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H Tuyln t$p HOi nghj KHOA HgC TOAN QUOC Vfe SINH Hgc BI^N VA PHAT TRI^N B£NVCrN£ HIEN TRANG DA DANG THANH PHAN LOAI SINH VAT BIEN THE G l d l VA VIET NAM Dang Ngoc Thanh Viin Khoa hpc vd Cong nghi Viit Nam I HIEN TRANG DA DANG THANH PHAN LOAI SINH VAT THE GIOT Da dang sinh hoc dang ton t^i hi$n tren the gioi la ket qua ciia ca mpt qua trinh ljch su tien hoa dai tai 3,5 ty nam, qua nhieu buac thang tram, bien doi, phat sinh phat trien roi tuy^t chiing, cac tac nhan ty nhien va gan day niia la nhirng tac dgng cua nguai Nhirng uac doan lac quan nhat ve so lugng cac loai sinh vat hien co tren Trai dit la tir - 30 tri^u loai, nhung y kien bien han ca la khoang - trieu loai, so mai chi khoang 1,8 tri|u loai da dugc phat hien va mo ta Ve tinh trang ton tai ciia cac loai sinh vat hi?n tren the giai, hang nam to chiic lUCN co dua Danh luc Do (lUCN Red List) cho biet so loai sinh vat dang a cac miic de doa khac tren pham vi toan cau Tuy rang so loai dugc danh gia ve miic dp de doa thien nhien dugc cong bo Danh luc Do chi chiem 2,5% so loai hien da biet, song day van la ca sa dir lieu CO gia trj phan anh mot each tong quat tinh trang bj de doa ciia cac loai thien nhien hien Danh luc Do lUCN nam 2008 bao gom 44.838 loai dugc danh gia muc de doa (so vai 41.415 loai nam 2007), cho thay da co 869 loai da bj tuyet chiing, 16.928 (38%) s6 loai dang bj de doa tuyet chiing, 3513 loai (8%) bj de doa So loai da tuyet chiing c6 the cao han, vugt qua 1.100 loai, neu ta ke ca 257 loai miic dp Rat nguy cap (CR) nhurng co the coi la co the da bi tuyet chiing Trong Danh luc Do lUCN 2008, dang luu y la cac nhom sinh vat sau: Co tai gan 1/4 (22%) loai Thii tren toan the giai da bj de doa hoac da bj tuyet chiing Trong so cac loai Luang cu da co tren 366 loai (31%) bj de doa hoac da bj tuyet chiing Da CO 14% cac loai Chim bi de doa hoac da bi tuyet chiing Trong so 845 loai San ho tao ran cac biln nhi$t ddi, co tai 27% dugc coi la bj de doa Co tdi 161 loai Ca song (Serranidae) bi de doa tuyet chiing bj danh bit qua miic Trong 1280 loai Cua nude ngpt, 16% dang bi de doa tuyet chung Dang luu y la s6 loai bj de doa Danh luc Do lUCN nam 2008 so vdi 2007 cd tang len tir 16.116 tdi 16.928, nhting ty If s6 loai bi de doa so vdi s6 loai dugc danh gia d thdi diem cd giam nhe Nhu vay, ve hinh thirc day cd ve nhu mot diu hieu tot vh mat tinh trang da dang sinh hoc thien nhien Tuy nhien, ckn thiy la so vdi nam 2007, ty le s6 loai bi de doa d mire dp cao (183 loai - 83%) lai tang len so vdi so loai bj de doa d mire dp thap han (40 loai - 18%), dieu cho thay th^rc te tinh trang da dang sinh hpc thien nhien the gidi nhin chung la xau di chir khong phai tot len Nhirng thong tin tren phan nao cho thiy da dang sinh hpc tren Trai dat thuc sir dang d tinh trang dang bao dpng va cang cd xu hudng nghiem trpng hon Dieu nky dat nhirng nhiem vu cap bach cho viec theo doi, quan sat, danh gia, du bao de cd sa sd de xuat cac giai phap kjp thdi ngan chan sir suy thoai va bao ton da dang sinh hpc thien nhien vi lgi ich lau dai Tieu ban: DA DANG SINH HOC BI^N VA BAO T N 15 Danh luc Do lUCN dugc cong bo qua tirng thdi gian nam tir 1994 tdi nay, sir dung cac nguon tu lieu tir nhieu to chirc quoc gia vien, chua that day dii va hoan toan chinh xac, song hien van la ca sd tu lieu nhat mang ti'nh toan cau de giiip ta co the co dugc khai niem chung ve tinh trang da dang sinh hpc tren the gidi ndi chung ve mat phan loai sinh vat Tir nguon tu lieu ve Danh luc Do lUCN 2008 da dugc cong bo va cac tu lieu mang tinh thong ke so lugng loai sinh vat va mire dp bi de doa tren toan cau tir 1996 tdi 2008, co the neu len mpt so nhan dinh chung ve hien trang da dang sinh hpc the gidi giai doan hien nay, dd cd da dang sinh hpc bien Neu xet tinh hinh d cac Chau luc khac (bang 1), cd the thay Chau A (bao gom Bac A, Dong A, Tay - Trung A, Nam A - Dong Nam A), va Chau My (bao gom Bac My, Trung My, Nam My), cd so loai dpng vat bi de doa cao nhat Dimg thir nhat la Chau A co so loai bj de doa (tdi 2008) la 6.755 loai, vdi so loai d mire dp Rat nguy cap (CR) la 663 loai, so loai thupc dien tuyet chiing (EX, EW) lai khong cao, chi 66 loai Dumg thir hai la Chau My vdi so loai dang bi de doa la 5.502 loai, vdi so loai d mire dp nguy cap rat cao tdi 1.175 loai, va dac bi^t la s6 loai bj tuyet chiing rit, cao tdi 365 loai, rieng d Hoa Ky la 239 loai Chau Phi va Chau Au cd so loai bi de doa tuang d6i thap Tong so loai bi de doa d Chau Phi chi la 4.504 loai, Chau Au chi la 2.800 loai Tuy nhien, so loai thupc dien rat ngu^ cap d Chau Phi ciing tdi 522 loai, vdi s6 loai tuyet chiing cung kha cao 241 loai, d Chau Au chi la 41 loai Nhu vay, vg tinh trang da dang sinh hpc d cac Chau luc hien (2008), Chau A la rat dang chii y, vdi tdng so loai bi de doa cao nhat, song tinh hinh d Chau My lai nghiem_trpng hem, vdi so loai d dien rit nguy cip va bi tuyet chiing rat cao; tong sd loai bi de doa thap han Trong 41.417 loai sinh vat dugc dua vao Danh luc Dd lUCN 2007, cd 1.580 loai sinh vat biln, vdi 30% (416 loai) d tinh trang nguy cip va 80 loai bj de doa tuyet chiing Trong so 240 loai mdi dupe bd sung vao Danh luc Dd 2007, cd tdi 71% so loai bj de doa, 31 loai co nguy ca bi tuyet chiing cao Lan dau tien Danh luc Dd lUCN 2007 c6 ghi ca cac loai San hd bi de doa, 10 loai san hd d dao Galapagos dugc dua vao Danh luc Dd 2007 d muc dp Rit nguy cap (CR), 74 loai Co biln cung d dao Galapagos dugc dua vao Danh luc Dd, 10 loai sd la d mire dp (CR) vdi loai co nguy ca bj tuyet chiing Cung tren ca sd tu lieu thong ke ciia lUCN (2008), co thi co mpt so nhan xet ve xu the dien biln ciia tinh trang bi de doa ciia cac nhdm sinh vat tren pham vi toan cau, khoang thai gian 12 nam tir 1996 - 2008 Tuy ring so lieu thong ke chua phai da that day du tir cac nude Ve dpng vat Cd xuong sdng, dua tren thdng tin ciia 26.604 loai da dugc danh gia tinh trang bj de doa giai doan nay, tong so 61.259 loai da bilt hien nay, co the thay so loai bj de doa (CR, EN) da tang len ro ret, tir 3.314 loai thdi gian 1996 - 98 da tang 16n 5.966 loai nam 2008^ chiem 22% sd loai dugc danh gia va 10% sd loai da bilt Vl dpng v$t khong Xuang song, so 6.161 loai dugc danh gia 1.232.384 loai da bilt, cung thiy sd loai bi de doa da tang len tir 1.981 loai thdi gian 1996 - 98 tdi 2.496 loai nam 2008, chilm 41% sd loai dugc danh gia Theo timg nhdm ddng vat, cung thay so loai bj de doa diu co xu hudng tang len ro ret giai doan la 1996 - 2008 d tit ca cac nhdm (bang 2) Dac biet la d cac nhdm dpng vat song d mdi trudng nude, biln va nude ngpt nhu bd sat, ludng cu, ca deu c6 ty le loai bi de doa cao tu 30 - % sd loai dugc danh gia Cac nhdm trai dc, giap xac, san hd cung deu co ty le cac loai bi de doa tang cao thdi gian nay, chiem tir 27 - 44% so loai dugc danh gia Dang chii y la Danh luc Dd lUCN 2008 da ghi nhan 754 loai dpng vat da coi la bi tuyet chung tren toan ciu, ca chilm tdi 103 loai, trai 6c 34 loai Cung nen ndi them la giai doan ndi tren da cd 8.451 loai thuc vat bj de doa, tdng s6 12.055 loai dugc danh gia, so cd 115 loai bi coi la da myet chiing (bang 3, 4) 16 Tuyen tgp HOi nghj KHOA HOC TOAN QU6C V t SINH HOC BlfeN VA PHAT TRI^N B^N vCfNG Can luu y la viec thdng ke sd loai bj de doa va mire dp de doa bao gid sd loai tren dat lien (d can va nude ngpt npi dia) cung cao hon han so vdi sd loai thdng ke dugc d bien, dan gian vi viec khao sat, thong ke cac loai tren dat liln thuan lui, de dang hon nhieu so vdi cac loai a bien Vi du: Trong Danh luc Dd lUCN 2000, ting so cac loai bi de doa d biln chi la 320, sd loai d can va nude ngpt npi dja la 1946 va 9250 Ciing theo Danh luc Dd lUCN 2000 nay, cac loai thu bien bi de doa chi la 25 loai d nude ngpt la 31 va d can la 1111 Cac loai ca bien bi de doa la 163, ca nude ngpt la 627 Cung nhu vay trai nude ngpt bj de doa tdi 508 loai, song d biln chi la 13 loai.; Giap xac nude ngpt bj de doa len tdi 409 loai, d bien khdng cd loai nao bj de doa Nhung sd lieu tren vl tinh trang bj de doa cua cac nhdm sinh vat bien chac chua the coi la da phan anh day dii th^rc te da dang sinh hpc bien d giai doan , bj han che bdi kha nang ky thuat danh bat, khao sat sinh vat bien cd nhieu kho khan, vi vay ciing can rat luu y sir dung Bang S lieu d g n g vat bj de doa a cac C h a u luc ( D a n h luc D o l U C N 2008) Cac Chau lgc EW EX Chau Phi Dong A T6ng s6 CR EN VU T6ng s 4504 214 217 (241) 552 1098 2854 19 (20) 104 281 676 1061 (8) (27) 29 68 157 (254) 403 826 127 344 2733 1007 (1478) Nam-DN A 25 Tay - Trung A 11 Chau Au 41 (16) (41) 190 405 1224 2800 Bkc My Nam My 35 (39) 200 219 604 (1923) 26 87 (33) 362 625 1210 (2197) Trung My (93) 613 610 1159 (1382) Chau Ogi Ducng 171 12 (183) 185 405 2534 (3124) (1) 20 27 (50) BScA Nam Cu'c 3962 Bang Sd loai b| de do? (CR, EN, VU) thugc cac nhom dgng v^t qua thcri gian 12 nam (1996 - 2008) (Danh luc Do lUCN 2008) Cac nhom dgng v|it Sd loai hi^n da bidt Sd loai bj de do9(19961998) Sd loai bj de do9 2008 Sd loai b[ de do^/Sd loai da b i l t Sd loai du'p'C danh gia 2008 Dgng vat co xuo'ng song 61.259 3.314 5.966 10% 26.804 22% Thii 5.488 1.096 1.141 21% 5.488 21% Chim • 9.990 1.107 1.222 12% 9.990 12% Bo sat 8.734 253 423 50% 1.385 31% Luong cu- 6.347 124 1.905 30% 6.260 CS 30.700 734 1.275 4% 3.481 30% 37% 1.232.384 1.891 2.496 0,20% 6.161 (41%) 950.000 537 626 0% 1.259 50% Trai 6c 81.000 920 978 1% 2.212 44% Giap xac 40.000 407 606 2% 1.735 35% San ho 2.175 i 235 11% 856 27% j Opng vat khong xuong song Con triing Loai bj de ' do^/loai bj ! danh gia ] J Tieu ban: DA DANG SINH HOC B l t N VA B A O T O N 17 Nh^n 98.000 11 18 0% Giun 5% Sam 165 (?) 0 0% 0% Nhom khac 61.040 24 0% 52 40% 32 • 11 50% 82% (Nguon: 2008 lUCN Red List) Bang Sd loai thugc cac nhom dgng v^t bi de doa 6* cac mipc dp khac nam 2008 (Danh luc D6 lUCN 2008) Nhom dOng vat EX EW Thii Chim 86 sat Luong c u 76 134 1 Ca sun 90 21 38 Ca xu-ong Giap xac 31 257 Trai hau Oc San ho 717 Tong cpng T i n g so CR EN VU (78) 188 (138) 190 86 - 448 361 134 505 671 (22) (39) 755 475 22 14 (8) (31) (271) 84 52 216 37 (754) 29 240 127 28 196 23 1.665 2.488 13 (0) (103) 203 675 75 265 640 395 15 471 202 4.309 Tong so (1.141) Ghi chii (So loai danh gia) 5.488 (1.222) (423) (1.905) 9.990 1.385 6.280 591 2.870 (126) (1.145) (606) (95) (863) (231) (8.462) 1.735 218 1.994 842 32.765 (Nguon: 2008 lUCN Red List) Bang Sd loai bj de do? (CR, EN, VU) qua thcri gian 12 nam (1996 - 2008) Nhom sinh v$t 1996/98 169 Thii Chim 168 86 sat Lu'O'ng c u Ca Con triing Trai 6c Thi/c v^t 41 18 157 44 257 909 VU EN CR 2008 188 - 190 66 1996/98 315 235 59 2008 448 475 289 70 268 1575 31 134 755 269 132 224 116 212 1197 361 134 2280 153 75 443 377 2008 505 671 203 675 717 424 451 3222 486 4602 1996/98 612 704 (Nguon: 2008 lUCN Red List) II DA DANG SINH HQC HIEN TRANG T H A N H PHAN LOAI SINH VAT BIEN - DAC TRlTNG VA Dac trirng da dang th^nh ph4n lo^l sinh vat bien Da dang sinh hpc bien la s\; bien doi (variety) ciia sir song d bien, the hien d su da dang ve mire dp phirc tap tir cic loai sinh v^t tdi cdc h? sinh thai Da dang sinh hpc khong phai la mpt khai ni^m mang tinh chat dan chieu (unidimensional) don thuan nhu nhi?t dp hoac khdi lupng jJ Tuy4n lap Hoi nghj KHOA HOC TOAN QU6C v£ SINH HQC BIEN VA PHAT TRjgN B £ N V L T N ^ ma CO tinh chat da chiiu (multidimensional), cd thi dupe hkng nhilu dudng khac va vdi nhieu don vj khac Cd thi phan biet mat thi hien ciia da dang sinh hpc: 1) da d^ng ve thdnh phdn (compositional) thudng dupe the hien bang sd lupng loai; 2) da dang ve cau true (structural) thudng duac the hien bang dp tuong ddng (eveness) ciia su phong phii ve so loai quan xa; 3) da dang ve di truyen (genetic) the hien d dp phan ly ve di truyen, dp sai khac ve hinh thai; 4) da dang vl chirc ndng (functional) the hien d su sai khac ve dinh duong, chuyen hoa vat chat cac he sinh thai Do chd da dang sinh hpc cd nhieu mat the hien, cho nen neu danh gia mire dp da dang sinh hpc ma chi can cu tren mpt mat the hien, vf du chi dua tren dp phong phii ve sd loai, thi ve nguyen tac la khdng the cd duac su danh gia that chinh xac, vi mdi mat the hien cd the dan tdi nhiing nhan dinh danh gia khac ve mire dp da dang sinh hpc Da dang sinh hpc bien cao hem d tang day (benthic), thap hon d tang nude (pelagic), d vimg ven bd cao hem la d viing khoi xa bd, cho vimg ven bd cd nhieu canh quan da dang hon viing khai Da dang phan loai sinh vat bien cao nhat d vimg bien Indonesia va giam dan theo cac hudng toa di khac tir dd Dong thdi, tdn that ciia da dang sinh hpc bien ciing tang cao d vimg ven bd, su khai thac huy diet, tan pha cac vimg sinh cu ven bd, vi vay, each bao tdn tdt nhat da dang sinh hpc bien la bao ton nai sinh cu cua cac loai va cac canh quan Cho tdi da biet khoang 300.000 loai sinh vat bien, chiem khoang 15% sd loai da biet tren toan Trai dat Sd lieu chi mang tinh chat udc doan, cac ngudn sd lieu chua phai da that chac chan Do chd da dang sinh hpc bien la mpt thuc the day bien ddng vi vay viec danh gia, xac djnh mire dp da dang sinh hpc tmh (static) d mpt thdi diem nhat djnh thudng it gia tri hon viec danh gia xu the bien dpng ciia da dang sinh hpc bien qua timg thdi gian Da dang sinh hpc bien cd the bien ddng qua thang bac thdi gian ljch sir tien hoa (evolutionary times scales) hoac qua thang bac thdi gian sinh thai (ecological times scales) Trong thang bac thdi gian ljch sir tien hoa (ljch sir dia chat), da dang sinh hpc bien cd xu the tang dan, nhung cd nhirng diem sut giam d tirng thdi ky su tuyet chung tren toan Trai dat ciia mpt sd nhdm loai sinh vat bien Trong qua trinh bien ddng ciia da dang sinh hpc bien, chua cd tac dpng ciia ngudi Trong thang bac thdi gian sinh thai, bien dpng cua da dang sinh hpc chu yeu su bien ddi cua mdi tnrdng sdng, tac dpng ciia ngudi va bien ddi hau, cd the xay tren pham vi toan cau va khu VUC He qua la sir tuyet chiing, giam sd lupng ciia mot sd loai sinh vat bien.l Xu the bien dong cua da dang phan loai sinh vat bien Da dang phan loai sinh vat bien ludn bien dpng thdi gian va khdng gian Trudc ngudi biet khai thac ngudn lai sinh vat bien, tac nhan nhat gay nen biln ddng da dang sinh hpc bien la nhiing bien cd ciia mdi trudng thien nhien bien Tuy nhien, hien vdi boat ddng khai thac dai duong cang manh me, ro rang cac hoat ddng ciia ngudi la tac nhan gay bien dpng manh nhat cho da dang sinh hpc bien Xu the bien ddng ciia da dang phan loai sinh vat bien xay d mire dp: biln dpng loai va quan the va bien ddng quan xa he sinh thai Bien ddng loai va quan the xay sdm nhat hoat ddng khai thac qua mire cua ngudi ddi vdi mpt sd doi tupng sinh vat nao dan tdi giam sd lupng hoac tuyet chung loai, hoac suy thoai nai d ciia loai Cd the xay tuyet chiing loai tren toan cau (global extinction) va tuyet chiing dia phucmg (local extinction) Cho tdi nay, ngudi da true tiep gay nen tuyet chiing tren toan cau ddi vdi tren 20 loai sinh vat bien, bao gdm thii bien, chim bien, ca, ddng vat khdng xuong song va rong bien Loai bd bien ( Hydrodamalis gigas) la thii bien an thuc vat cd Idn sdng d ven bd dong bac Thai Binh Duong da bi san bat tdi tuyet chiing chi 27 nam sau dugc phat hien Mpt so vi du khac la loai hai cau (Monachus tropicalis) da bj san bit manh tir 1492 d Tieu ban: OA DANG SINH HOC B l ^ N VA BAG T O N |9 bien Caribbean nen da bi tuyet chung vao nam 1952 Co nhiing loai sinh vat bien bj tuvet chiina khdng phai bj san bat qua mire ma ca sd thirc an bi pha hoai, nhu loai trai Lottia alveus, bi tuyet chiing sau cac tham cd luon (Zoostera marina) la thirc an va nai d cua chunt; khonti nira Ngoai phai ke den cac loai bj tuyet chiing tren toan cau, song ta khdng thi danh gia, ghi nhan dupe, so co cac loai cd nho, sdng phan bd pham vi hep khd tim thay, hoac d bien sau chua tdi duac Tuyet chiing dia phuang xay phd bien hon, chi thay d mot dia phuong nhat dinh Vi du: ca voi xam ( Eschristius robustus) da bj tuyet chiing d Dai Tay Duong vao the ky 17 bj san bat qua muc Cung nhu vay, 14 loai rong bien da bi tuyet chiing d vimg bd da tay bSc Dja Trung Hai, loai sd la rong nau giong Cystoseira, trudc la cac loai uu thi d dp sau dudi 50m Nguyen nhan la bj sir dung manh bdi cac loai cau gai d day, nhiem bien, suy thoai nai sdng va ca ludi quet tan pha Tinh trang tuyet chiing ciia cac loai, toan cau hoac dia phucmg, chi la budc cuoi cimg ciia sir suy thoai cua da dang sinh hpc bien Trudc dd, da cd hien tupng tuyil chimg sinh thai (Ecological extinction) ddi vdi cac loai nay; sd lupng ca the cac loai trd nen rat hiem gap, khdng cd vai trd tham gia thuc hien churc nang he sinh thai Cac loai da trd nen khdng thich ung duac vdi cac tac ddng ddi vdi da dang sinh hpc d bac cao han nira Tuyet chiing sinh thai la dau hieu bieu hien trudc dan tdi tuyet chiing hoan toan cua loai, thudng the hien ro nhat d sir suy thoai, giam siit sd lupng quan the tac ddng ngudi Co the coi cac loai hai san cd san lupng giam siit tdi mirc khdng edn la ddi tuong danh bat nu:a, ciing la mpt dang tuy^t chiing sinh thai, hay co the gpi la tuyit chiing thuang mgi (commercial extinction), Mpt vi du cua sir tuyet chiing sinh thai cd the ke loai ca heo (Phocoena sinus) sdng d vinh California, co sd lupng ca the giam siit rat manh chi edn vai tram ca the; 14 loai ca nham va ca doi d tay bac Dia Trung Hai cung da mat ban tir nam 1957 va loai khac da bien mat vinh Biscay tir nam 1727 bi san bat qua muc Giam siit sd lupng quan the dupe the hien mpt each tdng quat nhat la su giam siit tren pham vi toan cau san lupng ca danh bat dupe d nhieu quoc gia tir cuoi the ky trudc danh bat qua mire Mpt nhan to khac gay nen giam siit sd lupng quan the la nhi$t dp nude bien nong len biln ddi hau toan c4u, cd kit hgp vdi hien tupng El NINO da gay nen sir tir vong ciia 16 loai sinh vat day d bd biln ran da tay bac Dja Trung Hai Dac biet la hien tugng bach hoa (bleaching) quan sat thiy a 80% ran san hd d An Dp Duong thap ky trudc, lam chet tdi 20% so loai san hd d day Ngoai ra, nhu ta bilt tinh trang nhiem bien, nhat la hien tugng uu dudng hoa (entrophication) nude bien cung lam giam sd lugng hang loat sinh vat bien Mpt nhan to dang chii y khac cd the gay giam sut so lugng quan the sinh vat bien la sir xam nhap cac loai mdi vao cac viing bien, lam tang them su phong phu phan loai, song co lai cd tac ddng tieu cue tdi da dang sinh hpc ciia cac viing bien dd Mpt vi du dien hinh la su di nhap ciia loai rong luc nhiet ddi Caulerpa laxifolia vao viing bien Monaco - Dja Trung Hai Luc dau, vao nam 1984, loai rong chi mpc tren mpt dien tich nhd d khu vuc trudc Aquarium Monaco, sau dd da phat triln rat manh, hien da chiem mot dien tich don loai tdi 30.000 tren Dia Trung Hai, lam giam da dang sinh hpc cua viing bien Mpt loai rong luc nhiet ddi khac, loai Caulerpa racemosa, cung dugc di nhap vao Dia Trung Hai tir 1990 va phat trien nhanh ban loai tren, gay nen tac ddng tuong tu cho da dang sinh hpc bien viing bien Bien dpng quan xa va he sinh thai thudng thdng qua bien dpng quan he thirc an mpt quan xa he sinh thai Da dang sinh hpc mot vimg bien c6 the si; bien ddng, sir mat di hay giam so lugng ciia mat xich cao nhat (vat an thjt) thap quan he thirc an hoac thap nhat (vat san sinh - thirc vat) thap quan he thirc an 20 Tuyen tap Hoi nghi KHOA HOC TOAN QUOC V£ SINH HOC BI^N VA PHAT TRIEN B £ N VLfNG Trudng hgp thir nhat cd thi dugc minh hga bdi vi du da thay d bien Alaska d_ay, loai cau gai an thjt bj tieu diet da tao dilu kien cho nhdm ciu gai an thuc vat phat trien manh va nhanh chong lam ngheo di quan xa rong bien phong phu d viing bien Vi du khac cung thav d biln New Zealand, cac loai ca an thit bj mat di bj danh bat, da khien cac loai cau gai an thuc vat phat trien va lam giam ban he thuc vat bien a vung bien Mpt vi du khac nira thay d biln Kenya, cac loai an thjt khdng edn tren cac ran san ho, da lam cac loai cau gai an san hd phat trien manh va lam giam han dp phii san hd d day O Bach Hai cac loai ca an thjt sdng ndi bj tieu diet hit da lam cac loai ca an sinh vat phii du phat trien manh dan tdi sir giam sut ro ret sinh vat phii du d viing bien Trudng hgp thir hai, da dang sinh hgc giam siit su giam sut mat xich thap nhat ciia chuoi thirc an (thuc vat) cd the minh hoa bing vi du sau Sir giam sut khdi bang d Nam Cue 30 nam qua ciing vdi hien tugng ndng len ciia hau toan cau da lam giam sd lupng rong bien sdng d dudi cac tang bang dd Cac loai rong la thirc an chii yeu cua tdm moi nam cue Euphausia superba, loai mat ngudn thirc an chu yeu da giam han san lugng tdi 80% tu 1970 Trong dd cac loai hai tieu lai thich img dugc vdi sir tang nhiet nude bien nen phat trien manh Tat ca nhiirng bien doi dd ve ngudn thirc an da lam thay ddi ca cac nhdm sinh vat bien khac lien quan tdi nguon thirc an dd III HIEN TRANG DA DANG THANH PHAN LOAI SINH VAT BIEN THE GIOI Trong mpt thdi gian dai, van tdn tai mpt quan niem sai lam la cac loai sinh vat bien sdng dai duong menh mdng chiem tir 70% di?n tich hanh tinh la khdng the bj tuyet chiing Phai cho tdi nam 1996, vdi viec soan thao, cdng bo Danh luc Dd lUCN 1996 mdi thay rang ro rang cac loai sinh vat bien cung de bj tac ddng nhu cac loai sinh vat tren dat lien, neu khdng ndi la de hon, nhiing hanh ddng xam pham ciia ngudi ddi vdi dai duong Tir dd, sd loai sinh vat bien mdi thay dugc ghi nhieu hem vao Danh luc Dd lUCN tir 1996 trd di, bao gdm cac nhdm thu bien, chim bien, ca bien va ddng vat khdng xucmg sdng bien Tuy nhien, Danh luc Dd cung chua phan anh dugc het tinh trang bj de doa ciia nhieu loai sinh vat bien cung nhu da dang sinh hpc bien ndi chung Nhting ket qua danh gia tren thuc te d nhieu nai: Australia, Canada, Hoa Ky va nhieu nai khac, ciing nhu ciia cac chuyen gia cua Uy ban Ciru trg cac Loai sinh vat (Survivavaat Species Commission - SSC) cho thay mpt tinh trang de doa Idn hon nhieu so vdi nhirng gi da thay Danh luc Dd Nhimg nhan djnh phii hgp vdi tinh trang cang tang cac tac nhan de doa d nhiem mdi trudng bien , danh bat qua miirc, cac sinh vat xam nhap Ngoai sir hieu biet ciia ngudi ve sinh hpc quan the, phan bd dja ly sinh vat bien, cac dac trung khac ciia sinh vat bien da tang len nhieu so vdi trudc dd da cho thay dugc moi de doa bj tuyet chiing ciia nhieu loai sinh vat bien Idn han nhilu so vdi suy nghT cua ta trudc day Ket qua la cho tdi nay, nhieu nhdm sinh vat bien da dugc danh gia diy du hon ve tinh trang bj de doa thien nhien va da dugc ghi vao Danh luc Do lUCN cang nhilu hon qua cac giai doan tir 1994 tdi Cd the diem qua mgt vai moc ciia xu hudng Nam 1994, cac tieu chuan danh gia muc dp de doa cua sinh vat Danh luc Dd lUCN da dua vao khai niem giam sat quan the nhu mpt the hien ciia miirc dp bj de doa ciia cac loai, dugc coi nhu mpt budc tien quan trpng viec soan thao Danh luc Dd lUCN Dilu cd nghTa la cac loai co so lugng Idn, cd phan bd rgng, nhu cac sinh vat biln, cung cd thi dang d tren dudng bj tuyet chiing, neu cd hien tugng giam siit so lugng quin the thien nhien Tir sir thay ddi quan niem, lan diu tien Danh luc Dd lUCN da ghi nhan tren 100 loai ca bien dugc danh gia mirc dp bi de doa theo cac tieu chuan danh gia mdi de xuat nam 1994 Danh luc Do Trong sd cd the ke cac loai ca sun (ca map, ca dudi), ca ngira, ca chinh Tieu ban: OA DANG SINH HOC BI^N VA BAO T O N ca song (ca mu - Serranidae), ca bang chai (Labridae), ca thia (Pomaeentridae) ca chim xanh (Pomacanthidae) quan xa sinh vat san ho Ngoai cac nhdm sinh vat bien khac cung da dugc danh gia giai doan nay, nhu: ca voi, chim canh cut, riia bien va da thay cd Danh luc Dd 1996, 2000 Trong do, sd loai ddng vat khong xuong song bien rat Idn, song lai chi mdi cd vai chuc loai dugc dua vao Danh luc Dd Nhung thay ddi ndi tren hoat ddng danh gia mirc dp bj de doa ciia sinh vat biln la nhiirng tien bp dang ghi nhan, song van khiem tdn, chua tuong xirng vdi cac loai d can Cho tdi nam 2008, Danh luc Do van chi cd khoang 1500 loai sinh vat bien sd 41.500 loai dpng vat, thuc vat dugc danh gia mirc dp bj de doa Hien nay, hudng phan dau la, tdi nam 2012 Danh luc Dd phai bd sung dugc tren 20.000 loai sinh vat bien thay vi chi 1.500 loai nhu hien nay, vdi sir hop tac tham gia ciia nhieu td chirc qudc te hon niira Trong Danh luc Do lUCN, 2008 da co cac loai sinh vat bien thupc nhdm Idn da dugc danh gia, bao gdm cac loai da biet ciia cac nhdm: ca sun, ca mu, san hd tao ran, chim bien, thii bien va riia bien Nhom Ca sun Trong Danh luc Dd cd tdi 1046 loai ca sun da dugc danh gia Tuy nhien cd tdi 47% sd loai dugc coi la chua du dir lieu (Data deficient), cao hon so vdi nhdm lai Nguyen nhan cd the nhdm ca sun la cac loai sdng d tang nude sau, rat khd nghien cim sinh thai, cau true quan the va ca nhiing tac nhan de doa chiing Cd tdi 17% sd loai dugc coi la bi de doa, d cac mirc dp Nguy cap (EN), Rat nguy cap (CR) va Se nguy cap (VU), 13% dugc coi la It bj de doa (NR) Cd loai ca dudi mom rang cua dugc xep vao mirc dp CR Day la cac loai ca cd Idn, cd dai tdi 7m, cd mdm rang cua dai, la san pham cd gia trj, song vi vay lai de bi mac ludi Cac loai ca Idn cham, quan the bd hep, it di cu, cham sinh san, de it tang trudng quan the thap, phuc hdi sd lugng quan the cham, vi vay de bj giam siit so lugng Con 21 loai ca nham khac - ca nham thien than (Angel shark ) cung d tinh trang bj de doa cao, cd tdi 21% d mirc dp CR Mpt sd loai ca sun dac hiru sdng mpt viing bien hep cung dang bj de doa nhu ca nham den (Rhinobator horkelix), ca nham chd (Cenlrophorus hamsoni) a vimg bien Brazin cung dugc xep vao mirc dp CR Cac loai bj giam siit sd lupng ca the s^r giam siit nai sinh cu d ven bd (rimg mangrove) Trong dd, nhieu loai cd phan bd rpng cung bj de doa nhu cac loai ca nham vay ngan ( Ixurus oxyrinchus), vay dai (Ixurus paucus) Day la cac loai phan bd rpng d viing bien qudc te, can co sir phdi hgp giira cac quoc gia de bao ve chiing Hang nam, hang trieu ca nham bi danh bat, cd chi de sir dung vay ca nham la loai dac san cd gia tri cao d cac nude phuang dong Chiing bi khai thac nhu cac doi tupng danh bat chinh thirc, hoac cd bj danh bat ngau nhien viec khai thac cac ddi tugng khac cd gia tri hem Nhom ca mii (ca song - Serranidae) Cac loai ca mii sdng cac ran da, ran san hd vimg bien nhiet ddi va can nhiet ddi, la nhirng hai san cd gia trj cao, ddi tugng khai thac quan trpng dac biet la de dap img nhu cau thuong mai ca tuai sdng tren the gidi Theo FAO, hang nam cd tdi 250 nghin tan ca mu bi khai thac, 80% la tir Chau A Tir 1996, soan thao Danh luc Do lUCN, nhom ca mil la ddi tugng ca bien dugc danh gia la bj de doa nghiem trpng nhat Tir thdi gian 161 loai ca mil da dugc danh gia mirc dp bj de doa va ket qua da dugc xem xet d Hgi thao lUCN d Hong Korig nam 2007 Cd tdi 12.4% sd 161 loai ca mu dugc danh gia tren toan the gidi da dugc xep vao mirc dp bj de doa EN, CR VX', 14% dugc coi la it bj de doa (NT) va 30% chua dii dir li?u 22 Tuyen tap HQi nghi KHOA HOC TOAN QUOC VE SINH HOC B I £ N VA PHAT T R | £ N B £ N VLTNG Vdi nhiing dac dilm sinh hpc nhu: song lau tdi 40 nam, cham thuc sinh due, cd hien tugng chuyin ddi gidi tinh, de trimg dam, ca mu rat de bj de doa bdi cudng lire danh bat qua muc, tir giai doan non tdi trudng Vi du, d Chau A, ca mil ddi la doi tupng danh bit trudc dat kich thudc thuang pham, de dap ung yeu cau ca gidng cua nghe nudi ca biln Ca mu la loai ca biln dugc sir dung nhieu d dang hai san sdng nhu mpt dac san d nhirng khach san cao cip Trong viing Ddng Nam A va An Dp - Thai Binh Duong, cac loai ca mil sdng ran san hd nhu Epinephelus polypheladion thudng dugc danh bat vdi khoi lupng Idn, dap ung nhu ciu ca mu tuai song cho cac trung tam thuong mai ca sdng Hdng Kdng, chiem tdi 20% san lugng ca mu hang nam tren the gidi 3.San ho Lin diu tien, cho tdi 2008, 845 loai san hd tao ran, chii ylu cac hp Helioporidae, Tubiporidae, Milleporidae da biet tren the gidi da dugc danh gia muc dp bj de doa Tren 27% sd da dugc dua vao Danh luc Dd lUCN 2008 vdi cac muc dp de doa khac nhau, the hien nguy ca tuyet chiing Idn Tuy cd tdi gan 17% sd loai san hd tao ran dugc xep vao cac loai khdng dii dir lieu, qua nua sd loai thudc hp Acroporidae, dac trung bdi cac loai de bj bach hoa va cac djch benh Mdi de doa hang dau cho cac loai san hd tao ran la sir tang cao tan so va dp keo dai ciia hien tugng bach hoa va djch benh, cd lien quan tdi sir tang nhiet dp nude bien, ^ trieu chimg cua bien ddi hau toan cau Nhirng tac ddng ciia su thay ddi mdi trudng bien ndi tren dugc bd sung bdi nhirng tac ddng ngudi, bao gdm cac bien ddng dan sd ven bd, viec khai thac san hd, lang dpng tram tich va d nhiem Mpt hiem hoa khac la hien tupng acid hoa dai duong sir tang cao CO2 quyen, lam giam ham lugng Calci nude bien Nhin chung, viing tam giac san hd the gidi (Coral Triangle) bao gdm cac viing bien Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippin cd phan loai san hd phong ahii nhat, ddng thdi ciing la nai CO sd loai san hd bj de dao cao nhat Vimg bien Caribean gan day bi tac ddng vdi suy thoai cua loai san ho chii yeu: Acropora cervicornis va Acropora palmata, deu phai xep vao mirc dp CR Vimg bien Nam va Ddng Thai Binh Duong cd so loai bj de doa thap hon Theo tai li^u "Status of Coral Reefs in the World" ciia GCRMN nam 2004, tren ca sd y kien danh gia cua 240 cdng tac vien tir 98 nude, hi$n trang san hd tren the gidi nhu sau: Udc tinh khoang 20% ran san hd tren the gidi da bj pha hoai va khdng cd trien vpng phuc hdi Khoang 40% sd ran san hd the gidi da bj pha hoai tdi nam 1998 da hoac dang dupe phuc hdi Du doan la 24% ran san hd the gidi dang cd nguy ca Idn bj tdn hai boat dpng ngudi va tren 20% bj de doa lau dai Cac tac nhan gay hai cho cac ran san hd van la: khai thac qua mirc va khai thac bing cac phuang tien buy diet, lang dpng tram tich, chit d nhilm, cac thien tai biln ddi hau bao gdm ca cac hi^n tugng bleaching va djch benh viing biln Thai Binh Duang, ndi co ran san hd phong phu nhit, khu vuc biln Ddng Nam A it cd dau hieu kha quan ve su phat trien cua cac ran san hd, ap li^c ngudi vin rat nang ne Trong dd san hd d phia nam Thai Binh Duong, d Australia lai cd tinh trang tot hem Thii bien Thu bien la nhdm dpng vat bien rat da dang, gom cd: ca map, ca voi, ca heo, hai ciu, chon bien, gau bien, bd bien va cac bpn khac Phai tdi 25% cac loai thii biln dugc coi la khdng du dii- lieu (DD) de phan hang bj de doa Cac loai co dir lieu chii ylu la bpn Ca voi (Cetacean), hoac Tieu ban: DA DANG SINH HOC BI^N VA BAO TON 23 tirng dat vao bd, hoac bi mac ludi Co tdi 1/4 sd loai thu bien bi coi la bi de doa Tac nhan de doa chu yeu ciia chiing la ludi danh ca, ngoai phai ke den chan dpng am thanh, phat tir hoat ddng quan sir, dpng dat hoac tau be Ci nhieu nai, thu bien bj de doa bdi nhilm nude bien, nai d bi tac dpng, thieu mdi an, bi san bat Gau bac cue bj de doa bdi tinh trang thilu thirc an, nai d bang tan, thudng dugc xep hang VU Cd loai thu bien da bj tuyet chiing tron" 50 nam qua, dd la su tir bien Nhat Zalophus japonicus va hai cau Caribbean Monachus tropicalis bi san bat qua nhieu Chim bien Chim bien la nhdm ddng vat bien dugc biet nhieu, chi cd 1% la d hang DD Tuy nhien, phai tdi 1/3 sd loai chim bien la bj de doa (27%) va cd loai da bj tuyet chiing 500 nam qua Mdi de doa chim bien la chet mac ludi, mac cau ca, tran dau d bien va bi cac vat du- an non thdi ky sinh san Mdi de doa khac nira la chd d bj tac ddng cac hoat dpng ngudi d ven bd Hai au la nhdm chim bien bj de doa nang nhat, cd tdi 86% (19 loai) ddi mat vdi kha nang bj tuyet chimg Loai hai au Diomedia dabbenena da bj xep vao hang CR nam 2008, mirc sinh san rat thap va quan the giam siit tdi 80% qua the he, trudng bi mac cau, non bi vat diir an thjt Riia bien Trong Danh luc Dd lUCN 2008, sd loai riia bien da dugc xep hang bj de doa Loai nhat chua cd dii du- lieu la Riia mai d?p (Nalalor depressus) Riia bien co dac diem chju rat nhieu de doa d moi giai doan ciia ddi sdng Trirng de tren bd cat, non mdi nd de bj thu nhat, an thjt, pha hdng bdi thu dir, ngudi va d nhiem mdi trudng Kiii non moi trudng bien, chua trudng thanh, riia bien cung de bj tieu diet vat an mdi Idn, cac cdng cu danh ca, vat dii- va ngudi san bit Do tinh tinh nay, nen riia bien ludn cd nguy ca bj tuyet chimg, vi vay dugc SSC ciia lUCN dac biet quan tam theo ddi, danh gia qua timg nam de nam dugc kjp thdi tinh hinh timg loai Mpt Tilu ban dac biet da dupe lap (ASC) de dam nhiem viec Nhu vay, nam 2006 loai ddi mdi dira (Lepidochelys olivacea) da dugc chuyen tir mirc dp EN trudc dd sang VU Loai ddi moi (Erelmochelys imbricata ) da dugc xep hang CR nam 2008 Cac loai khac: quan dong (Caretta caretta) dugc xep hang EN, Riia da( Dermochelys coriacea) dugc xep hang CR, loai Lepidiochelys krempii - cung se dugc xep nhu vay Loai vich (Chelonia mydas) da dugc xip hang EN tir 2004 se dugc xem xet lai vao nam 2009.su hgp tac vdi cac nude khac khu vuc ca qua trinh soan thao IV HIEN TRANG THANH PHAN LOAI SINH VAT BIEN VA Nl/OC NGOT NOI DIA NU"dC TA HIEN NAY Dgng vat biln va nude ngpt ndi dja d nude ta, nlu chi ke cac nhdm dgng vat Idn va co ddi song thudng xuyen mdi trudng nude, cung rat da dang: Thii bien, Riia, Ca sau, Ca nude ngpt, Ca biln, Tdm, Cua, Trai, c , Giun, San ho, Hai sam Cac kit qua dieu tra khao sat lien tuc ca thi ky vira qua dac biet la nira cuoi thi ky XX, di sau vao cac van de sinh thai, sd lugng, da cung cap nhiing sd lieu lam ca sd cho viec danh gia hien trang da dang sinh hpc nude ta hien Dua tren kit qua soan thao Danh luc Do va Sach Dd Viet Nam giai doan 1992 1996 va 2000 - 2004, cd thi phan tich diy dii han tinh hinh d mpt so nhom dpng vat d nude (bang 5, 6) 24 Tuyen tap Hgi nghi KHOA HOC TOAN QUOC V^ SINH HOC BI^N VA PHAT TRlfeN B^N VCTNG Thii bien Thu biln d nude ta cd khdng nhilu loai, nhung Sach Dd 2007 cung da cd ghi loai ca heo, ca ong chudng (hp Ca Heo) va loai Bd biln (hp Hai nguu) Dang chii nhit la loai Bd bien (Dugong dugon), loai thu bien Idn, sdng d cac bai cd bien ven bd, ven dao, cham chap, hien so lupng rat it, dugc xep vao thir hang CR Bo sat, LiroTig cir Trong nhdm Bd sat Luang cu cd ddi sdng chii yeu d dudi nude, Sach Dd Viet Nam 1992 ciing nhu 2007 diu cd ghi cac loai Bd Sat cd Idn d bien va nude ngpt Trong ca giai doan Sach Do diu cd ghi loai riia biln.: Riia da (Dermochelys coriacea), Ddi mdi dira (Lepidochelys olivacea), Vich (Chelonia mydas), Doi mdi (Erethmochelys imbricata), Quan ddng (Caretta caretta), dugc xip d thu hang khac Trong Sach Dd 1992, cac loai Riia da, Vich, Ddi mdi xip d thir hang E, Quan ddng - d thir hang V Trong Sach Dd 2007, tinh trang sd lugng cac loai tren da giam sut, vi vay cac Riia da, Quan ddng deu phai xep vao CR va cac loai lai vao EN Vdi cac loai ca sau nude man - Ig, Ca sau hoa ca (Crocodylus porosus) - trudc day xep d thir hang E da phai chuyen sang EW - hau nhu khdng thay ngoai thien nhien Cac loai bd sat nude nggt, loai ca sau nude ngpt (C siamensis) cung da chuyen sang thir hang CR Hai loai ca cdc tam dao (Paramesotriton delouslali va Tylolrilon asperi) deu phai xep vao thir hang EN, tinh trang bj khai thac manh bdi khach du Ijch Ve hai loai riia nude ngpt ca Idn cd d nude ta, ve phan loai hpc budc dau dugc xac djnh la Giai Idn (Pelochelys cantorii) va Giai thuong Hai (Rafetus swinhoei) Loai dau (P cantorii) Sach Dd 2007 dugc xep d thur hang EN, loai thir hai dugc xep d thir hang CR, cao hon so vdi trudc day Nhin chung, cd the thay cac loai bd sat cd Idn d bien va d nude nggt, deu d mirc dp bj de doa cao hon so vdi 10 nam trudc day Dang chu y la loai Giai P.cantorii (= P bibroni) va R swinhoei, Sach Dd Trung Qudc 1998 deu da coi la tuyet chung (EW) Ca nirdc ngot Trong Sach Dd 1992, sd loai ca nude ngpt da dugc dua vao Sach Dd Viet Nam la 33 loai tong sd tren 500 loai ca nude ngpt da biet (vao thdi gian dd) d nude ta Sd loai bj de doa khdng thay ddi nhieu Sach Dd 2007-36 loai Tuy nhien thay ddi quan trgng la tinh trang bi de doa ciia nhdm ca nude ngpt sau 10 nam Trong 33 loai ca nude ngpt dugc dua vao Sach Dd 1992 chi d hang E (Nguy cap) va V (Se nguy cap) thi 36 loai dua vao Sach Dd 2007 da cd loai dugc coi la tuyet chiing ngoai thien nhien (EW), dd la: Ca chep gdc (Procypris merus), ca chinh Nhat (Anguilla japonica) va cd the ca ca Ig than thap (Cyprinus multilaeniata) Sd loai Se nguy cap (VU) cung tang them 23/20, cac loai Nguy cip (EN) khdng thay doi Idn 8/7 Ca chinh Nhat Sach Dd 1992 d thir hang E, da chuyen sang EW Mpt sd loai trudc dat d thu hang V da chuyin sang E, nhu Ca mdi (Clupanodon thrissa), Ca chay (Tenualosa reevesii), Ca hd (Callo carpio) Nhin chung, co the thay mirc dp bj de doa cua ca nude ngpt, qua 10 nam da tang len rd ret Ca bien Khac vdi ca nude ngpt, sd loai ca bien dugc dua vao Sach Dd 2007 (53 loai) lai tang len nhieu so vdi giai doan 1992 (37 loai) Trong sd nay, sd loai nguy cip (20 loai) va se nguy cip (28 loai) tang len rat nhieu so vdi giai doan 1992, chi la va loai Ngoai ra, giai doan nay, da cd loai d tinh trang rat nguy cap (CR), dd la: Ca song van giun (Epinephelus undulatoslriatus) Ca kem mep vay den (Pleclorhynchus gibbosus) va Ca bdng bdp (Boslrichthys sinensis) Sd loai thir hang nguy cap thudc cac nhdm ca nham (Alopias, Tilu ban: DA DANG SINH HOC BI^N VA SAO T C N 25 Stegostoma, Rhincodon, Cephaloscyliium ), Ca dao (Pristis), Ca ngira (Hippocampus) la nhom ca CO gia trj kinh te cao, dang bi khai thac manh Trong Sach Dd 1992, cac nhom ca mdi chi dat thu hang R (Hiem) Dang chu y la nhieu loai ca budm (Chaetodontidae), ca bang chai (Labridae), thudc loai ca canh sdng ran san hd, trudc day chua bj de doa thi nay'trong Sach Dd 2007 da phai dat thir hang VU, tinh trang gia tang san bit thdi gian gan day ngoai thien nhien Dong vat khong xiroTig song nude ngot So loai ddng vat khdng xuang sdng nude ngpt dua vao Sach Dd khdng Idn Trong Sach Dd 1992 tdng so loai la 23, edn Sach Dd 2007 chi la 19 loai, chu ylu tap trung nhdm torn cua va trai dc Trong so nay, thudc vao dien nguy cip, trudc day chua ghi vao loai nao, din nay, Sach Dd 2007 cung chi ghi loai: loai trai coc diy (Gibbosula crassa) cd phan b l rat h?p d khu vuc sdng Ky Cimg - Bing Giang dupe xip vao thiir hang CR Loai thur hai, Trai coc vuong (Protunio messageri) la loai dac hiru ciia Viet Nam, dugc xip vao thu hang EN Rieng Trai vo nau (Chamherlalnia hainesiana) cho tdi vin chua tim thiy, cd thi da tuyet chiing Nhin chung, ddng vat khdng xuong sdng nude nggt rit it loai cd gia tri kinh tl Idn, mpt sd loai nhu Trai diep (Sinohyrlopsis cumingii) lai da dang dugc gay nudi nhan tao, vi vay tinh trang bi de doa khdng cao lam Dong vat khong xu'OTig song bien Khac vdi dpng vat khdng xuang sdng nude ngpt, sd loai dugc dua vao Sach Do nhieu hem va cang tang len Sach Dd 1992 da dua vao danh sach 40 loai, cd loai d dien Nguy cip (E), 12 loai d dien se nguy cip (VU) Sach Do 2007 da nang sd loai dpng vat khong xuang sdng bien len tdi 61 loai, cd loai d thiir hang CR, 10 loai d thir hang EN Nhdm san hd cd tdi 15 loai, dd cd loai d thir hang EN (Juncella gemmacea, Seriatopora hystrix, Stylophora pistilata).Day la cac loai san hd thudng bi khai thac nhilu dl ban lam vat trang tri Tuy nhien, nhdm Trai dc bien mdi la cd sd loai nhieu nhat (27 loai) dugc ghi vao Sach Do 2004 va cd nhieu loia d mirc bj de doa cao Trong so cd tdi loai, xep vao thir hang Rat nguy cap (CR), dd la Bao ngu chin Id (Haliotis diversicolor), Oc dun cai (Trochus nulolicus), 6c xa cir (Turbo marmoratus), c tii va (Charonia trilonis), c su mit trT (Cypraea argus), c anh vii (Nautilus pompilius) Day la cac loai trai dc bien cd hinh dang mau sac dep, la doi tugng khai thac thudng xuyen de ban lam vat trang tri Trong nhdm tdm cua bien, co tdi 11 loai dugc ghi vao Sach Dd 2007 dd cd mpt sd loai dugc xep d thir hang EN: Tom hiim long dd (Palinurellus gunalachi), Tdm hiim da (Panulirus homarus), Tdm hiim (P longipes) Bang Sd loai dong v^t bi§n va nu'O'c ngpt co Sach Do Vi^t Nam 2007 b cac thii" hang khac TT Nhom dpng v$t Thii Bo sat -luong c u Ca - Nude nggt - Bien DOng vat KXS - Nude ngot - Bien Tong cpng Tong so loai 10 (89) 36 53 (50) 19 31 154 EX EW - - - - - DR DD CR EN VU - - 20 23 28 - 15 10 46 11 13 77 11 - 26 Tuyen tap Hpi nghi KHOA HOC TOAN QUOC V£ SINH HOC BI^N VA PHAT TRI^N B £ N VLTNG Tom hiim la doi tugng co gia trj kinh te rat cao, song hien da dugc nudi nhan tao Nhdm dpng vat Da gai (Hai sam, Cau gai) cung co loai dugc ghi vao Sach Dd 2007, song chua co loai nao d mirc dp bi de doa cao Bang S6 loai dong vat bien va nu'O'c ngot co Sach Do Viet Nam 1992 cr cac thu" hang khac S6TT Nhom dpng v^t Thii Bo sat -luong cu Ca - Nude ngot - Bien E V R T K - - (68) - - - 33 15 35 24 - - - Tong so loai Dpng vgt KXS - Nude ngpt (63) 23 - - Bien Tong cpng 40 12 13 14 139 20 41 56 19 - V TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Bd Khoa hpc va Cong nghe, Vien Khoa hpc va Cdng nghe Viet Nam, 2007 Danh luc Dd Viet Nam 2004 Nxb Khoa hpc tu nhien va Cong nghe Bd Khoa hpc va Cong nghe, Vien Khoa hpc va Cong nghe Viet Nam, 2007 Sach Dd Viet Nam 2004 Nxb Khoa hpc tu nhien va Cdng nghe Dang Ngpc Thanh, 2007 Cac loai dpng vat thuy sinh cd nguy ca tuyet chung cd Sach Dd Viet Nam (Tai lieu chua cong bd) Vd Sy Tuan, Nguyen Huy Yet, Nguyen Van Long, 2005 He sinh thai ran san hd biln Vi^t Nam Sach chuyen khao, Nxb Khoa hpc Ky Thuat, 212 trang Nguyen Huy Yet, 1995 Ket qua nghien ciru he sinh thai ran san hd va xac djnh cac khu bao tdn thien nhien bien Tap chi hoat dpng khoa hpc, sd 61/95 Nguyen Huy Yet va nnk, 1999 Dilu tra nghien ciru sir suy thoai san hd d viing biln ven bd phia Bac, de xuat cac giai phap bao ve va phuc hoi Bao cao tdng kit dl tai Braatz, S., 1992 Conserving Biological diversity, a strategy for Protected Areas in the Asia - Pacific Region., WB, Tech Paper,193 S.Brautigam, A., 2001 Les espece marines - victimes d'un exces Bridgwater,T., 2002 Biosphere Reserve - a network for Conservation and sustainability Parks 12/3: 15 10 Cheung C et al., 2002 Marine Protected Areas in South East Asia ASEAN Regional Center for Biodiversity Conservation 11 Danvall et al., 2009 Freshwater biodiversity - a hidden resource under threat lUCN RedList: 1-11 12 EnrichSala Nancy, 2009 Global marine biodiversity trends Encyclopedia of Earth: 1- 22 13 lUCN, 2007 Fishing out our oceans: the list of manne threatened species continues to grow: 1-5 14 lUCN, 2008 lUCN Redlist: Summary statistics 15 lUCN, 2009 Summarv' Statistics for globally threatened species Tables 1-7 Tieu ban: OA DANG SINH HOC BI^N VA B A O T N 16 17 18 19 20 21 lUCN, 2009 L'etat des especes dans le monde 2008 lUCN RedList lUCN, 2009 Biodiversity indicators: what does species information tells us ? lUCN, 2009 Status of the world's marine species lUCN, 2009 The lUCN RedList: a key conservation tool: 1-15 lUCN, 2009 About the lUCN RedList lUCN, 2009 Marinebiodiversity Conservation and sustainable use in the S China Sea N E W D A T A O N A C T U A L STATUS OF W O R L D ' S AND VIETNAM ' S M A R I N E BIODIVERSITY Dang Ngoc Thanh SUMMARY Based on recently published lUCN Red List 2008 and other current documents, the paper presented some new data and comments on the actual status of the marine biodiversity in the world and in VietNam particularly During a period, not so long, from 1990 - 2005 Aremarkable increasing trend of threatened situation of the marine species diversity in the world as well as in VietNam has been recorded It was expressed not only on the increasing number of threatened species , but also on the threatened categories in different groups marine as well as fresh water animals For first time, in the VietNam Red List 2007, has recorded manne and freshwater animals categorized as extinct in the wild (EW) At the same time, a great number of manne animals (fishes, turtles, dugong, invertebrates) must be considered as in CR, EN categories Hence, some actual problems of manne biodiversity conservation are given and discussed by the author in the paper ... dang sinh hpc the gidi giai doan hien nay, dd cd da dang sinh hpc bien Neu xet tinh hinh d cac Chau luc khac (bang 1), cd the thay Chau A (bao gom Bac A, Dong A, Tay - Trung A, Nam A - Dong Nam. .. (Nguon: 2008 lUCN Red List) II DA DANG SINH HQC HIEN TRANG T H A N H PHAN LOAI SINH VAT BIEN - DAC TRlTNG VA Dac trirng da dang th^nh ph4n lo^l sinh vat bien Da dang sinh hpc bien la s\; bien doi (variety)... tan pha cac vimg sinh cu ven bd, vi vay, each bao tdn tdt nhat da dang sinh hpc bien la bao ton nai sinh cu cua cac loai va cac canh quan Cho tdi da biet khoang 300.000 loai sinh vat bien, chiem