PHANJKN De xuat mo hinh va bo chi tieu phat trien ben vuTng ^ NGANH THAN VIET NAN PCS TS NGUViN MINH D U | NCS THS, NGUYEN CONG QUANG Trtfcmg Dai hpc Bach khoa Ha N6j Trong nhiimg thap nien gan day, l[.]
PHANJKN De xuat mo hinh va bo chi tieu phat ^ trien ben vuTng NGANH THAN VIET NAN PCS.TS NGUViN MINH D U | NCS.THS, NGUYEN CONG QUANG Trtfcmg Dai hpc Bach khoa Ha N6j D XANG LIVING \TET X.AM ; Trong nhiimg thap nien gan day, loai ngUdi dang phai doi vdi nhiinig nguy cd to ldn, co khiing hoang ve nang li/dng Sir can kiet cac nguon nang lUtfng boa thach, co than dung cho san xuat va sinh hoat ciia nhan loai dang de doa den an ninh nang liTdng the gidi va quoc gia SU khai thac va stf dung than btTa bai, thieu quy hoach da gay nen lang pla tai nguyen thien nhien va nhieni ntoi tn/otng, tac dong xau den cuoc soag cua ngi/dti Chinh vi vajv troag nhiirng nam gan day, cac fhinh tii gia cac nha khoa hoc Dnh \Vc nang li/tfng da di/a cac quaa diem va giai phap phat trien naag li/tfng ben viirng va dam bao aa ninh nang lifdng ndi chung va cac phan nganh nang lUdng: tfaaa, (U> dien Ch>a n^iien euro btfdc dau cac tac gia muon ^dS thiea n>ot sd quan San phat tries bia vCmg nganh than ciing nhtf mo hak va bo chi tieu phat t r i ^ bea ^xUi nganh than d Wet N a » ansi KIEN NGHI Quan diem phit triln bin vQng nganh Than Quan diem phat trien bin vQng (PTBV) d Vilt Nam d l dQpc khlng dmh Chi tht sd 36-CT/TW, 2S thing nam 1998 cua Bd Chinh trj, v l tang cudng cdng tie bao ve moi trQdng, PTBV thdi ky e6ng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoi dat nude, nhan manh: "Blo vl moi trudng II mot not dung co bin khong the tach rdi dudng I6i, chfl IrUdng va ke hoach phat trien kinh t l - xa h6i cua tat cl elc cap, cac nglnh, la co sd quan Irong blo dim PTBV, thuc hiln thing loi su nghiep c6ng nghif p hoi, hiln dat hoa dat nUde" Neu nganh than khong tfnh tdi nguon tai nguyen hufu han ciia minh de chuan bi cho mot chien luoc phat trien lau dai vi loi ich quoc gia, ma tiep tuc gia tang san luong mot each qua "nong" nhu hien nay, thi ehac chan se khong tr^nh khoi sU hut hing nhu cau cua cac ngdnh cong nghiep cung luc xult hien mot tUOng lai gan Quan diem PTBV d l dUde tai khlng djnh cac van kien cua Dai hoi dai bieu loan qude tan IhQ IX eua Ding Cong sin Vilt Nam, v l Chiln lUOc phat trien kinh t l - xa hpi 2001 -2010 11: "Phat triln nhanh, hieu qui va bin vflng, tang trudng kinh t l di doi vdi thUe hien tiln bd, cong blng xa hoi v l blo ve moi IrUdng" v l "Phit trien kinh te - xa hoi gin chat vdi blo ve va cli thiln moi trudng, blo dim sU hai Ve tli nguyen moi trudng, chong thoai hda, sQdung hfeu qui v l ben hoa giQa moi trudng nhan tao vdi moi trUdng thien nhien, glQgin da vQng tai nguyen dit, blo ve mdi trUdng nUde va sfl dung ben vflng tai nguyin nUde; khai thic hop ly va sfl dung tiet kdm, ben vflng tli dang smh hpe" nguyen khoang san; blo ve mdi trudng bien, ven bien, hli dio va ThUc hien Chiln luac neu Iren, Chinh phfl d l ban hlnh QD phit triln tai nguyen bien; blo ve v l phit tnln rflng sol S3/2004/QO-TTg, phe duylt Omh hudng chiln lUdc phat tnen ben Phit tnen van hda hai hda vdi phat tnen kinh te, xly dUng vl phit vflngeflaVletNam (Chuang trinh nghj sU21 Viet Nam) triln gia dinh Viet Nam va tao sfl hda nhap xa hoi ben vflng Tiep theo Chiln lupc Phat tnen kinhle-xl hoi giai doan 2011 -2020 Den nay, d Viet Nam da ban hanh bo chi tieu PTBV (Bo cht tieu qudc nhan manh, mue tieu tdng quit la "Phat tnen kinh t l nhanh, ben gia) gom 44 ehi Ueu (trong d6 linh vUc kinh te: 12 chi tieu; linh vue xa vijlng, theo hudng nlng cao chit iQong, hieu qui, blo dim phuc loi hoi; 17 chi tieu; linh vUc tai nguyen mof trUdng: 12ehi tieu; Ifnh vgc xa hdi vl an sinh xa h6i, nlng cao ddi sdng vlt ehat tinh than cua the che ehi tieu) nhan dan, blo ve mdi trUdng sinh thli " Tren eO sd do, 12/4/2012,Thli tudng Chinh phu da ban hlnh quyet dinh sd 432/QO- Nganh nang lUang da xly dUng ehien luac PTBVNLvdi nhflng dinh hudng chiln tuae tl: Dim bao an ninh NL qudc gia, Sfldung NL hieu TTg, phe duyet Chiln lupc Phit trien bin vflng Viet Nam giai doan qua va bao ton NL; Bao ve moi trUdng; Phat tnln ngudn NL mdi va 2011-2020 t l i tao Mue tieu cu thi cua Chiln lUdc la bao dim on dinh kinh te vi m6, dac biet la cle cln ddi ldn; glQ vQng an ninh lUOng thuc, an ninh nang Ddng thdi, cflng de xuat bp ehi tieu PTBV nganh nang luang vdi cac lupng, an ninh tai ehinh Chuyen doi mo hinh tang IrUdng sang phat ehi tieu da duoc xem xet dudi cac gdc dd cua PTBV la: trien hai hoa gifla chilu rong vl chilu sau; tflng budc thUe hien tang tru'dng xanh, phlttriln kfnh te cle bon thap, sfldung tilt kiem, hieu qua moi ngudn lUc Theo d6, elc cht tieu giam sit va danh gia phat tnen ben vQng Viet Nam giai doan 2011 - 2020 gdm: Chi so phat trien eon ngUdi (HDI), chi sd ben viing mdi trudng (ESI), hilu qua sfldung vdn dau tU (ICOR), ty le ngheo, Iy 11 lao dpng dang llm viee nen kinh Ie da qua daotao,s6 ngudi chetdo tai nan giao thong tren lOO.OOOdan, ty le so xa duac cong nhan dat tieu chi ndng thon mdi, ty le che phu rflng Bao dam tinh ben vUng vd hieu qua sdn xudtvd sifdung nang l cua toan he thong ndng luang vd cdc phdn he (ddu khf, than, dien Tdc ddng lan tod cua ngdnh ndng luong den cdc hogtddng kinh tehdi ddt nudc, dia phuang vd cdc ngdnh Thdn thien vdi mdi trUdng vd thich dng vdi bien doi hdu, nUdc bie Td Idm c0 sdxdy dUng cdc bd chi tieu cho tifng phdn ngdnh ndn luang (than, dien, ddu khi) vd cd todn ngdnh ndng lugng Ngdnh cdng nghiep Than - Khodng sdn Viet Nam Id mdt phdn ngd Cae dfnh hitdng Uu tten nhim PTBV giai doan 2011 - 2020, ve ndng luang, cd vai trd cung cap than vd gdp phan ddm bdo an ni ndng luang quoc gia Tuy nhien, qud tr'inh phdt trien, ngdnh co kinh Ie, la tri tang trQdng kinh t l ben vflng, IQng budc thQe hien tang trudng xanh, phlttriln nlng tUdng saeh, nang luang tli tao nghiep than cdng gdy nhieu tdc dong xau, ddc biet Id gdy nhieu dn hudng tdi mdi trUdng Ctiuyen doi md hinh ting IrUdng chu yeu theo ehieu rdng sang kit hap hit hda gifla ehieu rong v l ehieu sau tren cOsd khai thac, sfldung Trong nhflng nam qua, nganh cdng nghiep than dang phit triln ndng Vl sin lupng: dang sau eon sd 45 tneu tan than khai thac hieu qua tai nguyin thien nhien va cac IQu khoa hoc vl cong nghe tien tien d l ting nlng suit lao dong va nlng cao sQc canh tranh nam 2007, nam 2012, dieu kien nin kmh te gap nhieu khd khan, eua cac san pham hang hoa v l djch vu, nlng cao hieu qui cfla nen nganh cdng nghiep than van dat san lUOng 44,S trieu tan, Ben canh dd, Vinacomin da phlttriln mdt sd sin pham mdi nhU: sin xuat dien, kinhtl noi ehung va hieu qui cua von dau tQ ndi neng vlt iieu no edng nghiep, kim loai mlu, ehl tao thiet bi md nhien, vile dau tU vao ca sd tang d l phit trien ben vQng d l khdng I Ve xa hot, day manh eong tie gilm ngheo theo hudng ben dupc chu , nhiem huy hoai mdi trUdng nglnh than "ting viing, cu thi, uu tien ngudn lUe de gilm ngheo va nang cao toe"da den h6i blo dpng Nlu nglnh than khdng tru tfnh tdt nguon I dilu kien sdng cho ddng bao nhflng vung khd khin nha't Hd tai nguyen hflu han cua minh de chuan bi cho mpt chien tuae phit i In?, tao dieu kiln eho ngUdl ngheo, ho ngheo ed nha d, eo tU tnen llu dli vi ldi ieh qudc gia ma tilp tuc gia ting sin iQpng mot lieu vl phuong tiln d l sin xuat; phit Irtln kinh t l thong qua I chuyen djch cd cau ktnh t l , co eau cly trdng, vat nudi co g i l tri each qui "ndng" nhu hien thi chle chin se khong trlnh khdi sU hut hang nhu clu cua cle nganh cong nghiep eung lue xuat hien J kmh t l cao; phat triln sin xuat hang hda; tro giflp vile hoe chQ, mdt tuang lai gin hoc nghe NANG LLTONG VIET NAIVl S6' 97+98 (Thang 6+7/2013) D cho nglnh cdng nghiip than Viet Nam dQdc neu d Hinh 1, vdl elc n dung nhu sau: Thuc t l cho thiy, ngudn tli nguyen than d Viet Nam dang dan ean kiet Viec khai thic ham 16 da phli xuong slu vai trim met, CIc md 16 thiln thi ting sin lUdng, mdt elch vol va gly nhilu hlu qui nang ne cho moi trudng smh thai Qua nhflng dilu nlu tren eho thiy, viee phli phit trien ben vflng nglnh edng nghiep Than II hit sQc cap thilt a Phit trien liln tgc, dn dinh, lau dli, hai hda, than thien b Phit triln d l dip dng nhu clu hien lai nhgng khdng gly ton din vile dip dng nhu eau cfla the he tQdng lai, Idc la phli cd traet nhiem ddi vdi t h i h i tflong lai theo tinh than: De phuc vu cho viec xly dung chien tupc phit trien bin vflng nglnh cdng nghiep than, cSn thilt xly dflng md hinh vl bd cht lieu phit triln ben vflng cfla nglnh edng nghiep than Vilt Nam - D l tai ngudn t l i nguyen khoang sin than mdi phat hiln, thim Xay dQng mo hinh phat trien ben vQng nganh cdng nghidp Than - Gilm tdn thit vl tang he sd thu hdi III nguyin than tat e3 cic khiu cfla qui trinh khai thic, van chuyin, chi biln va sQdungthaa Mo hinh phat tnen ben vdng ngdnh Than M6 hinh phit triln ben vflng nglnh than dUOC xly dflng cln cfl vio: - Dinh hudng chien luac phat tnen ben vflng dViet Nam (ChUdng Irinh nghi sU 21 cfla Viet Nam) - Dinh hudng ehiln lUOc phit trien ben vflng nganh c6ng nghiep Viet Nam giai doan 2011-2020 - Oinh hudng chien tuae phit triln nang lupng ben vflng dViet Nam den nam 2020 - Dmh hudng chfln luae phat tnln nglnh Than Viet Nam den nam 2020, va Quy hoaeh phat then nganh edng nghiep than Viet Nam giai doan den 2020, cd xet triln vpng den 2030 - Nhflng die thu v l hien trang cua nganh cdng nghiepThan Viet Nam, Cln cfl vao khli niem, npi dung eung nhUcle nguyin tac phit tnen ben vflng vl die diem cua nganh c6ng nghiep than co the neu khai quat ve phit tnen ben vflng nganh eong nghiep than nhu sau: phit tnln ben vflng nganh cdng nghiep than la qui trinh phat tnln, nham dap Qng nhu cau ve san pham than cua hien tai dong thdi co tinh din viee dip flng nhu cau cho the he tuang lai blng cleh lien tue tim kilm cle nguon tli nguyin than mdi, hole phat trien cac san pham thay the va dam blo than thien vdi moi trUdng v l xa hot Noi ham cua phat tnen ben vflng nglnh eong nghiep than bao gom: phit trien ben vflng kfnh t l , phat trien ben vflng xa h6i v l phat tnen ben vQng mdi trudng - Khai thac hop iy, sQdung tilt kiem v l cd hilu qui ngudn tif nguyen than hien cd -Taora ngudn t l i nguyen mdi (bao gom nguon lUc mdi, nang tucsln xult mdi, Cd hdi mdl de true tilp hole giln tilp san xuat sin phjm mdi, sin pham thay the nguyen, nhien lieu than) c Phat tnen c6 trach nhilm doi vdi xa hpi va moi trudng, tflc la phat tnen bin vflng tren cl mat: kinh t l - xa hoi - mdi trudng d Phat tnln phfl hop vdi die thu cfla nganh edng nghiip than 2, N6i dung cua phit tnen bin vQng nglnh edng nghiip than Vtit Na a phit tnen bin vflng kmh t l (1) Phit trien san xuat kinh doanh than: -Tim kiem, tham tli nguyen than: + Nlng cap tai nguyen, trfl tupng than d l phat hiln + Tim kiem, tham t l i nguyen, trfl iQcmg mdi de: (1) bu dap phan tai nguyen, trfl lupng d l khai thic, (2) gia tang Hi nguyen, trQli/ang de nang eao sin luong khai thic -Khai thac than' + Dfly tri san lUdng — Tli sin xuat gilm don + Gia ting sin iQong —Tai sin xuat mdrpng (phli triln theo ehieu rdng) dip Ung nhu eau cang ting + Gilm tdn that v l ting he sd thu hdi t l i nguyen than die khau khat thac, vin chuyen j - Che bien than - Phat Iriln theo chilu sau: + Chi biln phue vu cho edng doan tilp theo iheo quy trinh c6ng nghe sin xult cfla sin pham than + Che biln theo hudng da dang hda san pham + Che biln theo hQong tao sin pham sach than thiln vdi mof trQdng + Gilm ton that v l ting he sd Ihu hot t l i nguyen than Irong khau die bien v l sfl dung (11) Phit then lan tda theo hQdng kinh doanh da nglnh trln nin Ung san phl'm than: - Phat triln cac loai dau vio phuc vu cho sin xuat than - Phit tnen cle toai sin pham cd dau vio la than nhim tao chuK gil Irj gia tang, vi dy: IQ than dien, iQ than khf, nhiln lieu long, tfl than sin pham hda chat Hinh !\/ld hinh phdt trien ben vdng ngdnh Cdng nghiep than Viet - Phat then kmh doanh tren cd sd tan dung nlng lUc sin xuat sin co Nam cua doanh nghiip than d l khai thic elc tilm nang, i h l manh tren rrin cd sd khai mlm neu trln de xuat mo hinh phit Iriln bin vflng dia bin Q NANG LUONG VIET NAM So' 97+98 (Thang 6+7/2013) PHAN BIEN (iii) Phit trien sin xuat cic loai sin pham thay the sin pham than: S^^^MI^^HI va cac gili phlp khac theo hudng sin xuat sach hOn - Phat trien elc loai nang lupng mdi, nang iQdng III tao (mat trdi, gid, - Holn nguyen, phue hdi m6i trudng hole cli tao khu vQc khai thie thuy trieu, dia nhi§t, sinh hoc, nhien lilu smh hoc.) thay t h i cac than (khai loai nhien lilu hda thach than trudng vl bai thli) theo quy dinh va phuc vu cac muc tieu kinh te - xl - Phat triln cic sin pham, cle loat vlt lieu mdi thay t h i cle loai hdi theo nguyen tteu than cung cap cho elc nganh cdng nghiep yeu cau eua quy hoach phit trten ktnh te - xa hoi tren dia bin - Phat triln cle loai sin pham, cac loai vlt lieu mdi ihay t h i sin pham - Dim blo dap Qng ddng Ihdi ca muc tilu: doanh nghiip mdi than phuc vu san xuat va ddi sdng trudng va sin pham thin thiln vdi moi trUdng Nhu vly md hinh phit triln bin vflng kinh te sin xuat kinh doanh than neu tren ed noi dung ehfnh la: (1) Phit Iriln bin than Xay dung bo chi tieu phat trien ben viirng nganh cong nghiep nglnh than; (2) Phat Uien lan Ida tren nin than; va (3) Phil tnen cae than Viet Nam sin pham thay t h i than, Vdi md hinh dd d l dip flng dudc cac ylu Oe xly dung ehien luoc, giam sat vl danh gil viec thUe hien phit Irien clua,bvad neu tren bin vflng nganh cdng nghiep than cln phli cd bd chi tieu phit Iriln bin vflng phu hop b Phat trien bin vQng xl h6i -Dap Qng elc nhu cau nguyin nhiln lieu than eho phit men kinhte -xahdi - Gdp phan thuc dly phat tnln va chuyin djch co cau kinh te tren dia ban - Gop phan xoa d6i gilm ngheo, thuc dly tie'n bp v l c6ng blng xa hpi, phit triln van hda, nlng cao dan tri, phat tnln nguon nhin luc va dim blo dn dtnh chfnh tri, an ninh qudc phdng va trat tu trj an tren dia ban - Khdng ngflng nang eao trinh dd nghe nghiep va cai thien ddi sdng vat chat, tinh thin cua ngUdi lao ddng c Phat tnen ben vuhg mdl trUdng Cln cQvao md hinh phat tnen ben vflng nglnh cdng nghiep than da neu tren de xuat bd chi tieu phat tnln ben vflng nglnh edng nghiep than Viet Nam, gom chi tieu nhU sau: Cdc chi tieu phdt triin ben vCmg kinh te: (gom chu de chinh vdi 10 chi tieu) Cac chi tieu phat tnln san xuat kmh doanh than, gdm ehi tieu Cacehitieuphattnen kinh doanh da nganhtren nen than (phlttriln lan Ida] chi tieu Cae ehi tieu phat trien sin pham thay thi nguyen, nhien lieu than chi tieu CiJc chi tieu phdt triin ben vUng xa hoi: 13 chi tiiu - Xflly eie loai nhilm, cac He dpng xau tdi moi trudng cua qua trinh Cdc chi tiiu phdt trien ben vOng mdi trUdng: chi tieu san xuat, kinh doanh dip flng cle tieu chuan m6i trUdng theo quy dmh eua phap luat Bdng 4.1 Be xudt bd chi tieu tong hap phdt tnen ben vQng ngdnh - Thuc hlln tai ehl chat thai, phi lieu, phi thai tfl qua trinh san xuat than VN TrQ iQong Gilm ty II tdn that III nguyin Phlttriln sin xuat kinh doanh than (6) rang trKcmg sSn Uang hing nam Tang trUdng gia trj gia ting (Idl nhuan) Sin phlm qua che bien Thanh phan (% ky) -Trfl luang tang thim ECCOl :Trfl lUpng mdi tham dd xlc Irong ky minh them ky -TrQluang da khai thie ky (Rp) - Tdn that than ky ECC02: Ty te tdn that ky so -TrQIUdngdUavao vdl ky trudc khai thic (Rp) - San lupng kinh t l nlm nly (Qpn + 1) ^^^^^.^,^ j , ,.„g ^j„g „ j ^ - Sin tucmg kmh t l nam trUde (Qpn) -Gil tri gia tang cua ECC04: Ty le tang trUdng gil tri nam nly gia tang QR lai nhuan - Gil tri gia tang cfla nlm IrQdc - Doanh thu cua sin pham qua ECCOS:Tyle doanh thu sin pham ehl bien ^^^ ^ j , j ^ , ^ ^^^^ ^.^^ ^^^ ^^^^ -Tdng doanh thu cac sin pham Irong ky NANG LUONG VIET NAM So 97+98 (Thing 6+7/2013) B - KIEN N C H ! ECC06:tyle doanh thu san pham - Doanh thu san p h l m mdi f^flc dd ddi mo, & da dang hoa ^ ^ , ^^.^ ^ ^ ^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ - Tdng doanh thu s i n pham thai| san p h l m ^^^^^ ^ ky MQe dp quan trpng cua SP ECC07:Tyle than t i n h theo ddi sdng x l hdi k i n h t l dau ngQdi ^ , , • jj -Tdng san lUang than h i n g n T d n g d i n sd cd nhu cau thaf ECC08:Ty ! l t d n g doanh t h u elc Phat tnen san xuai kinh doanh da nganh tren nen than (1) lulfle tham gia v i o chudi g i l In gia tang tren nen than s i n pham da nganh tren nen - Doanh thu cac san pham da t h a n / l o n g doanh thu c l e s i n nganh tren nen than pham ehudi gia tn gia tang {del may, XM, d i l n ) tren nen than Phat tnen san p h l m thay the nguyen, nhien lieu than (di^n, khf sinh hoc nang luong mdi t l i tao,.,) San pham mdi ihay the nguyen, nhien lieu than „„ , , • Doanh thu s i n pham than hi ECC09: MUc san uong OR doanh - , • , , „ ^ , ,• , d m h mUc san iupng than trong' thu s i n pham than g i l m ky Doanh thu h o l e dinh mflc sin] so vdi ky trudc luang san pham than ky trUdcj - Doanh thu cac san pham thay' Ty legia i l l san pli