NGHlfiN CtrU TAN DUNG P H £ PHU PHAM NONG NGHlfeP D £ P H A T T R I ^ N NANG LUONG SACH TAI VI$T NAM HOANG THI THANH HI^U* '''' ^ ifit Nam Id mdt nude cd tilm nang uf ndng nghifip to ldn vdi trfin 9 trif[.]
NGHlfiN CtrU TAN DUNG P H £ PHU PHAM NONG NGHlfeP D £ P H A T T R I ^ N NANG LUONG SACH TAI VI$T NAM HOANG THI THANH HI^U* ' ^ ifit Nam Id mdt nude cd tilm nang uf ndng nghifip to ldn vdi trfin trifiu ddt ndng nghifip, hang chuc trifiu ddt ldm nghiep, ddt ddi nui, ddm bai va mat nude nudi trdng thfiy, hai san Trong hcfn thdp ky, kl til eudi nhihig nam 1980, cCing vdi su ddi mdi nin kinh tfi dd't nude va ddi mdi ndng nghiep, ndng thdn, thi sdn xudt, tieu ddng, chfi bifin va xudt kh^u hang ndng san cua Vifit Nam da tdng Ifin nhanh chdng vd cang da dang hda, dap dng nhu cdu tifiu dung nude va xudt khdu Nam 2010, kim ngaeh xudt khdu cac mat hdng ndng san trfin tang gdp 2,5 Idn so v ^ nam 2000 [4] Gao, ca phfi, cao su, che, hang thuy san, la nhiing mat hang xudt kh^u chu luc, cd kh^ lugng xudt kh^u ldn va gid tri xudt khdu cao cua Vifit Nam trfin thi trudng qudc te Tuy nhifin, su tang trudng san xudt, chfi bi^n, tifiu dung va xudt kh£u hang ndng san ndi chung cung ddn dfin su gia tang cua cdc chdt thai, cdc loai ph^, phu phdm ndng nghifip qua trinh san xudt, thu hoach, chfi' bifin va tifiu thu cac mat hang ndng san Ddy la mdt nhihig ngudn phdt thai ldn cd nguy co gdy d nhilm mdi trudng va anh hudng tdi sire khde cua ngudi ddn b nhiiu vdng ndng thdn Vdn dl dat Id cdn ed nhiing giai phap hftu hieu dl giam thilu tac ddng mdi trudng cua cac chdt thai, ph^ phu phdm ndng nghiep, ddng thdi tdn dung dugc ngudn phfi thai, ph^ phu phdm ddi dao de tao san phdm vdt chdt, nang lugng phuc vu cho phat triin san xudt va ddi sdng cua ngudi ddn, phuc vu cho cdng nghifip hda, hifin dai hda ndng nghifip, ndng thdn Trong dd, vifie nghifin cdu tdn dung ph^ phu phdm ndng nghifip dl phdt triin nang Iugng sach cd thl la mdt nhiing gidi phdp kha thi va mang lai "hieu qua kep" ca vl mat kinh t^ ldn bao vfi mdi trudng I THirC TRANG CHAT THAI ( P H ^ PHU PHAM) N N G NGHlfiP VlfiT NAM Theo bang thudt ngii cua Thdng kfi Mdi trudng cfia Lifin hgp qudc (1997): "Chdt thai ndng nghifip la vdt chdt loai bd tit cac hoat ddng sdn xudt ndng nghifip Nd bao gdm chdt thai sau thu hoach trdng trgt (rcfm, ra, vd trdu, ), phdn bdn vd cac chdt thai qua trinh chdn nudi td cdc trang trai, nha d, va cdc Id gifit md hay phdn bdn, cdc bao bl thude bao vfi thuc vdt qud trinh canh tdc ndng nghiep hay chdt thai nudi trdng thuy hai san" Vifit Nam la nude xudt khdu gao ddng thd hai trfin The gidi Tif nam 2002 den nay, trung binh nude ta san xudt 34 trieu tdn thdc/nam, nam 2008 san lugng Ida da dat 37,6 trifiu tan, chifim 5,6% san Iugng Ida toan cdu [8] Diiu cho thdy, nude ta cd ngudn ndng phu phdm rdt phong phd va ddi dao Lugng chdt thai mdt phdn lam phdn bdn sinh hge, cdn chu yfiu dugc ddt trfin canh ddng gdy lang phi va anh hudng dfin mdi trudng - Ve trSng trgt: Trong nhflng nam qua, thdm canh tang vu, tang san Iugng ma ndng ddn da gia tang sijf dung thude bao vfi thuc vdt vd phdn bdn vugt mu:c cho phep nhiiu ldn Ngoai san phdm chinh la thdc gao thi san xudt trdng trgt cdn tao Iugng rem khdng Id, bdng khoang 75% san lugng Ida [6] Mat khdc, nhiing nam gdn ddy, kinh tfi phdt trien, rcfm bi coi la phe thai ndng nghiep cd rdt it gia tri s\X dung nfin thudng bi ddt d ngoai canh ddng Cd the ndi vifie dd't rom sau mdi vu gat la tinh trang chung CN Hoang Thi Thanh Hi^u, Vi«n nghien clhi m6i trudng va phat trien ben vQng, Eg Hoing Thi Thanh HiSu - NghlSn cOu t$n di^ng phgphi^ phSmnSng nghl$p ' diln hiu hit cic tinh t i Hi N^i, Hii Phdng, Nam Dinh din Thii Binh, Hung Yen, Hi Nam T^ lfi rom bj dit cd thl dat 2080% ting lugng rctm ra, tiy timg ngi cie ving ndng nghiep gin dd thj Idn nhu Hi Ndi, Hai Phdng ty le niy ed thl dat tdi 90% - Ve chdn nudi: Chit thai chin nudi chia nhiiu thinh phin cd ning d nhilm mdi trudng, lim inh hudng din su sinh trudng, phit triin eua gia sic, gia eim vi sic khde cua ngudi Chit thii chan nudi dugc phit sinh qui trinh chin nudi, bao gim: -I- Chit thai eua bin thin gia sic, gia cim: phin, nude tilu, ldng; + Nude thii t i qui trinh tim gia sic, ria chuing; -I- Thie in thia, cic vit dung chin nudi (chit ddn chudng), thu y bi loai qui trinh chin nudi, bfinh pMm (xic gia sic, gia cim chit), Theo thdng kfi eia Cue Chin nudi, lugng chit thai rin vit nudi thai ttong nim 2008 la 80,49 ttifiu tin (miln Bic chilm hon 51 trifiu tin) Tuy nhifin, ude tinh hifin nay, chi cd khoang 40-70% ehit thai rin dugc x i 1^ Sd cdn lai thai thing ao, hi, kfinh, rach, Chit thai rin cd nguy co d nhilm ft dugc x i If trifit dl nhu ehit thai eia ttiu, dfi, ciru Hiu hit tip quin hay diiu kifin san xuit mi chit thii ehin nudi ngiy cing giy d nhifim dang d mic bio ddng, eic chit thii chin nudi khdng nhing giy mii khd chiu inh hudng ning nl din khdng khf mi edn ngim vao dit giy anh budng din nguin nude va t i dd inh hudng din eon ngudi Dii vdi d nhifim mdi trudng nude ehit thai chin nudi bao gdm ca hifin tugng phu dudng hoi ddi vdi nude mit lim cho nude cd mii khd chiu khdng s i dung dugc, bfin canh dd chfnh su phit triin cia tao thudng din din su tii d nhifim T i dd din din vifie x i If vi quan ly chit thai ehin nudi gip rit nbilu khd khan II NANG LirONG SACH Theo Ned Haluzan (2010): "Ning lugng sach la bit ky nang lugng nio dugc sin xuit t i eic ngudn ning lugng thin thi?n vdi mdi tru&ng Do dd, ning lugng sach bao gim tit ci cic nguin ning lugng tii t?o (ning lugng mit trdi, gid, dja nhifit, ning lugng sinh khdi, thiy di^n)" Cic dang ning lugng hiln dugc chia lim ba dang: ning Iugng hda thach (diu md, than di vi tu nhiin); ning lugng tii tao; ning lugng hat nhin [1] Hi^n trin thl gidi, nguin cung cJp ning Iugng chi yiu vin li t i nhifin lifiu hda thach Tuy nhifin, trtt lugng cia nguin nhifin li^u niy cd ban vi ngiy m^t giim din Trong dd vdng m^t thl ky qua, ning lugng tifiu thu trfin thl gidi ting gip khoing 20 lin Hon ntta, vifie khai thie vi s i dung diu md vi than di cdn thii khf CO2, SO2 vi NO, giy bilu ing nhi kinh, lim d nhilm mdi mi&ng, lim thay dii nghifim ttgng din hiu toin ciu [1-2] T i dd dit cho nhin loai mdt nhilm vu cip bich li phii tim nguin ning lugng mdi cd ning thay thl ning Iugng t i nhifin lifiu gle khoing, ed thl tii tao vi thin thifin vdi mdi trudng Dd chinh la ning Iugng tii tao, ning Iugng niy bao gdm: Ning Iugng sinh khdi (Biomass), ning lugng hydro, dia nhifit, sic gid vi ning lugng mit ttdi [1-3] Trong dd, ning lugng duge tao t i biomass chilm 63% ting sd ning lugng tii tao Nguin ning lugng niy cung cip 14% nhu ciu ning lugng cua thl gidi, cdn b cic nude dang phit triin, sd dd li 35% [1] Biomass chi yiu dugc tao su chuyin hda ning Iugng inh sing mit ttdi vio ciy tring (thuc vit) bing du&ng quang hgp Nhifin lifiu Biomass bao gim: gd, chit thii gd (mat cua, phdi bio), phin ddng vit, ndng san vi phi thai t i ndng nghifip nhu rdm ra, ttiu, thin vi loi ngd [1] III CAC DANG NANG LUONG SACK DlfOC TAO RA Tf; PH^ PHU P H X M N O N G NGHlfiP Gin diy, ning lugng nguin gle sinh bgc duge tao t i biomass dang thu hit duge su quan tim cia nhiiu qudc gia ttfin toan thl gidi, die bilt la cic nude cd nin ndng nghilp phit ttiln Nghiin citu PhU triin ben vOng, so (37) - Thing 12/2012 Hoang tni tnannnieu -NgniencuutSndyngphSphucphSmndngnghISp tilm ning mi ehing ta dang bd phf Quy tilm - Phi phu phdm nong nghiip ning ning lugng sinh khii (bao gim gd, cii, Si dung phi ph^m ndng nghifip tao difin rom ric, phu phim ndng nghifip ) tin diu nang khdng chi li nguin ning lugng httu tuong duong eia Vifit Nam khoang 43 - 46 fch, san c6 m i edn gdp phin to ldn ttifiu toe (tin diu tuong duong)/nim, dd vifie bao vfi mdi ttudng sd'ng Chfnh vi viy, khoing 60% la nang lugng gd cii (26 - 27 niu bilt cich tin dung, ngu&i ndng din se ed thfim thu nhip lam giau t i nhttng thi ttifiu toe) vi 40% ning lugng rom ric, phu phim ndng nghifip (17-19 trifiu toe - li dgn tu6ng nhu bo di vdi nhu eiu mua, bin cic vi tfnh ning lugng qui dii tugng duong vdi 01 phi phim ndng nghifip nhu rom ra, vd tri'u, tin diu) ldi ngd, rit ldn - Khi sinh hgc Diy la mdt ttong nhttng mit hing xuit khiu B i i u 1: Tiem ning sinh hgc t i eie phe, phu ph£m, ehit thai ndng nghiep Ngu6n nguyen lieu Tiem ning (tri^u m') Diu tuong duong (trifiu toe*) Tyle(%) 1.788,937 0,94 36,7 1.470,133 0,735 30,2 318,840 0,109 6,5 3.055,678 1,528 63,3 -Trau 441,438 0,221 8,8 -Bo 495,864 0,248 10,1 Phu pbim ciy trdng -Romra - PP cac cay tring khic Chit thai cua gia sic -Lon Tdng 2118,376 1,059 44,4 4.844,652 2,422 100,0 NguSn: Pham Khanh Toan 2005): "Nghien ciu dinh lugng tfah kha thi cua viec s i dung nang lugng mat trcfi, thuy difin nho va smh kh6i quy m6 c6ng nghiep d Vifit Nam" Tai khu vuc ndng thdn, nhit la ttong Hub vuc chan nudi gia sic, viee thu lai khf sinh hgc (biogas) cung duge ttiln khai va da ed dugc cdng nhit dinh Nhung eung nhu thiy difin nhd, Iugng khf sinh bgc, chi yiu t i him Biogas thu gom phin ehuing, duge khai thac chilm ty le nho so vdi ting tiem ning ly thuyit vl khf sinh hgc Theo ude tfnh, tilm ning pbl phu phim t i ciy ttdng thu duge chilm gin 61% Song tilm nang ly thuyit khf sinh bgc tai Vifit Nam cd thl thu duge t i phu phim ciy tring cbl chilm 36,7%, vi tilm nang t i phin ddng vit 63,3% Ting tilm ning ly thuyit vl kbf sinh hoc t i cic nguon trfin vao khoang gin ty mVnam, quy diu tuong duong khoang gin 2,5 ttifiu toe/nam - Nhiin liiu sinh hoc Uu diim eia nhifin lifiu sinh hgc so vdi nguon nhien lieu diu md truyin thing li cd '•ing 12/2012 ham lugng luu huynh va nito thip, khdng giy hifiu ing nha kfnh cd su ein bing COj Trfin the gidi, nhifin lifiu sinh hgc dang nghien ciu nbilu la ethanol smh hgc (bioethanol) vi diezel sinh hgc (biodiezel) Tuy nhifin, nhien lieu sinh hgc sin xuit t i cae nguon vin kha dat Do dd, vifie tim kilm cac nguon nguyfin lieu re hon t i nguin phi thai dl tao nhifin lieu sinh hgc la ri't ein thiit Vdi khoang hon 40 trieu tin rom dugc tao hing nam nfi'u dugc chuyin hda bio-oil vdi hieu suit 25% thi chung ta ed thl thu dugc 10 trifiu tin bio-oil mdi nam, cd thl s i dung vio nhiiu linh vuc nhu sin xuit hda chit, y dugc, edng nghifip, thue phim hoac lam nhien lifiu Nam 2010, nude ta da san xuit 100.000 tiii/nam nhifin lifiu sinh hge E-5 va 50.000 tin/nam nhifin lifiu diesel sinh hge B-5, dam bad 0,4% nhu ciu nhien lieu ca nude Hodng Thi Thanh Higu - NghlSn cilu t$n di^ng phgphvc phim ndng ngfi^p ' ' Din nim 2015, sin lugng nhifin lifiu bioethanol vi bio-diezel du kiln se ting Iln 250.000 tin/nim vdi muc tifiu sin xuit trifiu tin/nim E-5 vi B-5, dip ing duge 1% nliu ciu Xing eua ei nude Rifing ttong linh vuc ning lugng, bio-oil cd thl s i dung true tiip lim nhifin lifiu nhi miy difin (gia nhifit nli hdi Id, ) hoic thay thl diezel diu md dl chay ddng co Sin phim rin (than) cd thl s i dung lim than boat tfnh, hoic dugc lim phin bdn quay lai cii thiin dit tting dugc bl sung thira mdt s l nguyin td vi Iugng Ethanol sinh hgc dugc sin xuit bing cich Iln men cic sin phfai ndng nghilp nhu mi'a, ngd, khoai, sin vi sau dd dugc pha ttdn vdi Xing dilng cho cic dl^ng co xing Ting tilm ning \f thuyit vl bio-ethanol t i cic nguin sin, ngd, ri dudng tren 1,3 trifiu tin/nim, quy diu tuong duong gin ttieu toe/nim Bl^U Tilm ning Bio-ethanol t i mdt s l sin phdm ndng nghilp Ti^m ning (ti/nim) Diu tuong duong (toe) Ri dudng 450.000 297.000 32.85 Sin (10% sin lugng) 570.000 376.200 41,61 350.000 231.000 25,55 1.370.000 904.200 100,0 Nguyen lifiu NgO (10% sin lugng) Ting s« Tylt(%) Nguyen Thi Thu Vinh (2006): Potentials of fuel ethanol production and use in Vieuiam; Seminar "Opacity Building in Qean Technologies in the Industry and Transport Sectois"; 2006 Diezel sinh bgc chu yiu duge sin xuit t i diu thuc vit hay md ddng vit, vi dugc trdn vdi diezel ding cho ddng CO diezel Bilu Tilm ning bio-diezel Nguyen lieu Tiem ndng (tdn/ndm) Hat cao su 15.000 Md cd basa 60.000 Ddu dn da sir dung* 73.800 Nguyen Thi Thu Vinh (2006): Potentials of fuel ethanol production and use in Vietnam; Seminar "Capacity Building m Qean Technologies in the Industry and Transport Sectors"; 2006 Vl diu thuc vit, hifin ching ta mdi chi dap ing dugc khoang 10% nguyen lifiu, cdn lai 90% phai nhip t i nude ngoii - Viin nhiin lieu Biomass Vifin nhifin lieu Biomass tin dung nhttng phi pbim ndng nghifip dl san xuit nhing vifin nen Biomass lim chit ddt thay thl din vifie s i dung cie loai nhifin lifiu truyin thing nhu: than di, diu FO, gas hoic cic nguin nhifin lieu khic, Hon nia, cd nguin gic hoin toin ti thuc vit nen diy edn Ii loai nhien lieu sach, thin thifin mdi tru&ng, gdp phin cin bing iugng COj ttong khf quyin Vdi cdng nghfi ep vifin bifin dai, tuin theo quy trinh nghifim ngit, vifin nhifin lifiu cd nhifit tri cao (ti 3.800 - 4.500 kCai/kg) nfin cd thl thay thl dugc than nhung vdi gii re hon t i 40 - 50% - Chi phdm sinh hgc Compost Maker Chi phim Compost Maker tao cic chit giiu carbon chuyin hda miu vi dl hi min, dugc mii hdi, an toan dii vdi ciy tring, gdp phin giam thilu d nhilm mdi trudng, tao nin sin xui't ndng nghifip httu CO bin vihig Viec sin xuit vi sinh vit t i phu phim kha don gian va dl thuc hifin: x i ly thd nguin nguyfin lifiu phi phu phim t i san xuit ndng nghifip vi cic nha may chi biln, phdi trdn vdi cbl phim Compost Maker va mdt vii phu liiu khie nhu dam, kali, ri mit , dd Ira cuH cing cua hdn hgp cin dat t i 45-50% Hifin nay, cbl phim sinh hgc da dugc ttiln khai thuc hifin trfin cic md binh trdng chfi xa Hing Son (buyfin Anh Scm); tring rau d xa Qujuh Lifin (Qu^nh Luu); ttIng cam b Ndng NgW^n ciu Phit triin bin vflng, s6 (37) - Thing (2^012 Moang ini inannHt&u -NghiBn cCtutan dijngph§phucphSmnOngnghi$p trudng Xudn Thanh (Quy Hop), nang sud't tdng 25% so vdi chua s£r dung ngudn phdn hiiu co vi sinh [5] Tdm lai, nang luong sach khdng chi cdn thi€'t di clhi the gidi tit bi^n ddi hdu ma edn dam bao an ninh ndng Iugng nhi^u ndm tdi Ndng lugng sach ehde chan se la giai phdp tdt nhd't nhidn lidu hod thach trd nfin can kldt va nhu cdu sir dung nang lugng trdn th^ gidi ngdy edng cao Td't nhidn, se mdt mdt khoang thdi gian trudc cdc ngudn ndng lugng sach thay the' nhien lieu hda thach, khdng chi bdi du trtt nhien lieu hda thach dang d miic cao k^ luc, ma vi linh vuc nang lugng tai tao sach chi mdi bdt ddu phat tri^n, va nd cdn thdi gian nhdt dinh trudc cd th^ thuong mai canh tranh vdi cdc nhien lieu hda thach Sit dung phe phu phdm ndng nghiep khdng chi gdp phdn giai quye't bai toan nang lugng, dem lai hieu qua tich cue ve mdi trudng nude, viec md rdng san xudt ldy nguydn lieu la cac chd't thai ndng nghiep (nhu vien nhiSn lieu) cdn la co hdi d^ ndng nghiep Viet Nam nhanh chdng hdi nhdp, md rong thi trudng nude va qudc t^, thde ddy manh me cdng cudc cdng g 12/2012 nghiep hda, hien dai hda d khu virc ndng nghiep, ndng thdn./ T A I LifeU THAM K H A O Ayse Hilal Demirbas and Imren Demirbas, Importance of rural bioenergy for developing countries Energy Conversion and Management, Volume 48, Issue 8, August 2007, pages 2386-2398 Ayhan Demirbas, Progess and recent trends in biofuels Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, Volume 33, Issue 1, February 2007, pages I-I8 B.Amigun, R.Sigamoney and H von Blottnitz Commercialisation of biofuel industry in Africa: A review Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, In Press, Corrected ftoof Available online 26 December 2006 Ban tin SIG, Ndng nghiep Viet Nam 2010 vd dinh hudng phdt triin 201! - 2015, BO NSng nghifip vd phdt iri^n n6ng thdn - Vu hgp tdc Qudc ttf Bdo dien tii, Ngudn B6 ndng nghiep vdphdl trien ndng thdn, http://www.omard.gov.vn Minh Cucmg, Bao Ddt Viet, Chuyen muc Khoa hoc cOng nghe, Ddt rom: Vdn ngn mdi irudng, 2011 Nguyen Quang Khai, Nhihig vdn de phdt trien ndng lu&ng sinh kiwi cua Viet Nam, Bao cao tai Hfli thao phdt tri^n nang lugng bin vflng Viet Nam Truong Nam Hai, Current status of biomass utilization in Vietnam, Biomass Asia workshop 2005 Tokyo-Tsukuba, Japan, January, 2005 m ... trien ndng lu&ng sinh kiwi cua Viet Nam, Bao cao tai Hfli thao phdt tri^n nang lugng bin vflng Viet Nam Truong Nam Hai, Current status of biomass utilization in Vietnam, Biomass Asia workshop 2005... y dugc, edng nghifip, thue phim hoac lam nhien lifiu Nam 2010, nude ta da san xuit 100.000 tiii /nam nhifin lifiu sinh hge E-5 va 50.000 tin /nam nhifin lifiu diesel sinh hge B-5, dam bad 0,4% nhu... khoang hon 40 trieu tin rom dugc tao hing nam nfi''u dugc chuyin hda bio-oil vdi hieu suit 25% thi chung ta ed thl thu dugc 10 trifiu tin bio-oil mdi nam, cd thl s i dung vio nhiiu linh vuc nhu