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Thyc tien Kinh nghifm Tpp chf C6ng »*n 6 NHIIM M6I TRVONG 0 D6NG BAN6 SONG CUU LONG THUC TRANG VA GIAI PHAP KHAC PHUC • • • TRtTONG GIANG LONG* Ld mpt trung tdm kinh ti ndng nghipp c6 vf tri chiin luq[.]
Thyc tien - Kinh nghifm Tpp chf C6ng »*n NHIIM M I TRVONG D6NG BAN6 SONG CUU LONG THUC TRANG VA GIAI PHAP KHAC PHUC • • • TRtTONG GIANG LONG* Ld mpt trung tdm kinh ti ndng nghipp c6 vf tri chiin luqc cua cd nu&c, hdng ndm ddng bdng sdng Cuu Long (DBSCL) tqo mpt luqng l&n sdn phdm xudt khdu cd gid trf kinh ti cao, ddng th&i Id ntri bdo ddm an ninh luang thu'c qudc gia Nhung ndm gdn ddy, chua duqc sfr quan tdm ddng muc cua cdc ngdnh, cdc cap, finh trqng d nhiim mdi tiu&ng dang de dpa nghiim tipng sir phdt triin ben vitng cua cd viing Khdc phqc tinh tiqng d nhiem mdi tiu&ng & DBSCL khdng chi Id tidch nhipm rieng cua khu virc ndy Tinh trang o nhiem moi trirdng tf dong bang song Curu Long thu nhgp binh quan dau ngudi nam 2010 dat 17,8 trifu ddng; tdng kim nggeh xuat khiu nam 2010 dgt 6,2 ti USD Hifn tei, DBSCL ddng Ddng bang sdng Cuu Long cd vj tii quan g^p ^ ^ ^ „ g jgo/^ Q D P cua ca nudc, 50% san tipng dgc biet tiong tong the chien luge phat , ^ ^ g i^a, 70% san lugng frai cay frdn 50% san frien Chung cua ca nuoc thai Iq day mgnh corig , ^, 9^% san lugng ggo xuit khiu nghipp hoa, hipn dgi hoa va chu dpng hpi nhgp , x x ^no/uI iJiui - • X \x r: ;^ ,/,• ' x va chiem gan 60% kim nggeh xuat khau cua ca quoc te Day la mpt vung sinh tiiai quy hiem , A ^ k -> •» , ^ „A« KA^ ^kAt bi,A«„ u' ' *i * • nudc Giafrjsan xuat eong nghipp eua khu vyc vao bgc nhat khong chl a tam quoc Bia ma eon ^ ^ „ ^ & & vf dtim thi gidi DBSCL nam 2010 dgt 119.928 ti ddng, tdc tang tiudng binh quan giai dogn 2006 2010 Nhung nam vira qua, cac tinh DBSCL m$c dgt 18,58%/nam, cao han so vdi muc chung du g^p rat nhidu khd khan, thur thach, nhu tiidi cua ca nudc (13,38%/nam) tidt that thudng, gia cac logi vgttirchu ydu phyc ^^^ ^ ^^ ^^P ^^^^ "8°^^ ^^ ^ " ^ ^°°S vy san xuit teng cao, d^c bift te anh hudng cua cufc khiing hoang kinh tl thi gidi, nhung vdi ^^^^ ^^® ^^^ ^ " co°g nghifp, cum cong sy nd lyc cite ban than, cimg vdi sy quan tam "8^^?? ^* ^^ vyc DBSCL frong tiidi gian gin hd frg tir Chmh phu, kinh tl cua vimg tiip tiic ^^X co nhilu chuyin biin quan frgng Din het gift nhip df teng tiirdng tich cyc thang 6-2011, cd 74 khu cdng nghifp da dupc ^ Theo tiling kd cua Bf Kl hogch va Diu tir ^^^ ^"^^^ ^ ^ ^^^" ^""^ ' ^ ^ ^ S ^^-^^^^^ ^°'^ tic df tang GDP ciia khu vyc DBSCL btiih quan giai dogn 2006 2010 dgt 10% 12%/nam, ^ • GS, TS, Ph6 T6ng Bidn t|p T?ip chi Cdng ste 86 Sl 830 (thang 12 nam 2011) Thyc tiin - Kinh nghiem dd CO 43 khu cdng nghifp da diu tir kit ciu hg ting, vdi difn tich khoang 9.507ha Theo sl lifu cua Cyc Cdng nghifp dia phuomg, ddn DBSCL cd 214 cym cdng nghifp da cd quyit dinh phe duyft quy hogch vdi difn tich 18.658ha, tiiy nhidn hifn chi cd 119 cym cdng nghifp dugc lgp vdi difn tich 12.913ha va mdi cd 41 cym da xay dyng kit cau hg ting Vifc phat tiiln khu edng nghidp, cym cdng nghifp da tiiyc sy teo ddng luc thu hiit diu tu, thyc hifn cdng nghifp hda, hidn dgi hda, thiic diy chuydn dich ca cau kinh tl, phat triln cac nganh cdng nghifp phy tig, cac nganh dich vy, teo cdng an vifc lam cho ngudi lao ddng, cai thifn ddi sdng va difn mgo ciia nhidu vimg ndng thdn, timg budc hinh cac tmng tam thi mdi T p p chf C ^ n g s d n i V&i tdc dp tdngtiru&ngcdng nghipp nhanh nhu hipn (binh qudn 15%/ ndm) cpng v&i tinh trqng Iqm dqng ndng duqc, nhu phdn bdn, cdc loqi hda chdt, thudc bdo vp thqrc vpt, nu&c tir vipc nudi cd, tdm cdng nghipp vd cdi tqo ao, ddm sau nudi, tu cdc nhd mdy chi biin thuy sdn, chi biin thtfc phdm chira nhiiu loqi mdm bpnh vd chdt dpc hqi lan tda sdng, rqch vd cdc viing ngpp nir&c, da ldm cho tinh trqng d nhiim cdng tr& nen trdm trpng Ddy Id ddu hipu bdo dpng thqrc sq- vi nhitng nguy ca de dpa trfrctiepden mdi tiu&ng, sire khoe vd d&i sdng nhdn ddn Xen 649.430ha va nudc ngpt te 366.590ha Thuc tl dd cho thiy nudi tidng thuy san ckng chidm vi tri quan frpng frong phat tridn kinh tl - xa hdi cua khu vyc Nudi tiong thuy san phat tiiln manh, dem lai nhidu lgi ich kinh Tuy nhidn, dgc didm sinh thai cua toan td - xa hfi nhung cung tem phat sinh nhidu van viing, (dit ngap man 744.550ha, chiim 18,75%; dl phiie tep Trong dd, d nhiem mdi tmdng la dit phen dOO.OOOha, chiim 40% difn tich dit vin dd hit siic biic xiic, nlu khdng khac phyc ty nhidn), bmh quan hing nam difn tich ngap kip thdi, khd cd thd phat tridn nghd nudi frdng nudc toan vimg te 1,4 - 1,9 tiifu hec-te, ngap thuy san bin vumg d DBSCL man 1,4 - 1,5 trifu hdc-te frong tdng sl difn Theo thing kd mdi day, tdng sd chat thai tich horn tiifu hec-te dit ty nhidn Chinh vi vgy vifc phat triln cac khu cdng nghifp, cyni rin hing nam cua khu vyc DBSCL khoang cdng nghidp ciia viing nay, ciing vdi xu thd 3,7 tiieu tin, 90% tiong sd dd chua dugc tiiu bimg phat ngoai tim kidm soat, quan ly cac logi gom xir ly, ma tryc tiip hoac gian tiip dd ao, dim nudi tdm, ca, vin dk lgm dyng cac logi xuIng sdng, rach, tiong dd rac tiiai sinh hogt hda chit frong ndng nghidp va ap lyc gia tang la khoang 2,3 tiifu tin (kd ca siic vat va gia dan sl nhanh da tem cho tinh frgng d nhidm, cim); rac thai cdng nghifp va dich vy khoang dgc bidt la d nhidm mditiirdngnudc tid ndn hit 1,4 tiifu tin (kl ca chl biin, gilt ml, dang lo ngai nhat te khoang 40.000 ten rac siic nghidm frpng thai bfnh vifn) Difn tich mgt nudc nudi frong thuy san d Mdt didu dang luu dpduc, amoniac frong nudc anh huomg den 4x „ A; i ;! /.^ Ax u- -* 1' Ji chat lupmg moi tmomg nuac, dac bipt la nudc A,\^r, r.Ur «i,„cau ^h, cap r.k,r ô,.A^Moix /tiiromg f ã- ' nuac ' dung cho nhu nudc x„u'„ u-'- u- ^7/ l.^ cao nudc phii sa va qua tiinh dao dap, san vdt ao nudi tdm phat sinh khdng dugc xir ly tmdc thai mdi tmdng Thg^ ^^o (j5 thdi quen lgm dung phan bdn, nhit te phan hda hgc, thulc trir sau, thulc dift cd, da anh hudng dang kl din chit lugng nudc Theo kit qua cua mft s l nghidn ciiu, d nhilm thulc tnr sau d DBSCL hif n chua dang lo nggi, song cyc bf cung da cd nhftng nai anh hudng dhn nudi thuy san Vi vgy dd giai quyet vin dh nhim cai thifn, tidn tdi bao dam chat lugng nudc vimg, can kdt hgp nhidu giai ph^P kh^c Nhftng s l chua phai te toan difn va diy ^^ trdn day cung da tem chimg te tiiyc sy lo nggi Dac bift tgi hiu hit eac khu cdng nghifp, cym cdng nghifp ddu chua cd hf tiiong xu ly chat thai diing quy chuan Ndu noi nao cd dau tu ^ay dyng thi sd vdn bd cho dautirxu ly chat thai cung mdi d ty If tiiap so vdi quy djnh, bmh ^^an chi dgt tir % - 2% (Quy d|nh vdn dau tu ""^ ^V chat tiiai phai chidm tdi tiudu tir 10% den 15% so vdi tdng sd vdn dau tu cua dy an)(') Oang chii ytengay ca nhftng nai cd tiudt bi xu ^y ^^^t thai, nudc thai cdng nghifp thi cac tiiiet ^i,"^y ^'^g ^^^"8 ^^^^ ^^ng tiiudng xuyen ^^^ 'l^^ ^'^"^ tra cho tiiay chi phi van hanh ""^ ^^ ^^° "^" ^^ P ^ ^ ^^^ ^ ^ ^ ""^'^ ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ ^^^ ^""^ thanhfra,kidm fra Vdi tie df tang tmdng cdng nghifp nhanh nhu hifn (binh quan 15%/nam) cfng vdi tinh trgng lgm dyng ndng dugc, nhu phan bdn, cac logi hda chit, thuoc bao vf thyc vgt, nudc % ^»^^ ""°* ^.^^"? cdng nghifp va caiteoao, ^am sau nuoi,tiicae nha may che bien thuy san, che men thyc pham chua nhieu logi i ,^, , , ; * , , , ^ t mam bpnh va chat dpc hai lan toa song, rgcn , , , ,'*»,, , >,' va cac vuug nggp nuac, da lam trgng ,0 nhiem ,.» cang , fra 1- nen -^ tram lx ^frpng cho rDay tinh ,> Jx, la dau a vung man hoa ven bien ham lupmg sat (phen ,,x , j ' _ j u i v u ' L hoa) frong nuac qua tiinh phen hda mgnh me, N-NH3 coliforms gay anh hudng din nudi frdng thiiy san, dgc bift dp dfe mdi tmdng 88 So 830 (thang 12 nam 2011) -^ *-> ,, A u~ Aa nicu bao dong thyc sy vd nhung nguy ca oe a \* >^ & &j (1) Bdo Thdi bdo Kinh ti, ngky 18-9-2008, tr Thyc tiin - Kinh nghiem dpa tryc tiip din mdi tiudng, siic khde va ddi sdng nhan dan Nguy hiim hom la tem mit di nhimg tilm nang va lgi tbl vo gia ciia mgt vimg sinh thai ngap nudc quy hiim, dl lgi nhihig hau qua xiu va nguy ca d nhidm mdi tiirdng tec ddng tidu cyc lau dai din tuomg lai phat tiiln ciia dit nudc xdt vd nhilu mat nhidm khdng chi hiiy hogi mdi tiudng ma edn tem sinh nhilu logi bfnh tat hiim nghdo, gay di tat va tem biin dgng thai nhi cua khdng it cac ba metie.Vi vay, ngan chgn tmh tigng d nhiem mdi tmdng vimg DBSCL ndi ridng va tidn phgm vi ca nudc ndi chung la van de cd y nghTa cap bach Hifn tupmg Nha may Vedan xa chit thai gay d nhidm dgc bift nghidm frpng tem nhue nhdi du luan chi la mdt bidu hifn nhd ciia buc tranh d nhidm Theo sd lifu cua Bd Khoa hpc va Cdng nghf qua kidm fra so bd budc dau, ca nudc hifn cd hom 4.000 nha may gay d nhidm ngng thufc dang can phai kidm tra nhu Vedan Giai phap khic phuc tinh trang nhiem moi trirdng d" dong bing song Cvu Long D I khic phyc tinhfrgngd nhidm mdi tmdng ndufrdnd khu vuc DBSCL, theo y kiln ciia cac nha khoa hpc, cin ap dyng quyit lift hang logt giai phap sau: Tfip chf C^ng s d n nudi ca, tdm cdng nghifp ty phat dien ngoai quy hogch va vifc lgm dyng cac logi hda chit lan tian tiong ndng nghifp nhu hifn nay, dac bift la vin dl sii dyng nhihig logi hda chit bi nghidm cim frong nudi fring thuy san va ndng nghifp Vide hinh cac khu cdng nghifp, cym cdng nghifp phai dugc quy hogch va phan bd hgp ly cho toan viing, chi eho phdp thu hiit diu tir nhiing nganh khdng cd nguy ca diu dfe sdng nudc va nhumg nganh khdng nhgy cam vdi mdi tiudng nudc Kilm fra va soat lgi tit ca cac khu cdng nghidp, cym cdng nghifp, ydu cau xay mdi va bl sung nhiimg hang muc bit buf c frong he thing xir ly d nhiem mdi tmdng Diit khoat phai xem vifc thidt kd, xay dyng, van hanh hf thdng thidt bi xu ly chat thai gay d nhiem mdi tmdng la mdt frong nhiing didu kifn tidn quyit tiirdc cho phep co sd san xuit, kinh doanh di vao boat dfng Cimg vdi quy hogch cac khu cdng nghifp, cum cdng nghidp, vin dl kit hgp giua quy hoach phat triln khu cdng nghidp vdi khu dan cu, cac tiimg tem thi, vimg phat tridn ndng nghifp, nudi tidng, chl bidn thiiy san, chuydn canh cay an tiai va vimg du Uch sinh thai ddu la nhiing r giai phap can co va cd tmh kha thi nhat gdp phin ngan chgn tinh tigng d nhiem mdi tmdng tii glc Day te bifn phap phdng d nhidm hifu Thir nhdt, vin dh quy hogch La nipt vya lua qua nhit hifn Thu hai, nang cao vl chit va hifn dgi hda ldn bao dam an nmh luomg thyc quIc gia, nai nudifrdngthuy hai san, cay anfraiva phat tiiln cac thiit bi Xli ly mdi tmdng Khdng thi dl ldi du Hch sinh thai vao bgc nhit cua ca nudc, cac vi thilu kinh phi ma khdng dau tu de cd cac khu cdng nghifp, cum cdng nghifp vln mpc thiit bi cdng nghf hifn dgi tuomg xiing vdi cac ldn d nhiing noi rat nhgy cam vd mdi tmdng thiit bi gay ndn hanh vi xam hai mdi tiudng nude, d nhumg vimgfrdnglua,frdngcay an frai Vedan te mft vi dy dau ldng D I phat hifn va va nudifrdngthuy san chii lyc Chiing te khdng phanh phui tinh frgng d nhiem nghidm frpng thi chip nhan tinh tigng thilu quy hogch tiong tei day, canh sat mdi tmdng da phai sir dyng vifc phat triln chung va phat tridn cac khu cdng din ca cac thiit bi vf tinh Mat khac, dpi ngii nghifp Vi lgi ich lau dai khdng ndn chia diu can bd chuydn tiach vd kidm fra giam sat tinh cac khu edng nghifp, khu chl xuit cho mgi dia tigng d nhidm tgi cac khu cdng nghifp cum phuang Khdng cho phep tmh tigng dao ao, hi cdng nghifp vira ylu vira thidu nghidm tipng Sl 830 (thang 12 nSm 2011) 89 Thyc tiin - Kinh nghifm Chimg ta chua cd nhOmg bifn phap chl tai du mgnh, dii sire ran de, khlng chl va nghidm tri nhftng doi tirgng cl tinh vi phgm Vin dh nky nlu khdng dugc chii trpng diing miic, tinh trgng d nhiem vln nim ngoai tim kilm soat Thu ba, tinh trgng d nhidm tran lan nhu vua qua, mft phin tiach nhifm tmdc hit thufc vd dfi ngu can bp cdng chirc va y thirc bao vf mdi tmdng cua chiing te Sd khdng thi cd mdi tmdng tit nlu tiiilu nhftng quy dinh bit buf c va nghidm khic ve xir ly chit thai, bao vf mdi tiirdng tu khau quy hogch xay dyng cae khu cdng nghifp, cym cdng nghifp Cho din xdt trdn phgm vi ca nudc cung nhu^d DBSCL, cd rit it cac chuang tiinh, dy an tien hanh giam sat d nhiem mdi tmdng va thdng kd chat lugng cac logi chat thai, nudc thai tei cac khu cdng nghifp, cum cdng nghifp Nhgn thiic cua nhidu cap chinh quydn, ca quan quan ly, td chiic va dgc bift la nhung ca nhan cd trach nhidm frong viec bao v? moi tmomg chua sau ' ' »i ^ ' ^ * u ' u' « - L ' ' sat va day du Y thuc bao vp moitiiromgcua IU- It'* chu u-> » »tir* ,tei * •cac ' khu iu cong - nghipp, ukhong dau cym cdng nghifp chua cao Thgm chi xuit phat tir lgi ich cue bf ma khdng it chii diu tu cl tinh cham tiiln khai hoac nd tianh vifc xay dyng cac hf thdng xu ly chat thai Rd rang, vai frd cua ngudi diing dau va cua cac dia phuomg noi cd cac khu cdng nghifp, cym cdng nghifp la dac bift quan tipng NIU chiing te cd y thiirc frach nhifm diy dii vl vin dk nky, cimg ydi vifc teng cudng va diy mgnh cdng tec kilrn fra, giam sat tir khau quy hogch thiit kl, va ca qua tiinh vgn hanh, chic chin tinh frgng gay d nhidm sd bi ngan ch$n Thu tu, mac dil vifc hinh va phat tiiln cac khu cdng nghifp, khu chl xuit va cym cdng nghifp da dugc tiiln khai hom 20 nam nay, nhung hogt dfng quan ly va bao vf mdi tiudng cdn nhilu bit cgp Cho din hf thing phap lugt vl bao vf mdi tmdng tiong cac khu cdng nghifp cdn chua thgt hoan chmh Chua cd eac quy dinh chung thing nhit vl cdng tec qiten 90 s l 830 (thang 12 nam 2011) Tgp chf C»ng sdn ly' mdi tmdng cac khu cdng nghifp theo tirng logi hinh san xuit gay d nhiem, cy the nhu chit thai rin, chit ldng, d nhiem khdng cac quy djnh vl thim djnh mdi tiirdng dli vdi timg logi dy an cy thi cac khu cdng "g^^ifp, cym cdng nghifp cung chgm dupc dli ^^' ^a cgp nhgt Noi chung hp thong phap lug^ ca che chinh^sach, cac bipn phap xu ly va che tai ludn bat cgp, chgm ddi mdi, thieu dong bf va Igc h^u so vdi ydu cau phat tndn fhu ndm, qukn ly nha nudc vl bao vf moi tmdng cdn nhilu bit cap Ca chl phan cdng va ph|i hgp gifta cac ca quan, cac nganh va cac