Chính sách quản lý môi trường ở nhật bản trong những năm 1990 và tác động đến sản xuất của các doanh nghiệp

WOITBU&NG CHiNH SACH QUAN LY MOI T R U O N G 0 NHAT BAN TRONG N H O N G NAM 1990 VA TAC DflNG DEN SAN XUAT CUA CAC DOANH NGHIEP NGUVtNIHINBpC'''' Tdm tdt Sau 40 ndm phdt trien, Nhdt Bdn dd trd thdnh mgt[.]

WOITBU&NG CHiNH SACH QUAN LY MOI T R U O N G NHAT BAN TRONG N H O N G NAM 1990 VA TAC DflNG DEN SAN XUAT CUA CAC DOANH NGHIEP NGUVtNIHINBpC' Tdm tdt: Sau 40 ndm phdt trien, Nhdt Bdn dd trd thdnh mgt sieu cudng kinh te tren the gidi nhung qudc gia ndy ciing phdi ddi mat vdi nhiiu vdn di, dd ndi bgt la vdn de d nhiem mdi trudng De gidi quyit nhiing vdn di do, vdo nhOng ndm 1990, chinh phit vd chinh quyen dia phuang nudc ndy da dua nhieu bien phdp qudn ly mdi trudng, phdi k den bifn phdp kiem sodt d nhiem khdng khi, d nhiem nudc, d nhiem ddt trdng trgi, qudn rdc thdi, chdng biin doi hgu vd thu dugc nhiiu kit qud khd quan, mdi trudng sdng cua ngudi dugc cdi thien Nhirng gidi phdp cOng cd tdc dgng ddng ki tdi hogt dgng sdn xudt cua cdc doanh nghifp ddng thdi bgc lg mgt s6 mgl hgn che qud Irinh thiec hifn Tuy nhien nhiing hgn che da sdm dugc ngudi Nhgt nhgn thdy va dua cdch khdcphifc kip thdi, giup cho qudc gia ndy luon dugc thi gidi nhac den vdi ctim tie "xanh, sgch, dfp " Tit khda: Nhft Bin, Quin ly mfli tradng, Kilm soit, nhiim Tie dflng, Doanh nghigp T / i o nhttng nim 1990, cic vin dl mfli r tradng dupc chinh phu Nhft Bin dfc bigt quan tam bao gom nhiim khflng khu vyc dfl thi; ehdt thii rdn; phu dudng nudc bl mat; bio vg mfli tradng vi thay dfli hfu Dl giii quylt cic vin dl niy, Nhft Bin da cd nhilu bifn phip ttong dd phii nhin manh din cic giii phap thong qua luft phap hay ngudi ta edn gpi dd li cic giii phip mang tinh chl tii Thyc tl cho thiy, dl giQ mfli ttidng ttong sach, nhilu khu vyc chinh quyln dja phuang da thyc thi cic sdc Ifnh vl tigu chuan thii chft chg hon quy djnh cua Luft Quflc gia Nhft Bin Ngoii nhQng quy djnh cic co sdrigngle vi chinh quygn dja phuang ciing tiln hinh ky cic thoi thuan, cam kit kilm soit fl nhilm Dfy dupc coi Ii mflt frong nhiing giii phip quin ly quan ttpng vi thu dupc nhieu thinh cflng d Nhft Bin Nlu cic giii phip chua du higu qui dl cii thign mfli tradng khu vyc, chinh quyln dja phuong thda thufn vdi cic doanh nghifp mdi thinh Ifp thuc hifn cic quy djnh vl phit thij chit giy fl nhiim chft chg hom Cho du thyc hifn bfng cich nio, d cip dp nio di chfng nQa thi cic giii phip quin ly mfii trucmg cflng sg ed tic dpng nhat djnh din mfii tradng ty nhidn, xi hfi, doanh nghifp Bai vilt ttinh bay vai net vl cic chinh sich quin ly mfii tradng cua Nhit Bin nhiing • ThS, Vifn NghiSn cim Ddng B i c A NGHltN Cda C O N G B ^ d S 2(132) 2-2012 41 Nghien cihi khoa hoc 1.2 Kiem sodt nhiim nir&c nim 1990 vi nhirng tic dflng cua chinh sich Nhft Bin ngucri ta quy djnh tdt ci cic niy tdi eic doanh nghigpfrongthdi ky Chinh sach quan Iy moi trudng cua nhi miy, khu cfing nghifp phii cd hg thflng din chat cd thg hda tan nhu phfltpho va nito Nhft Ban nhung nam 1990 cic hfl, biln vi tten dit lign Tai mflt s6 1.1 Kiem sodt S nhiem khSng khu vuc dfc biet, bfln canh hg thflng kg tten Trade do, Nhft Bin da thilt lap bp tigu chinh phu dua quy djnh vg tflng lupng chudn mfli traomg dfli vdi cic ehdt giy fl xi thii nhdt dinh/thing/nam cho timg don vj nhiim nhu SOx, NOx, SPM vi chit xi hda sin xuat kinh doanh nhim giim ip lyc quang hda, nghiem ngft ban nhigu so vdi nhiim nudc tai dd Vi dy, khu vuc Vjnh cic tigu chudn cua EU vi My Dg thye hien Tokyo, vjnh Ise, vjnh Seto Diy li cich lim dupc nhiing tigu chuin ttgn, Nhft Bin da dem lai nhilu thinh cflng cho ngudi Nhft ma quy djnh cy thi vg tflng lupng thii ip it thdy dupc ung dung tai cac quflc gia khic dyng cho ddu dudng flng dfli vdi cac hpp frong dd cd Vigt Nam chdt SOx, NOxfrgnnguon cfl dinh Nam Vio nhihig nim 1990, mflt phin hi sfl hi 1998, cd tflng sfi 206.400 co sd sin xuat tuan thu quy djnh vl phit thai SOx, NOx vi byi d Nhft Bin bj nhilm bdi hign tupng tio tflng hpp Ngoii ra, 59.500 ca sd tuin thu (do phu duflmg nudc gay ra), ding quan ngai dung cac quy djnh vl byi thfl va byi amiang ban li chung cdn lam fi nhiim ci nguln nudc uong vi sinh boat hing ngiy cua ngudi Rigng lupng thii SOx bdt ngufln ttt din Nhd vifc thyc thi cac giii phap kilm nhttng ngufln diim cfl djnh nhu cic nhi miy soit fl nhilm nudc ngn din cufli nhfing nSm dupc quy djnh cu thi vl lupng thai cho 1990 sfl hfl vi vjnh dat tigu chuin nong df timg traimg hpp Vi thi lupng thai SOx chdt httu CO (COD) frong nudc dat mde til thay doi theo timg khu vyc khie 55% din 85% Duong nhign, cic phfl Idn nhu Osaka 1.3 Qudn ly rdc Ihdi vi Tokyo dgu cd lupng thii cao hem cic Thfp ky 1990, Nhft Bin cung gfp phii thinh phfi khic nhilu van dd lien quan tdi ric thii nhu ting Dfli vdi cic ehit giy fl nhiim khflng lupng rac thii qui ldn din din thilu khu vyc dflc hai, Luft mfii tradng ca bin quy djnh dl ric thii; fl nhiim mfli tradng xung quanh chi tilt cho timg chit bao gfim benzen, khu vyc dfl thii vi dfi ric bit hpp phap De frichloroethylene, tetraehloroethylene vi cic giii quylt vin dfl fren, ehinh quyen tai mft chdt lign quan dgn difixin sfi dia phuong da tiln hinh thu thui dfli vdi Digu luu y Ii cic ngufln (diim) giy fl ric thii cflng nghifp dupc chuyin ttt cac tinh nhilm cfl djnh cd thg bj phat tiln cao nhat I khac, khu vyc khac din Vifc lamfrflngiup ttigu ygn hofc phat tu Ign tdi mflt nim nlu hp kiem soit hiiu higu lupng rac thai vi xfla xi thii vupt qui nguflng quy djnh vl cic bd van nan thigu hyt bai rac cue bfl tai mft chit giyflnhiim nhu SOx, NOx hofc nhttng sfl dja phucmg Thgm vio do, Luat Tii chl loai thii cd lign quan dgn difixin Trong vft chda va dong bao bl, Luft Tai chl dl gia dd lai khfing ip dung hinh phat phip ly dyng, Luft Tii chg vat lifu xiy dyng vi Luft doi vdi nhiing co sd xa thii qui mde cic Tii chl thyc phdm cfl hifu lyc cung li nhttng dang chdt thii Idng nhu benzen, cflng cy ddc luc khuyin khich vigc tai che trichloroethylene, tetraehloroethylene mfii nhdm giim lupng ric xi thii mfli tradng frudng bdn ngoii 42 NGHIEN Cda OONG Bi)C I) S6 2(132) 2-2012 Nghien cihi khoa hpc Cy thg li, Luft Tii ehl vft chua vi ddng Sd tign sg dupc dimg dg thug cfing ty bao bi (thyc thi nim 1995) quy dinh eic thu gom vi tii chl hing sin xuat hofc sd dung dfl chda gfim Cd thi ndi, Nhft Bin di ip dung nhilu chai PET, thdng ehda bdng kinh, bia cung, bign phip nghigm khic nham quan ly vigc giay vi vft chda bdng nhya vi bao bi khic xi thii; giim sat dfi ric thii bdt hpp phip va phai tii chg hofc tii sd dyng ki mfit ty If xd ly n^igm cac truomg hpp vi pham frong nhit djnh trade xi thii hoin toinramfli vfn chuygn vi tii chg ric thii cflng nghigp tradng bgn ngoii cung nhu dfl rac thii sai quy dinh Luft Tii chg dfi gia dyng (thye tbi mflt Dfii vdi cic loai hda chat dflc hai, mfc du phin nim 1998 vi diy du nim 2001) cflng ngudi Nhft da thyc thi dao luft quy dinh vd giup cho ngudi dan vi cie hang sin xudt sin xudt, nhap khdu hda chdt, ttong dd ed phii tign hinh thu thfp linh kign va vat ligu quy dinh cic doanh nghigp phii khai bio ttt miy dilu hfla, ti vi, tu lanh, va miy gift vige sd dung vi xi thai mfli traomg song bd di dg tai sd dyng chung lim nguygn lifu ttxing mpt thiri gian dii dao luft niy chua thfl, linh kifn hay nhign ligu eung edp eho dupe thye hign nghigm Chi ttt cufli nhung qui trinh sin xuat mdi cua minh Theo luft nim 1990 thi vigc niy mdi dupc ngudi ta niy, cic bang sin xudt buflc phii cd nghTa chu y tdi vi thyc hifn tflt ban vy thu gom sin phdm cda hp vi tai sd dyng 1.4 Kiim sodt nhiim dil Irdng trgi lai mft ty Ig nhdt djnh lim nguygn ligu thfl Vio nhttng nim 1990, Nhft Ban chua cd vi linh kign Qua dd khuyin khich cie hing quy dinh cy thg nio dg kilm soit nhigm sing tao homfrongvige tii sd dung nguygn ddtttflngtrpt Cic tigu chudn ehdt lupng mfli lifu, ip dyng cflng nghf tign tiln nhim tao tradng dfli vdi ddt trflng ttpt dupc thilt Ifp nhttng loai hing hda da ning hon ldn diu tign vio thing nim 2002 va cung Luft Tii chl vft lifu xay dyng quy djnh nam dd Luft Chflng fl nhiim datttflngfrpt cic cflngfrinhphii phin loai cic vft lifu xay mdi cd higu lyc Theo luft niy, chu dit cua dyng cy thi nhu bg tflng, gfl xay dyn^ vi cac nhi miy hofc co sd cd stt dyng hda chit nhya dudng, nhiing vft ligu nio cd thg sd dflc hai trade day giy fl nhiim mfii tradng dyng lai dupc thi sd dupc dung cho eic tda ddt de dpa hofc giy rui ro cho sue khde nhi dang xiy dyng Duong nhign cic tda ngudi phii tign hinh diguttavlfinhiim nhi mdi phii dupc giim sit dg cd mflt ti If ddt Nlu dat trfing trpt d dudi tidu chuan mfli nhit dinh cic vat lifu tii sd dyng Nhu vay traflmg cho phep, chd ddt co nghia vy loai bd d?o luft fren da tao thuan lpi dang kl eho dfc tflttongdat vifc tii che vi tii su dyng nhflng thtt ding le 1.5 Chdng bien iSikhihSu bj coi li ric thii xay dyng Nhu da bilt nam 1999, lupng thii Luft Tii chl thyc phdm tao thuan lpi cho CO2 cua Nhft Ban da ting xip xi 9% so vdi stt dyng Iai ric thii thyc phdm tao frong nam 1990, cdn cic loai thii khic nhu qui Oinh sin xudt nhu thde in chin nufli, mgtan, dinita monoxid, hydrofloraacacbon, phfn bdn, md, ddu vi cic sin phdm md vi perfloraacacbon va lim huynh hexafloraa mdtan Theo luat niy, cic ccr sd Iidn quan giim tuang ung 11%, 21%, 3%, 4% vi 50% din thyc phim nhu sin xuit thyc phdm, so vdi mde 1990 Nhung dgn nim 2010, phin phoi, bin hing vi cung cdp thyc phim thii oxitcacbon vi dinita monoxid Iai ting cfl nghia vy ddng gdp mft phfn kinh phi tuong iing 20% vi 24% so vdi nam 1999 nhdm thu gom vi tii chl ric thii thyc phim Ddng trade thyc trang niy, Nhft Bin cung NGHltN Cda O O N G BAC It S 2(132) 2-20U 43 Nghien cihi khoa hpe eac nudc da ky Nghi djnh thu Kyoto, phin ddu dgn nfm 2012 giim lupng thii gay hifu iing nha kinh xuflng muc 6% so vdi nfm 1990 Day li mpt nhifm vy khdn cdp vi ttong suot thdi gian qua lupng CO2 xi thii da ting din mde bio dflng vi li nguygn nhin chinh din din hifn tupng ndng Ign toan ciu, biln dfli hfu D I giim lupng kbi thai fixit cic bon, Chinh phu Nhft Bin cho chinh sda, bo sung dao luft thui lign quan tdi nang lupng, dfing thfli diy manh vigc xiy dyng cic dy in xanh Cy thi Nhft Ban di thi hinh bifn phip dinh thui ddu kbi vi than sau sua dfii luft vio ngiy I thing 10 nam 2003 Thug diu ip dyng cho dau thfl, cac sin phim diu, nhfp khiu, hda Iflng (LPG), thien nhien sin xudtfrongnudc vi thien nhign hda Iflng (LNG) Tuy nhign, sau siia doi, mde thui sd ting ddn theo timg giai doan nhdm trinh giy khd khan cho sin xuat vi sinh hoat nude Vi du, mde thui cho I tdn cacbon dfli vdi ty nhign, LNG, LPG li 500 ygn; dfli vdi I tdn than li I IOO ygn Khoin thug niv ting len den gitta nam 2005-2007 li 3000' ygn dfli vfli I tdn cie ban sinhrado qui frinh ddt than di Khoin tiln thu dupc se dupc stt dyng dg ddu tu cho cic boat dflng bio vg thign nhign, bio tfln nfng lupng Cd thi ndi, vio nhttng nim 1990 Nhft Bin df duaranhigu chinh sich cy thi nhdm quin ly cd hifu qui mfli tradng sflng cua nguiri tiang dfl dinp luu y li d cip dp quflc gia, nudc niy da the chl hda bang luft tdt ca cic quy djnh lign quan tdi mfii tradng Nhd dd tinh thi cua cic dao luat rat cao vi dfy li mft bii hpc kinh nghifm quy bin cho cic nudc dang phit triln nhu chiing ta ttong http;//www.env.go.jp/en/laws/gIobal/\varminghtml v i Hibiki, Akiia (2003X Japtmese Trend towards EnvironmenI Tax for Global ti'anning, "Eneigy and Resouise-, Vol.24, No5,330-334 44 vifc xiy dung cic dao luft Iign quan din quin Iy mfii tradng thay vi cic quy djnh dudi luft nhu hign Tac dpng cda chinh sach quan ly mSi trudng den boat dong san xuat cua cic doanh nghifp Thyc tl cho thay, bdt cd mflt giii phip vi mfl, vi mfl nio vg mfli truflmg dflu cd tic dflng dgn boat dflng sin xuit kinh doanh cda doanh nghifp, dfc bift la nhttng quy dinh vl kilm soit fl nhiim Trong cic nginh sin xuit dupe ngu d bing sau cho thiy ttgn 50% CO sd khio sit cho ring hp bi inh huflmg bdi vigc thyc hifn giii phip thu "thui ddu vio", vi phii cfl "ttich nhifm phip ly dfli vdi cic thigt hji mfii tradng" minh giy ra; "cung cap cic sfl ligu vl hoat dpng sin xudt cua doanh nghifp minh" eho cic CO quan quin Iy Mft khic, 20% din 30% cic CO sd sin xudt cflng cho rdng hp bi tic dpng bfli cac quy dinh vl kilm soit nguygn ligu diu vio, "tigu chuin cflng nghg sin xudt" vi "chupng trinhttpgidp ky thuft bio vf mfli tradng" Chinh sich quan ly mfli traomg Nhft Bin dupc nhfn difn qua nhQng bifn phip nhu kilm soit thai vi kilm soit ngufln xi thii sflng, hfl, ao, vjnh Nhttng bifn phip niy cd tic dflng ding kl din boat dpng sin xudt cua cic CO sd sin xuat rigng lg 62% s6 CO sd dupc dilu fra cho rdng hp bj inh huflmg bdi quy djnh vl tieu chudn phit thii; 53% sfl CO sd cho ring bj inh huflmg bdi thug diu vio dfii vdi nguygn ligu (xem bing dufli) CSng cd mflt sfi y kiln cho ring sd dyng cflng cy "trach nhigm phip ly dfli vdi thift hai mfli tradng minh gay ra" da han chg boat dpng san xudt cua cac doanh nghifp NIU xet don thuin vl mfli tradng thi diy li dau hifu ding mimg song nlu nhin chtmg cho ca nha sin xuit vi nin kinh tl thi rd ring cflng gfiy nhQng khd khan nhdt djnh Tuy nhidn, cic dao luft da cd tic dflng NOHICH cdo O O N G B ^ (t S6 2(112) 2-2on Nghien ciht khoa hpc rO ndt tdi cic hang sin xudt, lim thay dfli thii dp cda hp dfli vdi vigc bio vg mfli miimg v i chdp nhfn hinh phat cao dfli voi hinh dflng bdt hpp phap Dfli vfli cic nha sin xudt hda chdt, sin xuat cic sin phdm cao su, nhya cdng, dign miy v i thigt bj difn thi cic quy djnh vg vifc cung cip du thflng tin vl x i thii cd tie dpng manh toi boat dpng sin xudt D l cd thg thiy rfl dilu niy chdng ta tham khio thflng tin Bfl Mfli tradng Nhft Ban dilu tta nim 2000 v l inh hudng cda cac chinh sich mfli frudng din boat dfing sin xuit cua cic nhdm nganh nhu sau Bing: Anh birdng cua cic chinh sach quan ly moi tnrflrng den ho^t dpng san xuat (theo nganh, %) nim 1999 A I 11 III IV V VI VII Vlll IX X XI 16 14 14 25 22 22 18 14 38 20 22 B 15 7 33 21 21 26 15 30 23 23 C 74 47 47 76 67 67 55 42 67 60 62 D 71 41 30 73 56 54 52 39 51 56 52 E 56 35 30 69 46 45 44 30 38 47 43 G 39 35 23 52 38 38 34 24 39 44 37 H 64 43 42 74 59 51 60 44 56 62 57 I 42 41 43 75 64 49 54 39 62 67 55 K 49 32 26 57 40 38 32 34 41 44 39 M 55 34 33 44 34 36 38 34 34 46 38 N 26 24 21 36 25 27 35 22 28 29 28 Nguin: Bg Mdi trudng Nhdt Bdn, sd lifu dieu tra ndm 2000, trich tie Akira Hibiki (2004), Environmental Management and Firm Level Practices in Japan, OECD Environment Directorate Chi Ihich: *L Thftc phdm vd dd udng; IL Dit may; III Xudt bdn, in vd truyen thong; IV Hod chdt vd cde sdn phdm hod chdt; V Sdn phdm cao su vd nhyca; VL Cdc sdn phim phi kim khdc; VIL Kim logi ca bdn; VIII Mdy mde vd thiit bj khdc; IX Di$n may vd dung cu di4n; X td, mode vd bdn mode; XI Tdng cgng "A: Quy dinh vi kiim sodt ngujiin lieu ddu vdo: B: Tdc dgng dua tren cdn^ nghi sdn xudi; C: Tdc dgng difa tren Ihifc ti; D: Thue ddu vdo; E: Thui hogc phi phdt thdi; G: Gidy phep phdi Ihdi cd thi giao dich (quota d nhiim); H: Trdch nhiim phgp ly ddi vdi thif I hgi mdi trudng; I: Qu}/ djnh vi cung e^ thdng tin; K: NhOng Ihod thudn tic nguyfn thuong lugng; M: Trg cdp/uu ddi thui; N: Cdc chuong trinh trg giUp k^ thugt NOHICH Cda O O N G B ^ A s d 2(132) 2-20n~ 45 Nghien ciht khoa hpc Bing frgn cho thay, ngu xet vg quy djnh kigm soit nguygn ligu ddu vio thi chi 16% sfl don vj dupc dilu tra eho ring nginh sin xuit thyc pham v i dfl uflng bj inh huomg Diy li sfl lifu khigm tfln, song khong cd nghTa li khflng inh hudng ma ngupc lai nhflng don vj digu tra Iai cho ring hp bj inh hudng nghigm frpng tdi qui ttinh sin xuat Digu trgn tudng chiing nbu mau thuan nhung xem xet tdi tieu chi thu thi lai khflng miu thuan bdi 74% sfl co sd digu tra eho ring hp bj tic dflng dua trgn boat dpng thyc tg Cd Id diy li cich udc lupng dya trgn tic dflng cpng gflp d ci diu vao v i dau cua sin phim xuit hda chit d Vift Nam dgn cie eon sflng nhu nhi miy sin xuit hda chit Vigt Tri, nhi miy sin xuit bflt ngpt Vedan Digu cdn luu y li, 37% sfl doanh nghifp cho ring "gidy phep phit thii cd thg giao djch" li "quan ttpng" dfli vdi boat dpng sin xuit cua hp Nhu vfy, ngudi Nhft y thde rit sdm vg vigc thuong mai hfla giay phep phit thii (hay cfln gpi Ii mua bin quota nhigm sau nay) ngn vife md rpng su dyng chdng li tdt ylu Dflng thdi nd edn dupc coi li "cflng cy mgm" giup cac doanh nghigp, chinh phii Nhat Ban giii bii toin bio vf mfli tradng, phit ttign ngn kinh tg d dat nudc xd hoa anh dao Cfl nhflm nganh chju tic dflng cua nhiing chinh sich mfli tradng d mde thfp ban nhOng nganh khic, dd la xuit bin, in an v i trayin thflng Dgt may li nginh chju tie dpng dya trgn sin xuit thyc tl lom nhat Trong ITnh vyc sin xuat thye pham vi dfl uflng, cfl tieu chi dinh gii tie dpng cua chinh sich mfli traomg cd ty lg phin ttim Ion hon 50%; Nhflm nginh hda chat v i sin phim hda chit cd tigu chuin dinh gii tie dpng cua chinh sich mfli tracmg cfl anh hudng vdi ty lg cao hon 50% Theo cic nhi phan tich mfli tracmg Nhft Ban eiing nhu thye tg cho thfy day li nhiing nginh di chju tic dflng lom nhit ttt cic chinh sich mfli tradng Cfl lg day li kgt qui phu hpp, nfl khflng chi dung d Nhft Bin ma cfln dung d nhihig nudc dang phit trign khic ttgn thi gidi ttong dd cd Vift Nam Chung ta da phii chimg kign nhflng vy giy nhigm mfli ttirdng nghigm ttpng cua cac nhi miy sin Nhttng van de dft v i giii phip khdc phyc Trong mpt cuflc khio sit 1.262 ca sd sin xuat CO quan quin ly mfli trudng cua Chinh phd Nhft Bin thyc hifn vio nim 2000, cic sfl lifu thfing ke eho thiy, 65% sfl CO sd cho ring cac ehinh sich moi tradng li "khflng chat chg"; 32% tra ldi "chft chg" va 4% "rit chft che" Nhin chung, cac co sd nhfl thudng khflng tuan theo nhiing quy djnh v i dao luat vg mfli trucmg hofc cd tuan theo cung cfl gdng tim cich dl lich luat Ttt kit qui khio sit, nhigu ngudi cho ring vigc dieo doi sit vigc thyc hign luft cua cic co sd nhfl le Ii rdt cin thilt V i dilu cung cho thiy hifu qui cua cic cflng cy chinh sich moi traomg phy thupc mpt phdn vao quy mfl cua doanh nghifp 46 Dfli voi timg ITnh vyc cy thi thi 42% co sd chuygn vl sin xudt thyc phdm v i dfl uflng cho rdng luft "khflng chft chg"; v i 44% co NGHltH Cdo OdNG BAC A s6 2(132) 2-2012 Nghien cum khoa hpc sd d ITnh vyc sin xuit hfla chat v i sin phdm hfla chat cflng cfl ciu tt^ ldi tuong ty^ Nhu vfy tinh chft che cua vige ip dyng cic dao luft vl quin ly mfli traomg dfli vdi cac doanh nghifp cdn chua cao Day li mflt thyc tl ehung khflng chi dign tai Nhat Bin m i hifn cung dang xiy tai nude ta, gay nhigu vuflmg mac qui trinh thi hanh Mflt thyc tg li, cic doanh nghifp chi cd thi thyc hifn tflt quy dinh vl mfli tradng cd sy giim sit, thanh, kilm tra thuomg xuygn Sfl lupng cupc tra hang nim cung phan nio ndi Ign tinh chft che chinh sach mfii tradng Trong nhiJng nim 1990, Chinh phd Nhft Bin thudng cd ttimg binh 2,2 cupc kigm tra/nam dfli vdi I eo sd sin xudt Rigng nginh dupc chpn tien hinh khio sit dgu cd so lupng cic cuflc tra nhigu hom sfl trang binh, vi dy nginh sin xudt hfla chat v i cic sin phdm hfla chat li 6,5 lin, nginh sin xuit uflng vdi 3,0 lan, nginh dft may la 2,6 lan Day cung la nginh cd tic dflng ding kg toi mfli trudng vi cung li nhiing nginh chju inh hudng ldn bdi cac chinh sich mfii hudng Dilu dfl cflng ndi Ign mflt thyc tg la cic chinh sich vl mfli tradng cua Nhft Ban thcri ky niy edn thilu tinh chft che v i can phii siia doi, b l sung tilp thdi gian sau khdc phyc Trong giii phip khuygn khich thyc hign cic chinh sich moi tradng cua chinh phd v i chinh quygn dia phuang la nhttng vi dy diln hinh Cic co sd sin xuit dupe ehpn dg khuyin khich thyc hifn cae ehinh sich mfii tradng li nhttng nai ehua thuc hifn, hoac dang thyc hien nhung chua cd higu qui cdn nhiing nai da thyc hign tot thi khflng cin cd bifn phip khuygn khich nio Day li cich lua chpn hpp ly nhung viec thyc hign nhOng khuygn khich kg frgn lai li mpt van dl can bin Chinh phu dua myc tigu dd khuyin khich nhung lai chua ngu dupc cich thyc hign cy thi, cfln dia phuang thi tich eye thyc hien nhung lai thigu ngufln kinh phi hfl ttp, thigu sy dflng bp tu trgn xuflng Mft khie hiu hgt cic bign phip nhdm khuygn khich gan vdi cung cap thflng tin, ttp giup tii chinh v i ho trp ky thuft thflng qua vigc khen thudng, cflng nhfn doanh nghifp, co sd sin xuat dd dim bao tigu chuin "xanh" cua chinh quygn Dg dim bio tinh chft chg cda cae ehinh sach, Chinh phu Nhat khfing giim tan suit fra hoac xda bd bdt cu quy dinh nao ve mfli traomg ip dyng cho cic ca sd sin xuit ma ngupc lai hp eon xuc tiln xay dyng cac chuan muc mdi ttong vige cap giay phep mfli tradng cho phu hop Nhttng ban chl kl frgn da somi dupc ngudi Nhft nhfn va hp da tim mpi giii phap dg ' Bd Mdi tnidng Nh|l Bin, s6 Ii|u diSu tia nim 2000, lifch til Akiia Hibiki (2004), Environmental Management and Firm Level Practices in Japan, OECD Environment Directorate MHitN Cda OONG B4C A, S6 ipn) 2-2012 Tdm lai, li mflt nhQng quflc gia efl nin kinb tl lom nhdt thg gidi, ttt nhttng nim 1990 Nhat Ban da rat thinh cfing vifc dua cic chinh sich quin ly mfli tradng, dupc nhilu nha nghien ciiu, hpc gii 47 Nghien clhi khoa hpc ttgn thg gidi danh gia cao Cic chinh sach niy dupc eho li toin difn, bao trdm Ign hiu hit cac phucmg difn nhu kilm soit fl nhiim khflng khi, fl nhiim nudc, quin ly ric thii, kilm soit fl nhigm dit ttflng, chflng bign dfli hfu d cap dfl quoc gia, tdt ci eic chinh sich diu dupc thi chl hda thinh luft ngn cd tinh thi eao Schmidheiny, S (1992), Changing Course: a Global Business Perspective on Developmeni and the Environment, MIT Press, Cambridge Shuntaro, I and Yasuda, Y (1995), Nature and Humankind in the Age of Environmental Crisis, International symposium, Intemational Research Center for Japanese Studies, Tokyo, Cic CO sd v i gidi kinh doanh li dfli tupng bj tie dpng lom nhdt, vi vfy vifc nghign cuu tun thu tu uu tign cho cic nginh sin xudt bi tie dflng nhilu nhdt Ii mflt cflng vigc cdn thigt vi thyc tg ttt dd giup chinh phu cd nhttng dilu chinh va hfl ttp kjp thcri Qui ttinh thyc hifn cic dao luft vl mfii trudng cung niy sinh nhttng vdn dl khd khan cdn giii quylt v i Chinh phu Nhft Bin da rdt nhay ben vifc nhfn difn v i dg xudt cic giii phip dl xu ly Cd thi ndi ring Nhft Bin li qufic gia thinh cfing ttong vdn dl niy va diy ciing li bii hpc kinh nghifm quy Vift Nam cfl thi nghign ciru v i vfn dyng Wilfrido Cruz, Kazuhiko Takemoto, Jeremy Warford (1998) Urban and Industrial Management in Developing Countries Lessons from Japanese Experience, WB Wilfrido Cruz, Kazuhiko Takemoto, Jeremy Warford (2002), Protecting The Global Environment Initiatives by Japanese Business, WB Insitute, Development Bank in Japan http://wvvw.nea.gov.vii/html/congnghemt /WEB/documents/HTCNMT.htm Ministry of the Environment, Government of Japan, http://www.env.gojp/en/ TAI LifeU THAM KHAO Nguyen Thj Ngoc, "Quin ly nhi nudc ve moi trudng d Nhat Ban vi nhiing gpi y eho Vigt Nam", Tgp chi Nghien cuu Ddng Bac A, so 22007 Nguyen Thj Ngpe, "Su dyng nang lupng vi hg qui ciia nd dli vdi moi tnidng Nhat Ban", Tgp chi nghien ciu Dong Bde A, s6 4-2006 Ministiy of the Environment Government of Japan (2007), Technologies to Support a Sound Material Cycle Society, Japan 48 NGHltN Cdo 06Ha BAC l l S6 2(132) 2-200 ... boat dong san xuat cua cic doanh nghifp Thyc tl cho thay, bdt cd mflt giii phip vi mfl, vi mfl nio vg mfli truflmg dflu cd tic dflng dgn boat dflng sin xuit kinh doanh cda doanh nghifp, dfc bift...Nghien cihi khoa hoc 1.2 Kiem sodt nhiim nir&c nim 1990 vi nhirng tic dflng cua chinh sich Nhft Bin ngucri ta quy djnh tdt ci cic niy tdi eic doanh nghigpfrongthdi ky Chinh sach quan Iy moi trudng... vdi cac doanh nghifp cdn chua cao Day li mflt thyc tl ehung khflng chi dign tai Nhat Bin m i hifn cung dang xiy tai nude ta, gay nhigu vuflmg mac qui trinh thi hanh Mflt thyc tg li, cic doanh nghifp