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Hpi nghi khoa hoc hi thudt md quoc ti 2010 Cong nghiep mo tien tiin vi su phat trien ben vung X A C D I N H D 0 T I C H T U C A C B O N H U X J C O T R O N G D A T M O T PHUONG PHAP THICH HOP DE DANH[.]
Hpi Cong nghi khoa nghiep mo hoc tien hi thudt tiin md quoc vi su phat ti trien - 2010 ben X A C D I N H D T I C H T U C A C B O N HUXJ C O T R O N G vung DAT - M O T PHUONG PHAP THICH HOP DE DANH GIA CHAT Ll/ONG CANH QUAN PHUC HOI SAU KHAI THAC Bodlak, L., Kobesova, M., Kfovakova, K., St'astny, J , Sykorova, Z Dai hoc Nam Bohemia tai Ceske Budejovice Pecharova, E Dai hoc Khoa hoc D o i song Sec, tai Prague Khoa hoc M o i trudng C H Sec Tom tat: Canh quan bdi thdi dd sau khai thdc la dqi dien ly tuong cho cdc vung bi mat cacbon Muc dp lun giu cacbon thuoc vao tham thuc vdt bao phu Dieu co the Id ket qua cua hoat dpng tu nhien hoac hoat dpng cua nguoi (cai tao ky thudt vd sinh hoc) Ddnh gid cdc ddc diem chat luong vd so luong cacbon huu co ddt (SOC) mang thong tin ve chat luong cua cdc canh quan phuc hoi sau khai thdc mo Cdc vung rong Ion khai thdc than ndu IP thien nam a viing Tdy Bdc cua Cong hda Sec Dien tich md chung toi quan tdm Id bdi thdi Podkrusnohorskd nam each phd Karlovy Vary ndi tieng the gidi Bay vi tri dd duoc lua chon de khdo sat SOC vd cdc ddc tinh ddt hda hoc vd vdt ly doc theo vet cat qua phan cu cua bdi thdi Podkrusnohorskd Chung duoc bao phu bdi ddng cd (cai tao nong nghiep), cdc ldp tudi khdc cua rirng rung Id hoac cdy Id kim (rirng khai hoang) vd cd sdn van ddng ban ddu vd cai tao (cai tao tu nhien) Cdc mau dugc lay nam 2008 vd 2009 Id mdu tinh vdi cdc vong ddt chi tit 10cm tren cua ldp ddt nam ngang Tdng luong cacbon (TC), cacbon vd co (IC), tdng htong cacbon huu co (TOC) duoc khdo sat Dien tich tinh toan be chira cacbon ddi tit 1,3 1,3 kg.ni (rirng tre) tdi 4,7 kg.m' (rung gid), 5,4 kg.m' (phat trien tu nhien) tuong wig Hai gid tri cudi cirng duoc xac dinh hoac tham chi ldn hon cdc gid tri tit mdu kiem soat mang ludi canh quan xung quanh Viec kiem tra sit phat trien cua ldp ddt nam ngang (chat htong) se la thdi diem quan trong viec xdc dinh ket qua chat luong phuc hoi 2 Tir khoa: Thdng canh sau khai thdc, ddt canh tdc, SOC, co lap, bdi thdi Gioi thieu Dat tao nen m o t he sinh thai rat phiic tap b i anh h u d n g b d i cac nhan td nguon goc loai n g u d i va tir n h i e n tir nhirng dau phat trien L d p dat da p h i i d C d n g hoa Sec la khong dong nhat cac dieu k i e n dia c h i t , k h i hau va dia mao (Neuhauslova 1998) T u y nhien, tir quan d i e m lau dai dieu k i e n k h i hau da t r d nen tang quan t r o n g h o n dia chat (Forman 1993) Rd rang rang, bat c i i dieu g i h i n h c h i t neh d i t cd n g u d n gdc la d dd, ciing mot loai dat phat trien t h d i k y i u sinh Trong l u n v y c S o k o l o v dat nau c h i e m iru the, doc theo sudi tren dat p h i i sa tram tich, cac v i i n g n i i i va t r u n g du, dat nau cd t i n h acid va d i t p o t z o n cd n g u d n gdc p h o n g hoa Qua sir lira chon ciia thirc vat t y n h i e n tren cac loai d i t , chiing t d i t h u dugc cac gia t r i tham khao ve t i n h trang t i e m nang phat t r i i n d i t tai bai thai Podkrusnohorskd T r o n g qua t r i n h khai thac Id thien, cac l d p m u n ban dau dugc tach rieng re cac p h i n ciia bai thai va nhu mot c h i t nen d u g c bao ve da dugc sir dung cho viec cai tao bai thai n o n g nghiep, dugc thuc hien bang each xir l y be mat tiep theo dd bao p h u v d i m o t l d p d i t mat khac day 50cm 227 Hoi Cong nghi khoa nghiep hoc md tien ki thudt tien md qudc vi su phat triin ti - 2010 bin vung V i e c tai sinh bai t h a i tao nen dat phuc h l i cung n h u k h o i phuc r i r n g , v a i sir khac do, be mat rirng t h u a n g k h o n g duac cai thien bang l a p ddt t r e n loai rirng k h o n g doi h o i cao n h u dat t r o n g trot nong nghiep M a c d i i tren thirc t l ddt canh tac m o i phat trien l i n h v\rc t r o n g trot c h i u anh h u o n g ciia sir cai t i l n , d l t h a i v a cong tac root-he thong M u c l i r u g i u cacbon t u y thuoc vao t h a m thirc vat bao p h i i D i l u co the la ket qua ciia hoat dong t y n h i e n hoac hoat dong ciia c o n n g u o i (cai tao k y thuat va sinh h o c ) Danh gia cac dac d i e m chat l u o n g va so l u o n g cacbon hiru t r o n g ddt ( S O C ) m a n g t h o n g t i n ve chat l u o n g ciia cac canh quan t h u h o i sau k h a i thac m o SOC la viec l u u t r u cacbon thiet y e u t r o n g sinh quyen, no I o n h a n hai l a n so v a i CO2 k h i quyen Cac thang d u hang n a m ciia CO2 tao nen 2-3 Gt, c h i co % so luong toan bo cacbon tao nen t r o n g qua t r i n h dot n h i e n lieu hoa thach ( B r a d y n a m 2002) H a u het cac san xuat t r o n g chu k y cacbon co nghia t r a l a i dai d u o n g , m o t phan ciia no t r a l a i dat hiru c a ( S O M ) thong qua sinh k h o i thirc vat Qua t r i n h t h u o n g duoc goi la "thoat" va dan den g i a m CO2 k h o n g k h i l a m g i a m h i e u l i n g nha k i n h D o n g thoi S O M co nghia la m o t t i e m nang to I o n de bat dau x i r l y n g h i c h dao, tuc la de t r o nguon phat thai CO2 N o c h u n g m i n h rang n o n g CO2 t r o n g k h i q u y e n co l i e n quan den sir hap t h u ciia dat va k h i t h a i N e u S O M de thoat CO2 hoac tai n g u y e n p h u thuoc vao hai q u y t r i n h quan - co lap va khoang hoa duoc t i e n hanh ciing m o t luc K h i SOC g i a m , l u o n g CO2 t r o n g k h i quyen tang len (neu no k h o n g b i rang buoc viec san xuat c a ban) v a chat l u o n g dat g i a m Can thiet p h a i giir cho cac ket cau dat, no l a m cho kha nang trao d o i i o n cao h o n v a thiet hai gay b o i khoang hoa, k a l i , magie, v i d u n h u canxi, thap hon N o cai thien sir rang buoc g i u a nuoc va dat, va cac cong tac n h u la m o t kho dir t r u n i t a t r o n g dat M u c d i c h ciia n g h i e n c i i u ciia c h i i n g t o i la c h i i t r o n g vao xac d i n h kha nang ciia dat de t i c h luy SOC D u l i e u dugc t h u thap ve t h u h o i cacbon se dugc danh gia theo cac dac t i n h vat l y v a hoa hgc ciia dat va so sanh cac Hinh Viing quan dir lieu l i c h sir va dir l i e u da t h u tam dugc T r e n co sd dd, tat ca cac thay d l i v ! h a m l u g n g cacbon t r o n g cac loai dat canh tac se dugc m d ta V i e c danh gia cac dac d i i m c h i t l u g n g v a s i l u g n g ciia SOC cung cap t h d n g t i n ve chat l u g n g ciia cac canh quan t h u h o i sau k h a i thac m d D i e n t i c h ciia c h i i n g t d i quan t a m nam d Tay Bac ciia C d n g hda Sec, t r o n g m o t canh quan b i anh h u d n g b d i k h a i thac than Id thien V i t r i nghien c i i u ciia c h i i n g t d i la bai thai 228 Hpi Cdng nghi nghiep khoa hoc md tien ki thudt tien md qudc vi su phat ti trien - 2010 ben vung Podkrusnohorska ( h i n h 1) gan n o i rat n d i tieng, K a r l o v y V a r y K h u v y c bao g o m h o n 2.100ha N a m 2008, t h i n g h i e m lau dai d y a tren sy phat t r i e n k h o n g duoc k i e m soat va co k i l m soat ciia l o p dap p h i i hiru co tren mat duoc bat dau tai bai thai Podkrusnohorska Cac mau ddt co ban duoc lay tir v i t r i tai phan lau d d i nhat cua bai t h a i , va v i i n g tham khao ben ngoai bai thai Cac v i t r i cu the n h u sau: - V i t r i S I - nong nghiep, k h a i hoang - ddng cd - V i t r i S2 - rirng cay la k i m - thong - dd t u o i 30 n a m - V i t r i S6 - rirng thua - giai doan sau ban dau - V | t r i S7 - rirng cay la rung - dd t u o i > years - K L - k h u v y c t h a m khao - ddng cd - K B - k h u v y c t h a m khao - rirng cay la k i m - thong - K O - k h u v y c - rirng cay la r u n g - cay d u o n g tia Phuong phap luan Cac m a u dat duoc thu thap tai hien t r u d n g bang p h u o n g phap k h o a n ; tai m d i v i t r i lay ba mau Cac m a u duoc dua ve phong t h i n g h i e m va l a m k h d m a k h o n g cd tac d d n g true tiep ciia anh sang mat t r o i (chung cat A D ) Cac phan l d n h o n ciia x u o n g va d d n g vat va thuc vat lai duoc tach k h d i m a u say Sau dd cac m a u duoc l a m d d n g nhat Cac phan x u o n g ldn hon m m duoc tach thdng qua m o t sang v d i mat l u d i m m Phan ben ngoai co l u o n g c h u n g cat (~2g) duoc say k h d t r o n g l d v d i nhiet dd ° C t d i t r o n g l u o n g khong doi (chung cat O D ) SOC duoc l u o n g true tiep b d i Solid sample T O C m o d u l P r i m a C S M C S Phuong phap cho phep T C , I C va T O C K h i I C m a u dupe t h a m m o t l u p n g a-xit phot tai nhiet dp ° C v a dd cacbonat axit b i thay the L u p n g sau dd dupe xac d i n h tai viing phan t i c h quang p h d cua tia hdng ngoai T C b i dot chay v d i chat xiic tac cobalt tai nhiet dp 1 0 ° C L u p n g T O C dupe t i n h toan tir sy khac g i u a T C va I C N a m 2009 cdng tac chuan b i m a u bang cac v o n g dat dupe thuc h i e n tai v i t r i da neu tren va tai ba d i e m lan can ciia bai thai Phan t i c h t h d n h u o n g c o ban da dupe thuc hien, nhu xac d i n h kha nang thay d d i cation ( C E C ) , C o x , mat dp r d i , p H , sy hap p h u ciia dat, dudng chat co ban dupe tuan theo M h l i c h (Ca, M g , K , P V ) , t d n g l u p n g k h i n i t o va c d hat cat D u lieu dupe xir l y tai Statistica C Z Cac thdng sd c o ban n h u : sai sd tieu chuan, trung gian, trung b i n h , l d i t i e u chuan, nhd nhat v a l d n nhat dupe t i n h toan n h u tren B i e u M o i quan he t u y e n t i n h ciia gia t r i cacbon t r o n g dat t h u d u p e bang cac p h u o n g phap khac dupe bieu d i e n tren h i n h De t i n h toan cac tep d u lieu tir nam 2008 va 2009, k i t qua phan t i c h t h d n h u o n g m a u co ban dupe lay t r o n g nam 2009 da dupe sir dung Cac tep d u l i e u bao g d m cac m a u tai cac 229 Hdi nghi Cong khoa nghiep hoc kT thudt md tien tien md qudc vi su phat v i t r i duac xac d i n h bang GPS Phan te - trien 2010 ben vung Bieu Cdc gid tri TC, IC, TOC tie cdc vung khdc t i c h tho n h u o n g c a ban la can thiet de t i n h toan lai l u o n g SOC t o i mat r o i thap h o n h a m l u o n g co hat r o i TOC TC IC % % SI 3.5 3.5 Cac ket qua (hinh 2) dua S2 4.82 0.18 4.64 l u o n g cacbon t r o n g dat tai cac v i t r i S3 4.44 0.28 4.16 khac duoc xac d i n h bang hai S4 10.24 0.25 9.99 p h u a n g phap doc lap P h u o n g phap S5 7.12 0.2 6.92 t h i c h hop h o n la p h u o n g phap x a S6 4.22 0.6 3.62 so v a i p h u a n g phap true tiep b o i S7 12.1 0.04 12.06 vao khoang , - m m Cac k e t q u a v a t h a o l u a n may phan t i c h T O C D i r l i e u duoc t h u thap theo each co quan he chat che h o n da duoc g i o i t h i e u t r o n g cac tai lieu khoa hoc (Frouz 2006) H o n nua, chung tao dieu k i e n de TC = 1.3977+0.9e5rx khao sat cau h i n h cacbon hiru c o (bieu 1) lien ket v o i dat nen khoang, chang han nhu: set cypress, khong giong nhu p h u a n g phap co dien - x y hoa dicromat axit ( C o x ) D u l i e u t r o n g bieu c h i rang sir tang ciia T C tren sir tai sinh ciia rirng gia lien quan den sir g i a m I C B i e u so c h i cac gia t r i phan t i c h tho n h u o n g co ban ciia cac dja diem rieng biet - C o x , mat r d i , p H , C E C , bao g d m v i i n g chira cacbon dat duoc t i n h toan V t i n g chira lien he Cox (T.) v d i 10 c m tren mat ciia cau h i n h dat (mau duoc lay ma k h o n g cd l d p bai thai len Hinh Moi quan he tuyen tinhcua TC vdi Cox men) L u a n g SOC da d u o c t i n h toan lai mat r d i va l a m g i a m ham l u o n g c d hat cat khoang , - m m V i m g chua t d n g cacbon dat t i n h toan nam dai tir l , k g m " (rirng non) t d i 2 ' , k g m ' (rirng gia), 5,4 kg.m" (phat trien t u nhien) t u o n g i m g H a i gia t r i c u d i la xac dinh hoac tham chi cao h o n cac gia t r i tir m a u k i e m soat m a n g canh quan x u n g quanh Dir n lieu bieu cd nghTa la v i i n g chua cacbon l d p be mat ciia l d p dat nam ngang phat trien lien tuc, l i e n quan den cac gia t r i cd y nghTa ( K B va K O p h d b i e n ) , va do cac gia t r i tai v i t r i v a t h a m c h i cao h o n V i e c ket luan phai tap t r u n g vao nghien c u u sir phat trien dd day cua dai dat m i m n h u n g nam t d i D i e u p h u thuoc vao l o a i cay va sir da dang sinh hoc, thd n h u o n g (Frouz 2009) 230 Hpi Cong nghi khoa nghiep md hoc tien kT thuat tien mo quoc vi su phat te - trien ben 2010 vung M i lien quan mat t h i l t g i u a mat r a i v a i Cox, hay C o x v a i h a m l u o n g c a hat cat, mang lai cac ket qua rdt t h i i v i K h o n g ngac n h i e n rang, su tang h a m l u o n g cacbon h u u ca cau h i n h dat dan d i n sir g i a m mat r a i ( h i n h 3) Co m o t sir that dang ngac nhien hon la sir t i m sir tang ham l u o n g cacbon h u u c a keo theo sir tang ham l u o n g cac hat cat tho (hinh 4) D i e u co nghia la sir au sinh thirc te la m o t qua t r i n h , t r o n g ket qua la ciing loai dat thong dung v u n g canh quan x u n g quanh Bieu Cdc gid tri phan tich thd nhuong COX (%) tri MaTDg Rdi (G.CM ) CPOOL (KG.M ) DO SAU 10CM) cff ban cua cdc viing vd tinh toan tap PUKCL T (CEC) (MMOL) cacbon CAT 0,25-2,0MM (%) SI 2,617±0,140 1,240±0,135 2,468±0,399 5,520±0,070 18,670±0,286 24,267±0,513 S2 3,527± 1,028 1,143±0,095 1,341±1,129 7,000±0,046 21,030±4,045 6,067±2,031 S3 3,330±0,020 1,243±0,060 1,234±0,034 7,463±0,104 21,687±0,692 4,200±1,323 S4 8,170±2,682 1,017±0,031 4,748±2,171 6,573±0,168 41,743±4,900 20,767±6,153 S5 6,743±1,357 0,853±0,070 3,113±1,203 5,607±0,121 34,877±1,214 19,233±3,057 S6 2,293±0,271 1,237±0,051 0,000 * 7,680±0,036 17,083±0,745 1,633±0,208 S7 11,300± 1,090 0,763±0,012 5,297±0,951 5,633±0,267 48,163±2,145 23,200±7,795 KL 6,703± 1,745 1,033±0,183 3,737±1,890 6,727±0,22 36,177±3,582 48,367±3,745 KB 7,710±0,445 1,110±0,147 5,481±0,439 3,027±0,058 38,553±1,058 35,633±2,255 KO 3,653±1,385 0,947±0,145 2,217±0,514 3,393±0,099 24,670±6,000 33,567±2,021 * Gid tri tham khdo - cacbon du (trong tinh toan vung chua cacbon tong cong gid tri cua Cox gidi doan cong ban ddu ciia nd dd bi giam di tir gid tri cua Cox tai cdc dia diem ben ngoai sir tdi sinh cua nong nghiep) Ca hai thong so co the diing n h u dau hieu chat l u o n g de uoc d i n h chat l u o n g ciia cong tac phuc h o i Ket luan Cac gia t r i tuyet d o i ciia viec so sanh m i i c tai sinh rirng o m o i lua t u o i cac viing da nghien c i i u chi v i i n g bai thai k h u vuc t i c h t u CO2 la ro rang, v i vay co tiem nang de co lap cacbon dat thong qua t h a m thuc vat H o n nira, xuat hien kha nang tai tao rirng, t i e m nang la I o n h o n t i i y thuoc vao phan loai cay va da dang si nli hoc, tho n h u o n g M o i lien he chat che g i u a cac p h u o n g phap khao sat gia t r i cacbon co t r o n g dat t r o n g cac pha tiep theo se cho phep sir dung p h u a n g phap khao sat true tiep Sir dung p h u o n g phap nay, se l a m cho hoat dong nghien ciru ciia chiing t o i tai bai thai Podkrusnohorska co hieu qua hon K i e m tra sir phat trien chat l u o n g theo p h u o n g nam ngang ciia dat se la d i e m quan trong viec xac d i n h chat l u o n g thirc vat tai sinh 231 Hoi Cong nghi khoa nghiep md hoc tien ki thudt tien md quoc vi su phat te - trien 2010 ben viing B a i bao t r i n h bay ket bulk density = 1.3105-0.0454*x 14 qua ciia D y an nghien c i i u Cox:OHR r = 0.6455; r = -0.8034 p = 0.00006; y = 1.31047178 - 0.0454189095'x o 2B08006 - Thyc vat tai sinh n h u m o t cong cu cho viec tai tao canh quan sau k h i k h a i thac m o than nau 16 (2008-2011, thien M S M B ) va theo cac k i t qua ciia sy h o p tac lau dai vai cac cong ty Severoceske d o l y A S va C o n g t y Sokolovska uhelna pravni nastupce, A.S Tdi lieu tham B r a d y N C W e i l Cox (%) Hinh Moi quan hi tuyen tinh cua mat dp rdi vdi Cox 35 khao R R.: The properties nature of Soils Prentice H a l l , 2002, Sand 0,25-2,0mm = -0,9853+2.2908"x and New Jersey ; r 0,6686; r = 0,8177, p = 0,00003; y =-0,985271784 + 2,29083695'x Forman R T T Godron M.: Krajinna ekologie Academia, Praha 1993.583 F r o u z J Kalci'k J., 0 A c c u m u l a t i o n o f soil organic cacbon i n relation to other soil characteristic during spontaneous succession reclaimed heaps Cox (%) in non colliery after brown spoil coal m i n i n g near S o k o l o v (The Hinh Moi quan hi tuyen tinh cua cdt vdi Cox Czech R e p u b l i c ) Ekologia Bratislava, 25, 388-397 F r o u z J P i z l V Cienciala E Kalci'k J.: 2009 C a c b o n storage i n p o s t - m i n i n g forest soil, the role o f tree biomass and soil bioturbation B i o g e o c h e m i s t r y , 94, 111-121 N e u h a u s l o v a Z a k o l : M a p a potencialni p f i r o z e n e vegetace Ceske 1998, A c a d e m i a , Praha 232 republiky ... g va so l u o n g cacbon hiru t r o n g ddt ( S O C ) m a n g t h o n g t i n ve chat l u o n g ciia cac canh quan t h u h o i sau k h a i thac m o SOC la viec l u u t r u cacbon thiet y e u... u k i e m soat m a n g canh quan x u n g quanh Dir n lieu bieu cd nghTa la v i i n g chua cacbon l d p be mat ciia l d p dat nam ngang phat trien lien tuc, l i e n quan den cac gia t r i cd y... n g canh quan x u n g quanh Bieu Cdc gid tri phan tich thd nhuong COX (%) tri MaTDg Rdi (G.CM ) CPOOL (KG.M ) DO SAU 10CM) cff ban cua cdc viing vd tinh toan tap PUKCL T (CEC) (MMOL) cacbon CAT