NGHieN cuu TRflO D '''' ( ^ QUAN LY CHAT THAI R A N SINH HOAT DlfA VAO CONG DONG Nghien cuu dien hinh o" xa Sai Son, huyen Quoc Oai, thanh pho Ha Noi PGS TS Le Thu Hoa, Th s Ngo Thanh Mai Dgi line Kinli[.]
NGHieN cuu TRflO D' ( ^ QUAN LY CHAT THAI RAN SINH HOAT DlfA VAO CONG DONG: Nghien cuu dien hinh o" xa Sai Son, huyen Quoc Oai, Ha Noi PGS.TS Le Thu Hoa, Th.s Ngo Thanh Mai Dgi line Kinli li Qudc ddn Emuil: ihunhmui_ngn@yulinn com Qiiun ly didt Ihdi rdn sinh hnul (QLCTRSH) dieu vdn cdng ddng - khuyin khich ciic llidnh viin Irong ciing ddng tham giu hnul ddng qudn ly mdt cdch chii ddng vd nhdn Irdcli nhiem ddi vdi cdc hnut ddng lap ki hogch, Ihiec hiin, gidm sdi cue ndi dung QLCTR Ddy Id iiidt cdch liip ccin mdi phil Imp vdi xu hiedng tdng cudng xd hdi hda vd trua quyin ddng llini dem Igi nhiiu lpi ich chung cbo cpng ddng vu nlid qudn ly Bdi viil nciy nhdn diin vd phdn lidi nghiin cim diin limb cii llii vi md hinh QLCTRSH dua vda cdng ddng a xd Sdi San, biiyiii Qudc Oai, llidnh phd Hd Ndi Irin cdc khiu cuiili mdi tnedng, kinh ti, xd bdi vd qiiuii ly Cdn cie vdn cc'ic phdn licit ndy mdt sd giui phdp cliepc di xudt nhdm xdy dinig vd In nid liinli then hudng bin vimg Tit khda: chat thai ran, chat thiii ran sinh boat, quan ly chat thiii dua vao cdng ddng Tdng quan vc Quan ly CTRSII dya viio cho cae djch vu ma cdng ddng quan ly cpng dong y nghia ciui qudn ly CTRSH dua vdt) cpng ddng Quan ly chat thiii ran sinh boat (QLCTRSH) dua Cach liip can QLCTRSII dua vao cdng ddng trao vao eong ddng la mgt quii trinh khu)'en khich cac quyen eho ngudi dan cd the tu dii) tri cac djch \ ti vien cdng ddng tham gia boat ddng CTRSII nham bao \ e sire khde cdng ddng, kiem quiin ly nipt each chii ddng va nhan trach nhiem ddi soat d nhiem mdi tnrdng, tang cu'dng kinh te dja vdi cac lioiil ddng lap kl hoach, thuc hien, giam sat phuong thdng qua boat ddng tai sir dting vii tai che cae ngi dung QLCTRSI I Biin chit eiia QLCTRSH chiit thai Thuc te d mdt sd qudc gia tren The gidi vii dua viio cdng ddng la ciic \ ien cdng Vict Nam cbo thay, nhfrng Igi icb cua md hinh dem ddng hoac dai dicn eiia bg cd trach nhiem, cd qu)ln lai cbo cdng ddng va co quan quiin ly bao gdm: lire quyei djnh lam ciii gi, thuc bien nhu the n;io \a Tang cudng tinh dan ciui \ii cdng bang vai true lii;p liln liaiih Ciic boat dgng quiin ly, tri trd ciia cdng dong dugc nang cao; ciic hg gia dinh, djch vu QLCTRSH (gdm tbu gom, van chu)en, lai cac ca nhan phat sinh chat thai va chiu tmh hirdng chi, xii ly CTRSH) dl dem lai lgi ich cho cac ihanh true tilp ctia chat thiii cimg ijiam gia Irong qua trinh \icn cdng ddng Day liinidt each tiep can qu)'ct djnb, cung cap djch \ii QLCTR, chia quan ly mdi pliii bgp vdi xu hu'dng tang cudng xa se phiic lgi ciia md hinli va ciing lien quan Irong nd hgi hda \'ii Irao quyln luc dat dugc cac gia trj ctia md hinh; Tuv nhien, QLCTRSH dua vao cdng ddng khdng Niing cao tinh hieu quii, giam chi phi quan ly; cd nghTa Iii lean bd cac \ ien cdng ddng xet vl lau dai tbi cbi phi ctia cbinh phii se giam di chju iracb nhiem vl mgi khia canh ctia djch \ii cd sir chia se trach nhiem quan ly, sir ddng gdp Cling khdng phai toiiii bd cac cdng \ iec la lu nguyen ngudn lire ctia cdng ddng Diic biet chi phi giiim siit, Vai trd ctia co quan cbinh quyln \ ti clui)'cn mdn \ an ^'^im t™ se giiim kbi cac qu) die- qiiiin ly dugc x;i) Ihuc sir cin Ihill \ iec dua khung phap 1) \ a dung cd tinh phii bgp Ciio \ii sir tuan thti liing Ien; cd nhfrng hd trg nhiil djnb \ e Uii cbinh, chu)cn mdn Sd 183 Ihdng 9,2012 - Gkim bdt klid khan cho cbinh qu) in \ ii co quan gg ^ ( GHieN cuu TRflO DOI quan I) mdi trudng dja phuong, gdp phan xay dung mdi quan he va Idng tin virng chac bon vdi cdng ddng dja phuong va ngudi true tiep sir dung djch vu CTRSII, tir ban che cac mau thuan, vi pham va nhfrng thach thirc cho ca quan quan ly; - Nang cao nhan tbiic eiia cdng ddng va ca quan quan ly ve tbirc trang, anh hudng/tac ddng eiia CTRSH ndi rieng, cac \iin de mdi trudng ndi chung thdng qua viec hgc bdi, chia se nhfrng hieu biet va kinh nghiem ciing nhu pbirong thuc lam viec va trao ddi thdng tin; Them nhieu co' bdi xii) dung chien luge QLCTRSH ben vung ban: qua trinh tham gia se gdp plian xay dung \h chia se y tudng, quan diem, triich nhiem cung nhu nang cao mdi lien he, phat trii;n ky nang N a kien thirc ve sir tham gia tuong lai Thuc trang mo hinh QLCTRSH dua vao cong dong 6' xa Sai So'n, huyen Quoc Oai, Ha Noi 2.1 Giai thiiu vi dja diim nghien ciru Sai Son la mdt xa ndng nghiep, nam d phia Bac ctia huyen Qudc Oai, Ha Ndi; tiep giap ranh gidi vdi 11 xa ctia buyen Hoai Dire, Pluic Thg, Thach That vii Qudc Oai Xa cd dicn lich khoang 10 km- dugc chia thdn va 41 xdm Trong nhfrng nam qua, Sai Son da tri dugc sir tang trirdng kinh te tuong ddi cao, 10,6%/nani giai doan 2006- 2010; thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi dat 11,45 trieu ddng/nam Dan sd d xa Sai Son cd qu) md \ a tdc tang cao Tinh din thiing nam 2011 loan xa ed 18.718 nhan khau, chia tbanb 4.170 bd- Tdc tang dan sd trung binh la 1,3%/nam, cao hon so vdi mat bang chung 1,0%/ nam d Ha Ndi Tang trudng kinb tl va gia tang dan sd nhanh dugc xem nhu nhan td ehinh lam cbo hien trang mdi trudng d dja ban xa cd xu budng xiiu di, dd dang quan ngai la vin de CTRSII 2.2 Md hinh qudn ly CTRSH dua vdo cpng ddng ff \ii Sdi Sou Trudc nam 2006, khdng cd mdt td chirc/ cii nhan d xa Sai Son chju trach nhiem ve cdng lac thu gom, van chuyen va xir ly CTRSH Hoat ddng QLCTRSH dien mdt each tu phat Cac hd gia dinh tir thu gom rae thai, van chu)en, ddt chdn lap hoac don gian la \ irt rac vudn, tai mdt khu diit trdng bay ao bd Ciing vdi qua trinh phat trien d dja phuang, ngirdi dan cang nhan thirc dugc nhfrng anh hudng tieu cue ciia CTRSH tdi mdi trudng va sire khde, Sai Son cd sir thay ddi Idn quyet djnh lien hanh md hinh thu gom cdng ddng tu lap, ttr lam, va ttr tri Md hinh bat dau dugc hoiit ddng vao nam 2006 theo pbirong thirc: tirng thdn se eir 1-2 ngudi thu gom CTRSH vii tap trung tai mdt diem quy dinh; eae bd gia dinh thdn se ddng mdt khoan lien (thdi diem nam 2006 la 1.000 ddng/ngirdi/thang) de thii lao cbo ngudi di thu gom Md binh QLCTRSH dua vao cdng ddng d Sai Son la md binh lieu bieu cbo su ket hgp giira chinh Hinh 1: Md hinh QLCTRSH dua vao cpng dong d' xa Sai Son I'h.'.i ' • • : ' Tu ^:hac t\ifu \iJo I UM)\i ãô N h j LHtii; c j p (Ijch \ i i (.I.J1L: ^.f^' Trri p'-if d v ' i '.-i Jf- i f^iiJi JOiiC Jja pUuvUi Nguon: Tdng hap cua nhom nghien cuv lie ket qua dieu tra So !S3 Iluing 2012 66 KiiiitpJIiat trien '^P NGHieN CUU TRflO D< quyen dia phuang va cdng ddng cdng tac QLCTRSH Cac ben tham gia md hinh va vai trd ciia hg dugc the hien hinh 1, bao gdm: lai nhu'ng tac ddng tich cue cbo mdi trirdng \'a sire' khde cdng ddng Lugng rac thai tdn dgng tren he phd, cdng ddng dan cu, cac khu vuc cdng cdng, ao hd sdng sudi da giam dang ke, ban che kha nang d nhiem nidi trudng nudc, khdng kbi \ a dit giam ngudn trung gian gay benh va tao eanh quan dep cho cdng ddng - Cdng ddng dia phieang: bao gdm toan bd eae hd gia dinh tren dja ban xa, la ngudi tbu hudng djch vu, cd trach nhiem tra mdt khoan phi nhit djnh cho djch VII tbu hudng, cd quyen danh gia va phan anh ve chat lugng djch vu QLCTRSH tdi Td chuc dua vao cdng ddng - Tang ty le CTR dugc tai cbe/tai sir dung; tai ehi/ tai sir diing chat thai la boat ddng kinb tl dem lai ngudn tbu cho bd gia dinh, tilt kiem chi phi thu gom/ van chuyen va chdn lap cho xa hdi Dudi gdc mdi trudng, tai che/ tai sir dung gdp phin phuc bdi tai nguyen va lam giam ngoai irng tieu cue tir boat ddng chdn lap rac thai Tai Sai Son hien cd gin 30% bg gia dinh tham gia vao boat ddng tai che Mdt sd hd gia dinh cbo biet, tbu nbiip tir boat ddng dao ddng 500.000- 1.000.000 ddng/thang Ty le chiit thai dugc tai che/ tai sir dung khoang 28,3%, cao bon so vdi ty le d Ha Ndi la 18 - 22% - Td chiec dim vdo cdng ddng (CBO): la ben cd tieng ndi quan trgng md hinh CBO bao gdm: trudng thdn va dai dien chi hdi phu nir ciia tirng thdn Td chuc tbirc bien boat ddng quan ly bao gdm: lira chgn ngudi cung cap djch vu, thilt kl djch vu va de nghj ngudi cung cap djch vu tbirc bien dimg yeu cau ciia minh CBO phdi bgp vdi UBND xa va tham \an y kien eiia hd gia dinh de quyet djnh mire phi thu ciia tirng hg gia dinh - UBND xu Sdi San ddng vai trd tbu yeu md hinh; khdng bd trg ve ky thuat va efing khdng dii tiem lire de hd trg lai cbinh Tuy nhien, UBND cd vai trd van dgng tiing ca nhan cdng ddng img hp va nghiem chinh thuc hien boat ddng QLCTRSH UBND cung ddng vai trd trung gian, hda giai eac mau thuan, tranh chap cd the phat sinh qua trinh tlurc hien - Mdi quan lam eiia ngudi dan den tac ddng tiem an ciia CTRSH den sire khde va d nhiem mdi trudng: mdt dieu cd the nhan thay la hau het cac hd gia dinh d Sai Son nhan tbiic kha rd tac ddng tieu cue den siic khde neu CTRSH khdng dupe thu gom, luu giu va xu ly hgp ve sinh Ket qua phdng van sau cho thay bd gia dinh rat quan tam den cae diem tap ket rac thai cd the trd mdi trudng trung gian truyen benh Mgt sd hd quan tam den van de chdn lap rac thai cd the anh budng cudc sdng ciia ngudi dan xung quanh Tuy nhien, kbi de cap anh hudng ctia CTRSH den cac phan mdi trirdng kbac (nirdc, khdng khi, dit) tbi khoang 1/5 (19,5%) hd gia dinh khdng quan tam den anh budng ciia - Nhd cung cdp dich vu cd the la I hoac mdt nhdm ngirdi tiiy theo quy md, dien tich va sd dan eiia tirng thdn, dugc CBO lira chgn va cd trach nhiem cung cap djch vu Nha cung cap cd the Ihu phi true tiep tir hd gia dinh hoac nhan phi thdng qua trudng thdn 2.3 Mpt so kit qud ciia md hinh Tren ca sd cac thdng tin/du' lieu thu thap tir khao sat thirc te tai Sai Son, ket bgp dieu tra, phdng van 70 hd gia dinh xa, cac ket qua thuc hien md binh QLCTRSH dua vao cdng ddng d xa Sai Son dugc nhdm nghien ciru xem xet va phan lich tren khia canh: Mdi trudng, Kinb te, Xa hdi va The che " Khia cgnh Mdi trudng Tang ty le thu gom CTRSH: tir chd CTRSH khdng dugc quan ly, den ty le dirge thu gom d Sai San dat 86,8%, cao ban ty le trung binh 82% d cac dd thj va 5 - 60% tai cac viing ndng thdn tren loan qudc Ty le tbu gom chat thai cao se dem Sd 183 Ihdng 2012 Biing 1: Nhan thiic ciia ho gia dinh ve tac dong cua CTRSH Ty le quan tam den nhiem moi Ty le quan tam den truong (nudc, dat, IVIiic dp quan lam rui ro siic khoe khong ) chat thai khong vut rac khong dupc thu gom (%) diing quy dinh (%) Rat quan tam 71,3 22,1 Quan lam 25,5 26,8 Binh thuong 3,2 31,6 It quan tam 0,0 19.5 Khong quan tam 0,0 0,0 Ngudn: Tdng hap ciia nhdm nghien cieu lie ket qua dieu ird 67 ^ GHieN cuu TRflO DOI CTRSH den mdi trirdng nudc, khdng - Nang cao nhan thire ciia hd gia dinh ve lain quan trgng ctia QLCTRSH d dja phuong; ket qua phdng van bd gia dinh d Sai Son cbo thay: 75,8% hd gia dinh dat vj tri uu tien QLCTRSH hang diu; 18,7% cbo rang QLCTRSH la quan trgng; 5,5% cho rang QLCTRSH la viec binh tbu'dng; dae biet, khdng cd bat cir hd gia dinh duge hdi nao cho rang QLCTRSH la khdng hoac it quan trgng Ly ma Ciic bg dua la QLCTRSH tdt se tao mdi trudng lanh, xda bd eae ngudn gdc gay djch benh va tao canh quan dep cbo xa Ket qua tir cudc phdng Viin sau can bd dja phuong cbo thay: trudc nam 2006, y thirc ctia ngudi dan ve BVMT cdn kha thap, da phan ngudi dan cho rang rac thai khdng anh birdiig gi den nidi trudng, sire khde va cudc sdng eiia hp Dieu cho thay sir thay ddi dang ke nhaii thirc ve mdi trudng ctia mdt cdng ddng chii yeu lam nghe ndng nhu Sai Son 45.445.000 ddng, tuang irng 106,8% chi phi eho lao ddng thu gom va \an ehu)ln so cip la 42.536.520 ddng - 75.000 ddng/tin) Trong dai ban neu don vj cung cap djch vu khdng dugc diu tu \'e dung cu \a phuong lien tbu gom thi doanh thu tir phi ve sinh khdng du de bii dap ehi phi Nhu vay, kha nang ben virng ve tai chinh d md hinh xa Sai Son van la mpt van de chua cd cau tra Idi Thuc te cd the lam giam ddng lire cung cap djch vu CTRSH cho cpng ddng, chat lugng djch vu cfing se bj anh hudng, chira dung nguy ca khdng dn djnh va ben vfrng eiia -ca md binh •4 Su san Idng ddng gdp tai cbinh cbo boat dpng tbu gom CTRSH: d Sai Son mirc phi thu gom la 2.500 ddng/ ngudi/thang, va ca nhan/td chirc cung cap djch vu la ngirdi true tiep thu phi Mirc phi 36.000 ddng/ ngudi/ nam chiem mdt ty le kha nhd neu so vdi miic thu nhap binh quan 11.450.000 ddng/ngudi/nam toan xa Tuy vay, van cd mpt Bang 2: Miic hiii long cua ho gia dinh ve djch vu thu gom CTRSH * Khiu cgnh xd hiii Tao viee lam cbo mdt sd lao ddng dja phuong: md binh QLCTRSH dua vao cdng ddng d Sai Son da dem lai ca hgi viee lam eho 18 lao ddng dja phuong (chiem 86% tren tdng sd 21 lao ddng ciia td thu gom rac thai) Ngudi lao ddng dugc ky bgp ddng lao ddng tam thdi vdi Chu tjch UBND xa va tru'dng nhdm CBO Tuy sd lao ddng khdng nhieu nhung Irong tuong lai, kbi eac yeu c