Hl/dNG T 6 I N£N KINH T £ XANH VI MUC Tl£U PHAT TRifiN Bl̂ N VUNG NGUYfiN SONG TtiNG" rude khiing hodng kinh ti'''' todn cdu trong nhitng ndm vita qua da gdy ra nhiing anh hudng ldn tdi hdu hit cdc qudc[.]
Hl/dNG T I N£N KINH T £ XANH VI MUC Tl£U PHAT TRifiN Bl^N VUNG NGUYfiN SONG TtiNG" r ude khiing hodng kinh ti' todn cdu nhitng ndm vita qua- da gdy nhiing anh hudng ldn tdi hdu hit cdc qudc gia tren thi" gidi vd ldm cho nSn kinh te the gidi dikng trudc nguy ca suy thodi nghiim trpng Tuy nhiin, van de suy thodi nguy hiim vd lau ddi hem id suy thodi vi mdi trudng chua thu hut duac su chu y dUng mite cua ngudi Thdi gian qua, Viet Nam cdng nhu nhieu qud'e gia dang phdt triin khde phdt trien kinh ti'chu yi'u dua vdo khai thdc tdi nguyen, xudt khdu nguyen liiu thd khii'n eho chdt luong mdi trudng ngdy cdng xud'ng cdp Trudc thuc te nen kinh te the gidi dang phdi dd'i mat vdi hdng loat vdn di ve mdi trudng nhu can kiet nguon tdi nguyin, nhiim khdng khi, bien dd'i hdu, sU nong len eua trdi ddt, nhiiu qud'e gia dd quyet dinh tdi cd'u triic nin kinh tetheo hudng "xanh hoa"- phdt trien mdt nen "kinh te'xanh " Nhieu nudc dd coi viic phdt trien edc ngudn ndng luang mdi vd xdy dung mot ngdnh cdng ngiiiep "carbon thdp" Id ddng luc quan trgng di thue day phdt trien kinh te Ddy Id y tudng dd thu hdt duoc sU quan tdm rdng rdi cua cdng ddng qud'e te I KINH TJ^ XANH Trong th^ ky qua, nhieu qude gia da chuydn ddi va tai c§iu triic ndn kinh t^ lii ndng nghiep sang cdng nghiep vdi nhiing tuu vupt bac vd cdng nghe ch^ tao, co khf, dien tir, tao them nhieu ciia cai vat ch^l cho xa hdi, nhieu cdng an viec lam, gia tang co hdi hudng thu va.nang cao chat lupng sdng ciia ngudi lao ddng Nhung nhGng qua dd di kem vdi su can kiei ve tai nguyen thien nhien, khdng ngiing gia tang d nhiem mdi trudng, bidh ddi hau ciing nhidu he luy khac Tit cude Cach mang cdng nghiep bat dau vao cudi the" ky 18, nhieu ngkuh cdng nghiep nang, bao gdm ca Cdng nghifip Hda cha't, da cd nhiing ddng gdp cue k)* quan trpng cho lien bd cua nhan Ioai; nhung ddng thdi cung la nh&ng ngudn gay d nhidm nghiiem Irpng, anh hudng ldn de'n mdi trudng sinh thai tren Trai Dat, gay uhfing hien tuong nhu bie^n ddi hau, su ndng len cua Trai D^l, mua axit, Nhihig tac dong khdn Iudng eua bien ddi khf hau nhu dich benh, ddi ngheo, mtft noi d, thidu dii canh tac, su suy giam da dang sinh hpc dang de dpa true lidp ddn cude sd'ng eiia eon ngudi Vl vay, ndn cdng nghifip cSng phat trien, xa hdi cang phat tridn thi v ^ dd bao ve mdi trudng va phat iri^n bdn viing cang cin phai dupc quan tam nhidu hOn Phat tridn ndn "kinh te xanh", vi mdt tuong lai khdng d nhiem, tang trudng ma khdng pha vd can bang sinh thai, dang thuc su la giai phap cap thie^t va khdng thd thay th^ vao thdi didm Kinh te'xanh la gi? "Kinh t^ xanh" (tie'ng Anh la "Green Economy") hien v§n la mdt khai niem rat mdi Thuat ngu: ndi de'n cac hoat ddng kinh l^, dac biet la san xua't va nang lucmg, dd ngudi khdng lam hai mdi trudng ma ngupc lai lam giam tae hai cho mdi Irudng sdng vi cdng nghiep cu thai vao khdng khf va nudc nhidu cha't ddc hai, dac biel la cac chat khf cd eacbon Ndi chung, dd la nhiing hoat ddng kinh t^ n h ^ hai muc dfch la giam bdt nhiing ddc hai ciia ndn kinh te cu va tao nhu'ng hoat ddng mdi dd khdng gay hai them cho nudc va khdng khf tren trai da't Kinh te' xanh gdm cac nganh than thien vdi Nguyen Song Tung, Ths., Vien Nghien cum mdi truimg va Phat triln ben vumg B NguySn Song Tung - Hudng tdi nSn kinh tgxanh mdi trudng vi die biet coi trpng mdi quan he ngudi vdi mdi trudng sinh thii Phit triln kinh t l xanh gidp tao nhilu viSc lim, thuc diy tang trudng kinh t l (in djnh, lam diu hiu vi ngin chin nan "chiy miu" tii nguyen Do dd kinh t l xanh ddng vai tro vd ciing quan ddi vdi su phit triln bin viing cia cic qudc gia Cho tdi nay, chua cd dinh nghia thcfng nhit vl "kinh tl xanh" Tuy nhien Theo Chudng trinh Mdi trudng Lien Hop Qudc (UNEP), nln kinh t l xanh li nln kinh t l nang cao ddi sdng cua ngudi vi cai thien cdng bing xa hdi, ddng thdi giam thilu ding kl nhiing rii ro mdi trudng vi nhiing thilu hut sinh thii Ndi mdt cieh ddn gian, nln kinh t l xanh c6 miic phit thai thip, sii dung hieu qua tii nguyen vi hudng tdi cdng bing xa hdi Theo nhan dinh cia cic chuyen gia, chie'n luoc "kinh t l xanh" da trd thinh budc ngoat phit triln cho tien trinh khdi phuc kinh t l toan ciu vi ciing li ddng luc mdi cho viec thic diy kinh t l toin ciu phat triln bin viing LiSn Hiep Qudc nhin dinh, chinh sach "kinh t l sach" li dudng phat trien cin thilt cho kinh t l toan cSu cho tuong lai (UNEP, 2009) Md hinh kinh t l mdi niy ghi nhan gii tri vi vai trd cua diu tu vao vdn tu nhien, tao viec lam, la tru cdt dl giam ngheo Thay vi s i dung nhien lieu hda thach, nln kinh te xanh sit dung nang ludng tai tao va cong nghe cicbon thip, khuye'n khich sut dung ngudn luc va ning lucrng hieu qua hdn Theo tinh toin cua UNEP nim 2009, cdng ddng EU va My da tao 2-3,5 trieu viec lim xiy dung cic tda nha xanh, Trung Qudc tao nen 10 trieu viec lam linh vuc tai chl va nang luong tii tao vdi doanh thu 17 ty USD/nam Nhiing dii lieu thuc t l cho thiy, gieo mim kinh t l xanh, tao nen tang trudng xanh li chiln ludc cho phit triln bin viing d tUdng lai Muc tieu cia "nln kinh te xanh" la phit triln kinh te cung vdi bao ve mdi trudng, tang cudng ip dung cdng nghe san xuit sach vi ning luong sach, dat tang trucmg kinh t l bin vttng Ba linh vuc dudc LHQ xic dinh im tien cude chiln chdng biln d6i khf hau tren co sd tin dung cic ngu6n Igii cua cic he sinh thii li cac dai san hd, cic cinh riing, kit hop vdi cdng nghe nang lucrng mat trdi, dia nhiet vi gid, Theo Chuong trinh Mdi trudng LHtJ (UNEP), cac dii san hd, vdng dit ngip nudc va khu vuc dit phi nhilu cho tr6ng trot la nhiing he sinh thii quan dl thich nghi cdng vdi biln i6i cia thdi tilt UNEP keu goi cac nudc quan Ij vi bao tdn cac he sinh thai niy nhu cic vung dem, duoc coi nhu li tai san kinh t l vd gii Nghien ciiu mdi duoc cic nhi khoa hoc LHQ cdng bd khang dinh, luong thai CO; tuong duong 50% luong thai cua khu vuc giao thdng via tai toin ciu da duoc cic he sinh thai biln nhu rimg dudc, dim liy ven biln hip thu vi luu giS Khdi phuc cic ring ngip man dl bao ve bd biln khdi sdng cdn bao, ddng thdi lam tang cic CO hdi dinh bit ci vi cd lip chit thai CO2 Cdng nghe sach ciing li linh vuc duoc chii trong xiy dung mot nln kinh tl xanh Nghien ciiu cia UNEP cho ring, diu tu vao cic ngudn ning luong thay the It thai CO2 va giam luong thai tir tieu thu ning luong khdng hieu qua cd loi cho nln kinh tl vi mdi trudng Tuy nhien, UNEP cung nhin manh, mac du nhilu cdng nghe giam thai CO2 cd thi tang hieu qua thuong mai, nhung vide chuyin giao nhimg cdng nghe tdi cac thi trudng mdi va s i dung tren toin ciu vin li mdt thich thiic ldn M6t nhOng ngudn nhien lieu sach thay thi duoc nhilu nudc khuyin khfch phit triln li nhien lieu sinh hoc Day li cdng nghe giip giam d nhilm mdi trudng Theo Bio cao Phit triln nam 2010 cia Ngan hang Thi gidi (WB), sin luong ethanon toan ciu da ting tCi 18 ty lit mdt nim (nim 2000) len 46 ty lit vio nim 2007; sin luong diu diesel sinh hpc tang gin tim lin, len tim ty lit Dit dinh cho san xuit nhien lieu sinh hoc duoc du bio se ting bdn lin trudc nam 2030, phin ldn khu vuc Bic My, chilm Nghien cdu PII^* Inan han ,/,7n/Y < A ri1\ ^ ThA Nguyin Song TCmg - Hudng tdi nSn kinh texanh 10% dit trdng trudc nam 2030 va Chiu Au sd niy li 15% Loi ich cua phat triln "kinh te xanh" a) Nin kinh tdxanh ddm bdo cdc gid tri tu nhiin vd su ddu tu thich ddng cho tu nhiin: Phit triln kinh t l xanh se lim giim chit phi rimg va ting dito tfch trdng riing, tao j nghia kinh t l ndng nghiSp va sinh kl d ndng thdn, dac biet la miln nui Hon ntta, viec phit triln ndng nghiep xanh cd mdt j nghia quan trpng viec dam bio ddi sdng cua dan sd dang ting cua thi gidi mi khdng hiy hoai cic tai nguyen thien nhidn Ndng nghiep xanh cung yeu ciu siic manh ting hdp va phit triln Cd sd ting d ving ndng thdn cua cic qudc gia dang phit triln Su khan hilm ngudn nudc cd thi dupc giam bdt nhttng chlnh sich nham tang su diu tu cho viec cai thidn nguon cung cip nudc va hieu qua s i dung ngudn nudc Diu tu dl dat dupc mic dd bin vihig cua nganh dinh bit thiy hai sin se tao CO hdi cho viec dam bao ngudn thu nhip bin vttng, lau dai cho ngudi dan vi kinh t l cia cic dia phuong Bnh vuc boat ddng niy b) Kinh texanh ddng vai trd chii chdt viec gidm ngheo Viec lim xanh nganh ndng nghiep d cic nudc dang phit triln tap trung vao cic hd gia dinh nhd cd thi giam ngheo, tao cac sinh kl, su thay doi ddi sdng d nhiing viing cd thu nhip thip d nhiing nudc dang phit triln, mpl nhttng cd hdi Idn nhit dl dat td'c dd su chuyin hudng sang kinh t i xanh li diu tu vao vide cung cip/du trtt nudc sach vi nhttng dich vu cham sdc bao ve siic khde cho ngudi nghlo Ning lupng tai tao cd thi ddng mdt vai trd cd j nghia kinh te mdt chie'n lupc nham loai bd su thilu hut ning lupng Phat triln du lich dupc xay dung tit cd thi hd trd cho kinh l l dia phuong va giam ngheo d cic cip dia phuong c) Kinh te xanh tao viec ldm vd ndng cao cdng bdng xd hdi Mdt su thay dii dl hudng den kinh tl xanh cung cd nghia la su thay doi vide lam, di d mflc thip nhit cung se tao nhilu co hdi viec lim va s i lUdng vide lam se tang ldn diu tu cho kinh t l xanh cang nhilu hon Trong viln cinh diu tu xanh, viec xiy dung nginh ndng nghidp, lim nghiep vi giao thdng se tao su gia ting viec lim trdng ngin han cung nhu trdng trung ban vi dai han Viec phin bd it nhit 1% GDP toin ciu dl ting hieu qui s i dung nang luong va diy manh vide s i dung nang lupng tai tao ciing se tao thdm nhilu vide lim mdi cic nln kinh tl d) Kinh ti'xanh thiic ddy hiiu qud si dung ndng lugng vd tim kiem tdi nguyen mdi Qui trinh san xuit dii mat vdi nhttng thach thiic vi nhttng cd hdi cho viec nang cao hidu qua s i dung tii nguydn Vide tai chl va thu hdi ning lupng tir ric thai dang trd ndn httu fch hdn vi cin dupc khuyin khich vl nguyen lieu rac di trd ngudn tai nguyen cd gii tri Giam ric thai vi tang hidu qua cic hd thdng luong thuc vi ndng nghiep cd thi gdp phin bao vd an ninh luong thuc toan ciu hien va tuong lai e) Kinh td xanh vd phdt tlidi eacbon tlidp md cude sdng dd tin ben vOng han Viec XUC tiln xay dung cac thinh phd xanh se nang cao hieu qua va nang suit su dung nang luong Vide xay dung nhihig tda nha xanh mdi va vide trang bi thdm nang lupng hdp ly cd thi dat dupc su tilt kidm ning lupng dang kl Vide cai thidn hidu qua nang lupng linh vuc giao thdng, s i dung nhien lieu sach va thay ddi ttt phucmg tidn ci nhan sang phuong tidn cdng cdng vi phucmg tidn khdng gin dpng cd cd thi nhan dupc nhttng ipi ich vl sic khoe va kinh tl g) Nen kinh texanh tdng Irudng nhanh hon nen "kinh te ndu " vdn tri vd khdi phuc nguon tdi nguyen Du kiln diu tu xanh chilm 2% tdng GDP toan ciu se tao sir tang trudng thdi giah dai giai doan 2011-2050 mi su tang trudng ft nhit bing vdi su ting trudng kinh t l tinh canh lac quan, tranh dupc nhimg nguy cd giam sit kinh te nhu la anh hudng cia biln ddi hau, viec khan hiem nudc dang tSng ldn va vide mit nhttng dich vu sinh thai Mdt chudng Nghien cim Phit trien ben vttng, so (33) • Thing 12/2011 B Nguyin Song Tung - Ht/Ong tdi nin kinh tSxanh trinh nghi su vl chlnh sich, chiln lUdc nhim lam xanh nhttng Knh vuc kinh t l chi chdt mang Iai idi ich viec phd'i hpp va thiic diy su tang trudng lau dai thdng qua viec giam nhe su khan hilm tii nguyen vi ning lupng n VlfeT NAM DANG H U O N G TOI HINH THANH VA PHAT TRI^N N£N KINH TEXANH Hien trang phit triln kinh te vi vi'n de mdi trudng Trong 25 nSm thuc hidn ddi mdi vtta qua, chung ta da chiing kiln qua trinh chuyin ddi nln kinh t l Vidt Nam ttt md hinh kinh t l k l hoach hda tap u-ung sang md hinh kinh tl thi trudng cd su quan ly cia nhi nudc theo dinh hudng xa hdi chi nghia Tuy nhidn, chung ta cd thi quan sat thiy md hinh kinh t l thi trudng cd xu hudng thay ddi theo thdi gian Md hinh kinh tl thi trudng truyin thdng - dua trdn quan dilm tang trudng bit ngudn ttt ldi ich ca nhan- dang chuyin din sang md hinh kinh t l thj trudng hien dai- theo quan dilm tang trudng va phat triln bin vung bat ngudn ttt lpi ich xa hdi Theo dd, phat triln kinh te phai tinh den lpi ich xa hdi va mdi trudng bin virng Tuy nhien, quan dilm hy sinh mdi trudng vi lpi ich kinh tl trudc day da va dang trd bai hpc dit gia cia nhilu qudc gia tren the gidi, dd cd Viet Nam Minh ching ro nha't la hien nudc ta cin xu ly triet dl tren 439 co sd gay d nhilm mdi trudng nghidm trpng va gin 3.000 cd sd d nhidm mdi phat sinh Khdng ding lai dd, 118/260 khu cdng nghiep, khu chl xui't vi khu cdng nghe cao cd he thdng xu ly nudc thai tap trung va di vao vin hanh (chilm 45%); chi cd 7/64 tinh cd he thd'ng xu ly nudc thai sinh hoat dd thi tap trung; 335 diem tdn luu thud'c bao ve thuc vit giy d nhidm mdi trudng nghidm trpng vi dac biet nghiem trpng chua dupc xu ly; khoang 2.100 lang nghi chua dupc diu tu hd thdng x i ly chit thai d^t ydu ciu Dd la chua kl din nhttng vin dl ric thai sinh hoat dd thi, chit ddc hda hpc dang la nhiing van dl bile xdc • Thuc trang tren cdng vdi dan sd ting nhanh, ty le hd ngheo cdn cao, cic dich vu co ban vl giio due vi y t l hien cdn nhilu bit cip, co sd ting kp thuit mdi trudng cdn thilu, lac hiu da vi dang giy nhihig tic hai hit sdc nghiem trpng cho mdi trudng Cu thi, hing nam cd hon ty m' nudc thai chua dupc x i ly triet dl thai mdi trudng Hien luu vuc sdng Ciu, sdng Nhue, sdng Day, sdng Sai G6n, sdng Ddng Nai vi gin nhu toin bd he thdng kenh rach thudc khu vuc ndi cua cac tinh thinh diu da bi d nhilm ning Du bio thdi gian tdi, lupng nudc thai nhilm se ting hing chue lin (Ngudn: Bd Tii nguyen vi Mdi trudng) Xu hudng phit triln kinh te xanh a Viet Nam Tilm nang, thi manh cia nudc ta la vi tn' dia ly nim trung tam Chiu A, mdt chau luc dupc danh gii la dang va se phit triln nang ddng nhit thi gidi Thien nhien uu dai vdi bd biln dai, nhilu anh ning, cd nhilu vinh, bai biln va dao tuyet dep, noi nao xa biln thi cd ndi rimg, sdng nudc Chdng ta cd vdng hau dac trung nhiet ddi vi can dn ddi vi thi san vat rit da dang, phong phd Nln ndng nghiep dang phit triln rit in tupng vdi nhilu san phim ddng Top thi gidi Nhilu san phim cdng nghidp cung dat din Top hoac Top 10 nhu da giiy, may mac, san ph^m trang tri ndi thit Chung ta cd nln chinh ui dn dinh, xa hdi thin thidn, thuin nhit va ngudi dan dn hda Day la nhttng Ipi thi ma khdng phai qudc gia nao cung cd dupc Nlu chdng ta bidt diy nhttng tilm nang va thi manh dd ldn vdi hinh anh, thuong hieu mang gii tri die trung cua Vidt Nam, sdng ddng, hip dan thi hieu qua cia nln kinh t l se rit ldn Ttt tit ca cac tilm ning va the manh nhu tren, Viet Nam hoin toan cd thi hudng tdi mpt nln kinh te xanh Khdng cd nhilu qudc gia trdn thi gidi hdi du cac ylu td dl cd thi trd mCit nln kinh t l xanh "cd tim cd" Lio cd thi xanh dUdc khdng? Xanh khdng chi cd nghia la nhilu ciy cdi ndi rung Vdi cic tilm nang san cd thi Lio, Campuchia, Thai Nghien ciru Ph^i f"°" han ,nyr,n t ?/(/m Ti,A„-