ngudi dan ThQ dd va ban be nude, qudc td hieu them vd Ha Ndi va da't nude Viet Nam den tham bao tang Dac biet, tai sanh chinh tang mdt cQa bao tang da trung bay bQc tranh bang ddng, dd la bQc thu khac chQ de gQi tdi tuang lai, ed kich thude 65x105 em BUc thu se dugc mdrasau 100 nam tdi Trong djp Oai Ld, Ha Ndi da ddn nhan nhieu mdn qua quy nhu tugng dai Bac Hd - Bae Tdn nhan (Jan TR HCM xay dung tai cdng vidn Thdng Nha't, bQc tranh theu tay dai hon 30 met (dai nha't Viet Nam) tai hien Ijch sQ Viet Nam qua trieu dai Dinh - Le - Ly cae thg thQ cdng tinh Ninh Binh thuc hien, hay tam ban dd Viet Nam lam bang 1.000 eon rdng vang cao han 5m cac nghd nhan Quang Nam ehe tac Nhan djp ban be qudc td cung trao tang Ha Ndi bang nhQng mdn qua thie't thuc nhu he thdng chieu sang cae edng trinh van hda lich sQ cd gia trj hang tram nghin euro da dugc Cdng hda Phap tai trg, chuang trinh Ld hdi Rdng quy md Idn Tay Ban Nha thue hien a THANH CHUNG (tong hgp) ^ ^ T^p chi 26 BAO HO LAO DQNG 10/2010 LDLD YEN KHANH (Tiep theo trang 51) ADIS dugc bien soan eho de hieu, dd nhd phat lien tue trdn he thdng loa truyen Nhddd, du dang lam vide tai phan xudng, edng nhan van cd the lang nghe dugc ndi dung cQa ban tin tuyen truyen Day cung la hinh thQc tuyen truyen dugc hau hdt DN Qng dung, cd tac ddng manh den nhan thQc cQa NLD ' Cdng nhan Nguydn Tudng Nguyen cho bie't: Chung tdi khdng cd nhieu thdi gian de tim hieu thdng tin ve cae van de xa hdi, dd phai thUa nhan rang kidn thQc ve ma va HIV/AIDS cQa hau he't cdng nhan la rat han che Tuy nhien, thdng qua cae hinh thQc tuyen truyen ma cac cap CD trien khai thdi gian qua, da giup chung tdi nhan rd eac te nan xa hdi ludn la mdi de doa thudng xuyen den tinh mang, sQc khoe NLD, lam xdi mdn dao dQe, nhan pham va lam tha hoa ddi ngu CNVC-LO Chung tdi da y thQc dugc la phai tranh xa ma tuy, mai dam de bao vd cudc sdng cQa chinh minh va gdp phan lam lanh manh ddi sdng xa hdi.a ... (edng suat may lanh dugc dieu khien thay ddi thdng minh theo Ml DE XUAT CAC GIAI PHAP TIET KIEM NANG LOCfNG 001 von KHACH SAN TREN OjA BAN TP HCM sd lugng ngudi, kich thude phdng, nhiet mdi trudng... (tan/nam) Giam phat thai COj (tan/nam) Ta''t ca khach san b TP. HCM hien 307.353.642 90.940.551 145.505.000.000 484.628 143.369 Ta''t ca khach san b TP. HCM du bao de''n nam 2020 546.539.357 161.711.408... a sgn o TP, HCMhi#n T P HCM dô bao den nam 2020 ã Giam phat thai C (tin/nam 900000 800000 700000 600000 500000 400000 300000 200000 100000 y\ y 5^ 1— Tat ca khach Tat ca khach san cr TP. HCN*an