VIEN DIA LY VIEN KHOCN VIET NAM HOI e | A LY VIET NAM NGHIEN cuu THANH LAP BAN DO PHAN VUNG CHUC NANG MOI TRUONG TINH NGHE AN Hoang Luu Thu Thiiy'''' SUMMARY Environmental function zoning is a newly emer[.]
VIEN DIA LY - VIEN KHOCN VIET NAM HOI e | A LY VIET NAM NGHIEN cuu THANH LAP BAN DO PHAN VUNG CHUC NANG MOI TRUONG TINH NGHE AN Hoang Luu Thu Thiiy' SUMMARY Environmental function zoning is a newly emerged study discipline, which is pari of environmenlal planning Using the approach, which is recognized in the discipline, thut environmenlul function unulysis of a given territorial area is carried out based on ecological landscape analysis of the area, the authors conducted the compilation of environmenlal function zoning mup seeded 1/100 000 for Nghe An province using the province 's ecologicul lundscupe mup ul the same scale The endeuvour fulfilled constructing the zonution that maps out 13 zones of the province's environmenlul function differentiulion This uchieveineni is seen to provide suhslanlial inputs for Nghe An province to develop its scientifically sound and practically feasible environmental planning options, which extensively address potential problems of overlapping and unplanned acts in managing and using natural resources, protecting the environment, und sustaining the overall development, in the province l.DATVANDE 1.1 Khai niem ve quy hoach mdi trudng Quy hoach mdi trudng la sir sap xep bd tri ve mat khdng gian lanh thd ciia mdl vimg ncio dd de sir dung cho Ccdc boat ddng kinh te - xa bdi ctia ngudi Vi Vciy, quy hocicli mdi trudng ngoai quy hoiicb nidi ve chuc ndng mdi trudng khdng gian cdn cd the la viec dieu chinh khdng gian va cac phan mdi trudng da cd cho viec khai thac, su dung chimg phii hgp vdi eliirc nang mdi trudng ciia minh llieo tai lieu "Phuong phdp luan ve quy hoach mdi trudng" [4] tbi: Quy hoach mdi trudng la qud trinh sir dung cd he thdng cac kien thirc khoa hgc de xay di^rng cac chinh sach va bien phdp khai thac va sir di,mg hgp ly tai nguyen va bdo ve mdi trudng nham dinh hudng cdc hoach dinh phat trien khu vuc dam bdo muc tieu pliat trien ben vung Dien gidi theo ngdn ngu dja ly, dd la viec phan chia liinh thd thdnh cdc don vj khde gan lien vdi cdc boat dgng su dung vd qudn ly tai nguyen, tdi tao, khoi phuc, bdo ve dam bdo cho chi phi it nhat ma mang lai lgi ich cao nhat ADB de cap den quy bocicb mdi trudng theo cdch tiep can quy hoach mdi trirdng co sira ddi Dd Id ke bocacli phdt trien kinh te khu vuc vdi nhung can nbac can thiet tdi nhu cau phdt trien ben vdng bang cdch nhat the hda vdi qudn ly mdi trudng vd tai nguyen Chiing can phdi neu rd nbii'ng mdi quan be giira phdt trien kinh te, viec sir dung ngudn lire, tao vat chat du thira, tdc ddng ciia bat ky mot ke hoach phdt trien mdi ' Vien Dia ly, Vien Khoa hgc&Cdng nghe Viet Nam Hgi nghi Khoa hgc Dia ly Todn quoc ldn th&o-Hd Ngi, 2010 931 VIEN DIA LY - VIEN KHOCN VIET NAM HOI DIA LY VIET NAM trirdnc khu \'irc ndo, cd kbi khdng ihudc pham \i kinh tc mdi trudng ciing \dn phdi luu \ lai nhiing can nbac kinh le ciia khu \ uc [4J Nhilu nlid kboa hgc tren the gidi dua khdi niem khde \'c quy lioiich mdi trudng (Alan Gilpin; tJalone - Lee Lai Choo; Leonard Ortolanno; Le Tluac Can ): "Kc hocacli mdi trudng" la viec lap ke hoach dd cdc muc lieu phat trien kinh te - xa bdi dugc xem xel mot cdch tdng hgp vdi cdc nuic lieu ve mdi trudng nham ddm bao khd nan" thuc tl cho \ iec thuc hien, plidt trien ben viing Cd the ed nbiing y kien khde ve qu) hoach mdi trudng vd cd nhieu ten goi khde nhau, nhu "Quy hoach cdnli quan sinh thdi"; "Quan ly cdnh quan"; "Qudn ly dal dai""., Nbung tun cluing lai ndi dung ciia no phdi ddp ung dirge cdc )'cu can sau: - Phdn vimg mdi trudng (pluin \ img kinh tc sinh thdi) theo kbdng gian lanh Ihd; - Djnh lurdng pbdl Iricn pbii hgp lung vimg; - Djnh lurdng chien luge bdo \e mdi trudng pbdl Irien ben vung Mdi quan be khang khii ciia linh vuc: sinh ibdi ddnh gid Idc ddng Idi nuii Irudng \d quy lioacli mdi trudng dugc hau bet edc tdc gid quan lam va dc xuat quy hoach viing Dil the nao tbi quy lioaeli mdi trudng phdi cd bai ndi dung co' ban sau day: - Dan xep, bd tri edc nhdm dang boat ddng ciia nguiTi Irong khdng gian khong cdn trd kin Viec dan xep ndy phdi tinh den tiem nang, khd luing cung cap nguyen, nhien lieu san xuat vd chju dung sue ep ciia cdc boat ddng, kc ca chdt ibdi - Bao ve mdi trudng Id su ddm bdo cdc lieu cluian mdi trucrng Nhu vay, quy hoiidi mdi trudng Id sir xap xep td chirc su dung lanh thd Idni dc dill dugc sir can bang mdl cdch tuong ddi giua cac boat ddng phiit trien ciia ngudi \'di khd nang chju tdi eiia mdi trirdng tu nhien nham muc lieu phdt Iricn ben viing 1.2 Y nghTa cua quy hoach mdi trudng Quy hoach mdi trirdng Id bd mdn khoa hgc mdi tinb uu viet eiia nd the hien dugc qua viec sir dung vd quan ly lai ngu)en phuc vi^i Igi ich ciia ngudi Tu trudc den cac quy hoach pbdl Irien kinh tc - xa hdi viing phin Idn chi dua vdo cae ngudn lai nguyen hien cd (boac dua lu noi khde den) phuc \'i,i nhu ciu sdn xuil, klidng chii y den phdn ung ciia tu nhien Nhiing ngudn tdi nguyen nhu nude, rirng dirge coi la vd tan nen viec chu)en ddi dat riing thdnh dat ciiy ndng nghiep rit phd biln Viec bdo vc cdc lanh thd phdn ldn mang tinh chit tbim my, san bin , luc dd quan niem vl "gen"" chua dugc cdng nhan rdng rai Nan d nbilm hiiy hoai mdi trudng tu trudc nbiing nam 80 the ky trudc d nude ta mdi chi coi nhu nan mil vl sinh Do dd cac quy hoach mdi chi quan tdm den khia canh kinh te va ddi cdn di nguge lai nbung nguyen ly md cdng idc bdo ve mdi trudng ngdy dc cap Khi thi gidi bdo ddng vl nbiing hiim hga mdi trudng thi d nude ta, nam 1994 cdng bd Luat bao ve mdi trudng Cdc boat ddng bao vc mdi truang da dugc tien hanh nhung quy hoach mdi trudng chua dugc quan lain diing mirc, bang chiing la chi cd mdl sd dja phuong va vimg liln hdnh, nhung cdn \u'dng nuic ve phuong phdp lu lieu Do dd, dl cdc quy hocich phdt triln kinh ll cd ca sd khoa hgc va be vung hon ci^n thiet phdi cd qu) hoach mdi trudng, tiin tdi nhat till hda quy hoach phat trien kinh te \'a quy hoiicb mdi trudng Quy hoach mdi trudng giai doan ^32 ' Hgi nghi Klioa hgc Dia ly Todn quoc ldn th&5 - Hd Ngi, 2010 VIEN DIA LY • VIEN KHOCN VIET NAM ii;OI DIA LY VIET NAM phai lien baiili day du cho edc liiili thanli ha) klui vuc, neu da cd qii) hoacli rdi thi vdn phdi soat, vira lam, vira sua De tlurc hien dugc cdng lac quy hoach nidi trudng tbi phdi ddnli gid dugc chirc nang mdi Irudng cua cdc llurc the tu nhien tren ca sd ban dd phdn vimg dure nang mdi trudng Bdn dd phdn vimg chuc luiiig mdi trudng linh Nghe An dirge xay dung dija vdo cdc chirc nang mdi trudng cua lanh thd tren ca sd phdn tich cdc canh quan sinh thdi Hay ndi cdch khde Id su diing cdc nghien ciru vc dia ly ti^r nhien vd canh quan hgc de phdn \ img cluic ndng mdi trudng NGUYEN TAG, NOI DUNG VA PHUOTVG PHAP THANH LAP BAN DO PHAN VUNG CHUC NANG MOI TRUONG 2.1 Nguyen tiic Phdn vimg cluic nang mdi trudng la sir pluin bd lanh thd edc khu vire khde dua vdo tinh chat, tiem nang, cluic nang giiip cho dau tu it nhat md liii mang liii lgi ich ldn nhdl, bdo ve dugc mdi Irudng vd pbdl trien ben viing Ciing nlui cdc dir dn quy hocicb lien quan den ddt dai, cdc boat ddng lien quan nuit thiel den tai nguyen vd cdc dieu kien tir nhien kbu virc Ba be thdng kinh te, xa hdi va mdi trucrng ed lien quan cluil die vdi vd dnb lurdng den xu hudng bien ddi ciia cdc Ihanh phan khde Trong phan vimg cluic nang mdi Irudng, quan trgng nhat la phan vimg dat dai Ddy Id cdng tdc tdng hgp, licin quan den nhieu nganh kinh le vd khoa hgc, dd edc nguyen tac ciia nd Cling pluii bet sire chat die Theo nghien cuu vd tdng kel ciia nhieu tdc gia tren the gidi, Frjiih Thj Thanh da Idng ket liii cdc nguyen tac phdn vimg cluic nang mdi trudng cliinh nlur sau: Nguyen tdc phii hgp vdi dien kien sinh thdi Cdc dieu kien sinh thai d ddy dirge bieu rdng nhu la cdc dieu kien Ur nhien, tiem nang mdi trudng, lai nguyen Nguyen tdc ndy da dugc su dung lir rai lau Irong cac nganh trdng trgt vd su dung ddt Fir cd xira cdc cdng viec di tlurc, trdng tlui cdc loai cay, vat nudi vd dan dan tim gidi ban thich hgp de pbdl trien cluing Vice ddnh gid muc tliich hop ciia lanh thd cho cdc ddi lugng do'n gian Id cay trdng, vat nudi dugc luing len lluiiib vice ddnh gid tdc dgng mdi trudng ciia cdc hanh ddng phdt trien Cdc bd Luat ciia Viet Nam ve mdi trudng ciing quy djnh rd cdng tdc danh gid lac ddng mdi trudng ddi vdi edc quy md pbdl trien ban bet cdc nganh kinh le [4] Nguyen luc ldn trgng ngudng chiu tui cua mdi trirdng Mdi cdnh quan bay cdc he sinh thdi deu cd cdc mdi cdn bang sinh thdi thdng qua trao ddi vat chat va nang lugng [7], Cdc tdc dgng tu nhien hay nbdn tdc co the ddn den sir xao trdn can tnie Su lieu thu qud nuic nang lugng vd vat chat cdc bdc dinh dirdng dan den si.r dir thira chat thai kliicn ebo sir phan buy bay lu lam sach ciia mdi trudng deu kbdng cdn hieu qud Sir kien "Con de an bet cd Rdiii" hay bii bien mat ciia cdc cdnh rirng sdi, gie d Trung Ddng vdo dau cdng ngu) en, sir bien mat cdc ngudn gen khai tbdc qud mire hay d nhiem la nhiing bang chung ciia tdc ddng vugt qud mirc chju tdi Nhieu sdng d nude ta da trd thdnh sdng chet Nan be tdng bod dd thj dan den d nbiem nii'de, tcic luu thdng la quy luat Hoi ng-hi Klioa hoc Dia ly Todn quoc ldn th&o - Hd Ngi, 2010 933 VIEN DIA LY - ^ lEK KHOCK VIET NAM HOI DIA LY VTET NAM N2U)en tic bdo ve, khdi phuc mdi trudng vd tai nguyen, bai hda cdc boat ddng \ img Trong tu\'en bo ciia Hdi nghi Lien hiep qudc ve Mdi trudng ngudi Stockhohn 5-16/6/1972 cd dua 26 nguyen tac ve bdo ve nidi trudng Luat Bdo ve mdi trudng Viet Nam cung de cap rat rd van de Ciing vdi quy dinh ve phat trien bin vune ngu)'en tie niiy bieu thj dao dire ung xir cua loai ngudi van minh, the hien trach nhiem vdi cudc sdng cua chinh minh Kbi ngirdi sap budc vao ky nguyen kinh te tri thirc thi du bdo ve khiing hoang loan cau ve ky vgng cua cac he sinh thai each mang quy hoach sinh thai loan cau Xudt phdt tir cdc nguyen lac cua phan vimg chuc nang mdi trudng de phuc vu cho muc dich cudi ciing la phan chia lanh thd nhieu don vi khac nhau, giiip cho viec td chirc qudn ly cdc boat ddng sii' di,ing vd quan ly tai nguyen cd bieu qua lau ben Danh gid ''tinh thich hgp eiia daC la diem quan trgng nhat phan vimg ebire nang mdi trudng vi mgi boat ddng kinh te - xa hdi deu lien quan den dat dai Ngoai ra, vi ban dd mang tinb tdng hgp nen van phai bd sung them cdc nguyen tic ddng nhat tuong ddi, Ijch sir pbdl trien vd ddng nhat vc chirc nang ciia lung don vj lanh thd 2.2 Chiic nang mdi trudng ciia cac canh quan va noi dung cua chiic nang mdi trudng a Chiic ndng mdi Irudng cua cdc cdnh quan Ban dd canh quan sinh thai da phan cdc dan vi canh quan cd cac chiic nang tij' nhien khac Dudi gdc mdi trirdng, cdc don vj cdnh quan cdn chira dung nhiing chirc nang mdi trudng mang tinh dac trung, la: chiic nang cung cdp lai nguyen chirc nang dieu hda, chirc nang chu'a chat thai, chirc nang pbcdl trien khdng gian sdng va ebire nang td chirc boat ddng kinh te - xa hdi Trong ban dd cdnh quan sinh thdi tinb Nghe An da phan chia thdnh kieu canh quan dien hinh Chimg tdi da liln hanh phdn tich va ddnh gid cdc chirc nang mdi trudng ma cac kieu canh quan cd the ddm nhiem Cu the: + Kieu canh quan rung kin thudng xanh nhiet ddi mua miia Id rdng Id kim mat dm (cd cao tren I700in), ed dien tich khdng ldn Chuc nang chinh ciia kilu canh quan nd) Id phdng bd, cung cap san phim dudi riing, ddng thai la noi cd khd nang dilu tiet ngudn nude vd dieu hda kbi bau + Kieu canh quan rirng kin thudng xanh nhiet ddi mua miia ndng im d mii tbip, chiem dien tich rat ldn d mien Tay eiia tinh Chuc nang mdi trudng chinh ciia cdc cdnh quan la cung cap tai nguyen, chirc nang thdng tin (bao ton), phdng hd, dilu tilt va boat ddng san xudt lam - ndng nghiep + Kieu cdnh quan rirng kin tlurdng xanh mua iin nhiet ddi vimg doi cd chirc nang mdi trudng chinh la boat ddng san xuit ndng - lam nghiep, dilu tilt ngudn nude + Kieu cdnh quan rung kin thudng xanh mua im nhiet ddi vimg ddng bdng cao co chuc ncdng mdi trudng chinh la boat dgng sdn xucit ndng nghiep va Id chuc khdng gian song + Kieu cdnh quan rirng kin thudng xanh mua am nhiet ddi tren ddng bang thap co chirc nang mdi trudng chinh la boat ddng kinh tl - xa hdi, to ehuc khdng gian dd thj cum dan cu Ben ciinb dd, cdc canh quan nd)' cd thi dam nhiem chirc nang nhan chat thdi \a xu ly chat thai Ngoai cdc cdnh quan d ven bien cdn cd the dam nhiem chirc 934 Hgi nghi Khoa hgc Dia ly Toan quoc ldn th&5 - Hd Ngi, 2010 VIEN DIA LY - •VIEN KXSOCN VIIET ?JAM UM B | A LY VIST NAM nang pbdng bd vd dicu hda ven bien vdi viec trdng cdc dai rirng ngap man \'a rirng phdng hd /) Ndi dung cuu phun tich chiic ndng mdi trudng Cung cdn phai ndi them rdng tii) cliua tlidnh luat hay quy djnh bat budc, nhung da phdn cdc nhd nghien cuu va cdc cdng trinh da lien hanh deu thdng nhat rang: quy hoach mdi trudng la so' dd ke hoach phat trien ben vung bang each nhat the hda vdi qudn ly mdi trudng vd tdi nguycin Tat nhien, ve ly thu)'ct cdc vung chirc nang mdi trudng phdi diit dugc cdc lieu cluian nlur da neu d phan trudc, nam cac nguyen tac pluin vimg Diem cdn vudiig mac nhu vira ndi la chua kip dugc he thdng phdn cbia phii hgp Cung Id dc hicu vi ciic ndi dung the hien kbdng phu thugc vdo ty le ban dd va chuc nang thi vdn the, chua cd sir bd tri lai Ngoai ra, ddi \'di cdc lanh thd cd qu)' md khac tbi vice phan viing chirc nang Cling sc khde Vi du, quy hoiidi khu dir tru sinh quyen Cdn Gid [2] thi khdng ihc phan vimg lai ca cdc ebire nang md cbii yeu tap trung vdo nhdm chirc nang thdng lin (bdo tdn) Ddi vdi cdc vung rdng ldn ban, ed nhieu chirc nang bien huu dd, thi du til' cap huyen trd len thi phai xet den loan bd edc chuc nang dd Khde vdi edc locii bdn dd clitiycn de cd sir phdn cap dugc the hien rd lit tren xudng lheo nuic khdi qiidl cdc ddi lugng, cdc cap, d cdc cap khde ibi ddi lugng chii dao bieu hien cung khde nhau, dd chi ticu ciing khac nhau, loai bdn dd phan viing ehuc nang mdi trudng cung nbu bdn dd hien trang su dung dat hay ban dd du Ijch, cdc ddi tugng sir dung chi ed mdl loai nen khdng phan chia va ciing kbdng cd chi tieu, chi cd the gidi tliich bang Idi ~ don vj dd phai dam nhan chuc nang gi 2.3 Clic phuong phap lap ban phan viing chiic nang mdi trudng Cdc phuong phdp cd truyen de nghien cuu va lap loai bdn dd tuong lir van Id SU' kc tliiia: - Phuong phdp plidng: la sir chuan bi va xem xet cdc tai lieu, bdn dd, djnh hudng cdc nghien cuu diem Nd b