DANH GIA MUrC DO PHOI NHIEM RADON VA DIT BAO RUI RO DOI VOII NGUdl LAO DONG 0 CAC MO LO THIEN KHU VUC MIEN TRUNG TS NHAN H 6 N G QUANG Phan Vien Bao hd Lao ddng va Bao ve Moi tnrdng mien Trung Tdm tat[.]
DANH GIA MUrC DO PHOI NHIEM RADON VA DIT BAO RUI RO DOI VOII NGUdl LAO DONG CAC MO LO THIEN KHU VUC MIEN TRUNG TS NHAN H N G QUANG Phan Vien Bao hd Lao ddng va Bao ve Moi tnrdng mien Trung Tdm tat: Tren casd cdc s6 tieu dac nong Radon khong va so lieu hoi cihj s&c khoe cOa NLD nam tif 2010 den 2013, bai b^o trinh bay nh&ng phan tich ve dac diem s&c khde NLB tai cac mo khai thac khoang san io thien d mien Trung co tiep xuc vdi Radon MSc dii chua c6 nhdng so lieu thong ke vebenh ung thir phoi (mot nhffng benh gayra tiep xOc iHu v& Radon), nhung cQng da c6 dau hieu ton thuang phoi b cong nhan tiep xuc vdi n6ng Radon khong cao tfdc tinh rOi ro trung binh t& vong ung thir phoi theo gidi tinh vii tinh trang hijt thuoc d mot so vi tri thuoc mo Radon Nong San cho thay d mot so vi tri s6 ndy /d kftd cao so vdi c^c khu vuc khac cOa nudc ta Abstract: Basing on the measured radon concentration in air and reviewed data from workers' health for years from 2010 to 2013, this paper presents an analysis of the health characteristics of mining workers who exposure to radon in Central Vietnam Although lack of statistics on iung cancer (a disease caused by prolonged exposure to radon), but the data showed signs of lung damage in workers exposed to high level radon concentrations in air Average estimated risk of radon-induced lung cancer deaths by gender and smoking status in the Nong Son mine shows in some working areas, the figure is a Utile bit higher than that of the others in our country IMOTO/iU Khf Radon cd mat d hau hit cdc noi vo trai dat, dugc thodt Ifin tff dSt, dd di vdo khdng khf bdng dudng khulch tdn, ddi luu Radon tdn tai vdi ndng dd cao hdn tai cdc khu vuc ham mo, nhd d, dac bidt cdc phdng kfn nhu: phdng ngO, phdng Idm vide; va cdc loai vdt lifiu xdy dung Ddy Id loai khf dugc cdc td chffc qudc t i nliff: Trung Tdm Kilm Sodt Dich Bdnh (The Centers for Disease Control), T l Chffc Phli Hoa Ky (The American Lung Association) x l p vdo danh muc chat gdy ung thu cung vdi nhffng dnh hudng khdc d i n sffc khde ngudi Mdi nguy hilm chfnh ciia bffc xa Radon ddi V(S sffc khoe Id su chilu cua cdc phdng xa alpha qud trinh ta hft thd vd dn udng Radon cOng dudc xdc dinh cd lidn quan d i n nhidu ca tCf vong ung thu phdi vd nghi ngd cd lifin quan vdi mdt sd loai ung thu khdc nhu: cdc bdnh bach cdu u dc tfnh, ung thu thdn vd mdt sd bfinh ung thu ciia trS em Cdc nghidn cffu v l dich t§ hgc cho thay radon c6 t h i xdm nhdp vdo co t h i , hda t l bdo md vd mdu nhu cdeh md oxy di vdo mdu; kit qua Id tfch IQy t l bdo md ciia tiiy xuong; hay noi mdt each khac, radon di vdo CO t h i ngudi nhu vide cdy hap thu dnh sdng mat trdi mdt each lang Id vd d l lai nhffng hau qua khd ludng [4] Trong sd cac bdnh ung thu, ung thu phdi Id duge xem Id bdnh nguy hiem nhat bdi sd trudng hgp tff vong thude vdo hdng cao nhat[1] Vi sff gdp mat cua radon vao mdt sd lugng ddng k l cdc ca tff vong ung thff phdi hang nam dac bifit d ngudi hiit thudc nen da eo edc nghidn cffu trdn t h i gidi v l nhffng anh hudng cua radon d i n sffc khde ngffdi Tff nam 1956 Hultqvist da nghidn cffu phong xa xay tu nhifin cac tda nhd, nham danh gid cdc lidu bffc xa ddi vdi ddn Cff to cac ngudn tff nhidn [1 j Cac nffdc chdu Au khdc cQng thuc hien mdt s6 nghidn cffu, nhifin cdc nghifin cffu d thdi dilm ndy vdn chua chdc chan vd cdc anh hudng dia radon [2] Cling vdi budc tiln ciia khoa hoc t h i gidi, cde td chffc uy tfn nhU' NAS, EPA, UNSCEAR WHO dd thuc hidn cde ddnh gia cu t h i tff nam 1988 d i n vd mdi 9/2014 S i o Hd UIO D6NG|15 I KHOA H Q C J nguy hai cfla radon v i dfla nhflng ket luin d efl sd khoa hpe Bdn canh d e t l chfle ndu trdn, d e qude gia khic trdn thd gidi eOng d nhidu bdo d o , ehflong trinh dilu tra radon nhu: CH Czech; Ao; Anh; Nhat Bin nhung ddu chfla xdy dung hoin ehinh thinh phflflng phap dinh gia Chung v i hau nhu v i n dfla trdn d e mP hinh dinh g i i cfla EPA, NAS vd thidt lap d c chuflng trinh Radon qude gia theo WHO Nhfl tidng kd efla EPA, tai My nam 1995 d 146.400 ca tfl vong ung thfl phli vd dd 21.100 ea (14,4%) lidn quan d i n radon; sd cd t i l so sinh vdi II Id tfl vong dotainanPtPvdcaohonhdngframianrfli ro P nhidm bdn ngodi nhfl nfldc, khdng [5] I( MUC TIEU, DOI TUONG U PHirOfNG PHAP NGHlCHCliU 2.1 Muc t i l u nghiin cfliu: - Dinh gia dflgc ndng dd khf Radon v i didu tra die dilm sfle khde efla NLO tai mPt sd md khai khoang Id thidn khu vuc midn Tmng - Dd xuat dugc gill phdp kha thi giam tdp xfle khf Radon cho NLD 2.2 Pham vl, ddi tflong nghien cu!u: Cae md khoang sdn nam trdn d e hp thdng phd bos' dflt gay kiln tao khu Vflc midn Tmng: hd thdng phuong T i y Bac - Ddng Nam; he thdng phflong DPng Bac - T i y Nam; hd thdng phflflng i kinh tuydn; hd thdng phflong i DPng - T i y Ddng tidi noi ddy xuat hidn cic dj thfldng phdng xa Cu t h i : - Hd dflt gay Tuy Hda - 6c tai voi: tie ddng d i n khu vuc Khanh Hda Phan Rang, Phan Thidt vdi d(S dflt gay Tuy Hda vd Hdn Khoai - Ca Nd (Chpn mo sa khoing Suoi Nhum, Him Tin, Binh Thuan, d didn tfch khao s i t 0,8km'j - Hd dfli gay sPng Ba - Nha Trang: tdc dpng ddn midn Tmng tai khu vflc phfa nam Quing NgSi, piifl Ydn, Binh Djnh bang d c ddi dflt gay IPng chim sinh kdm Ba To Cflng Son vd Nha Trang (Chon mo sa khoing Be Ghi, Binh Bmh cd didn tfch khio sat 0,6km') - Hd dflt gay Ba Tfl - Tri Tdn: t i c ddng den dja bdn Quang Ngai qua eie d « dflt gay Ba Tfl - Gia Vfle, Son Ha - Thanh T r i vd Quang Anh - Tri Tdn - QuIng tiam (Chon md than Nong Son, Quang Nam; d dien lich khIo s i t 0,54km') - Hd dflt gay A Ifldi - Rio Quin - Son Tdy - Quy Nhfln v i cdc dai dflt gay sinh kdm Lao Bio, Odng H i , H u l - Son Trd, Dd Ning - NPng Son, Trd Bdng, Sd Pdn - Cam LP (Chon mo titan Quang Lgi, Vinh My, Hue, didn tfch 0,52km' vd mo di xiy dimg Quang Tn, didn tfch khIo s i t 0,33km') Di kdm vdi d c he thdng dflt gay kiln tao i i d e dflt gay ndi dft' cue khu vue Tai tinh Qudng Binh, QuIng Tri, dflt gay Rdo Nay OakrPng - Hud, dflt gay Khe 16 BAO HO LAO OONC 9/2014 GiOa - VTnh Linh (Chpn mo set caoiln Bong Hdl, Quang Binh, didn tich khio sdt 0,2km') Ngodi ra, d khu vuc phia Bac, dd ldi lfla ehpn khao sat mo khoing san titan Cam Xuyen - Ha Tinh, didn tfch khIo s i l lua chpn 0,5km' Chpn t^ Id bilu dien 1:10.000 Ludi d khoing d c h d e tuydn 100m, khoang d c h dilm 20m vdi didn tfch mo nhd hon 50ha v i 25m cho d c md Idn hon Ludi chi tdt dj thfldng 50x5 (m'j Tdng didm do:+10% kilm tra » 4000 2.2.Pht/crng phap nghidn cflu; - Tong quan tinh hinh nghien cdu tren the gldi; - Khao sit, dac; - H6I ciiu, phin tick III K£T OUA NGHIEN CAI VA BAN LUAN 3.1 C i c benh chd ydu va CO che gay bdnh cua Radon Radon Id nguydn td phdng xa d t h i Tuy nhidn nhflng d i n xuat d tinh phdng xa ndy dpng iai frdn eic hat bui md co t h i hit thd v i o v i bam chat phdi g i y ndn nhflng t i c hai nghd nghidp noi khPng khf quang ding Radon d ndng dd thdp it I n h hudng ddi vdi mdi tmdng vd sfle khod ngflfli Phit hidn quan trpng id ndu tep xfle Idu d i i vdl Radon d mflc trdn ngfldng che phdp sd l i m tang nguy cfl phit triln ung thfl phli Cac nguy cfl sflc khde efla Fiadon la t i p xfle vdl san pham phin rd (RDPs) cfla Radon N l u Radon tdn tai, d c s i n pham phdn sd Ifl Iflng khdng Bdi vi chflng dflgc tfch didn, hau hdt se gan vfli hat bui hoac c i c bd mat vat lidu rdn, mpt sd cd t h i v i n tdn tai tu C I hai tnrdng hgp d i u eP the dugc hit v i o co thd Khi lang dpng phdi Radon phit bflc xa alpha, kfch thfch vd cP t h i giy t i n hai eic Id bao phdi Vi chu ki ban rd tflflng ddi ngan (it hon nfla gid) cdc RDPs phin r i phan Idn van d n d phli Trong khdng khf thoang, ndng dp radon Id rat nhd vd khpng gdy nguy co sflc khde Tuy nhidn, mpt sd khdng gian ban chd nhfl tang ham vd ham md, khf Radon cd t h i tfch IDy ddn mfle tuong ddi cao v i trd thdnh mpt mdi nguy hilm ddn sflc khde Mdt sd nghidn cflu eho thay Radon l i mdt nguydn nhdn d lidn quan din cac bdnh ung thfl bach eau, ung thfl da, u i c tfnh, ung thu Bing i: Mdt si loai ung thifcd lien quan din Hip xuc vdiRadonvi die diim cua chuna Ung thu t l bao v i y Khf thung Ung thfl t l b i o nhd Ung thfl td b i o tuydn Xfl hda phdi Ung thfl td bdo Idn Phdi tae man tnh Bdnh bui phdi Tdn tiflong hd hdp |KHOAHocij.uiJMJ!IJJ!IIU]JMJM.I nguy co gan liln vdi vide t i p xfle khf Radon Co chd gdy bdnh d t i l glii t h i d nhfl sau: So vdl Thoron-220 vd Radon-119, dp nguy hilm phdng xa efla Radon-222 rdl cao chu k> b i n h u j bdi phin rd phdng xa l i 3,8 ngiy, frong dd chu ky bin hu^ efla Ttioron Id 65 giiy v i efla Radon-119 la g i i y Trong khdng Radon vd Thoron d dang nguydn tjr fcr do, sau thodt tfl dat d i vd nhflng i(hodng vdl khic, chflng phdn phPng xa thdnh chudi d e ddng vj phdng xa t i f l d p md nguy hilm nhat i i Polonium-218 Polonium phin r i alpha vdi ehu ky bin hu^ 3,05 phflt, dfl d o mdt v i i ehu trinh thd frong he thdng hP hap efla ngfldi Polonium218 bay eflng d c hat bui d kfch thudc e8 nanomdt v i micromdt lao tidnh d c hat sol phdng xa C i c sol phdng xa niy d kfch thudc cO vdi chuc micromit ndn d t h i dugc hft vdo qua dudng thd vd tai hai hon, chflng d t h i bj iuu gifl tai phd nang Tai phd nang, peionlum-218 phdn rd alpha phdt d c hat alpha co ning lugng rat cao ifinh 1: Tic dpng den sdb khde cda Radon t i i n d trd em v i mpt sd ung thu khio Nhflng nghidn cflu dfla trdn nhflng phin tfch thdng kd cfla radon Irong nhd v i pham vi Inh hfldng cfla bdnh ung thfl [1] Tde hai chfnh phoi nhidm man tfnh vdi Radon l i ung thfl phdi (thfldng phdt sinh Kr p h i quin) gdm cdc loai sau (Xem ICO 00 Bing 1): Phoi nhidm Radon khdng gdy bdnh 80 00 d p linh, khdng d bilu hidn kieh flng, cflng nhu diu hldu nie cinh bio sdm vdi d e iidu eaw thudng g i p mdi trfldng, nhflng phoi flaoo nhidm Radon t i p tmng se ling rfli ro g i y ung t i u phdi, ddc bidt d ngfldi hflt thudo Rfli ro 20.00 ndy tdng theo mfle ndng dd Radon, dd ddi 0,00 thdi gian phoi nhidm vd Iflgng tiudc Id dflgc o S S S o 5 S S S S S o S hflt cfla ngudi dd [4j Hd hip TuSn hojn Hd hip TuSn hodn Hd hip TuSn hoin Con dudng co ban efla phoi nhidm vPi Da(QT) Trtan(HT) VX (HuS) Radon Id hd hip Tilp xfle vfli bflc xa alpha tfl • %L1 •%L2 • K m%va, B^LS Raden v i cic s i n phdm phin r i efla nd d Inh hfldng ding k l d i n sfle khde S i n pham Hinh2: Bieu dophSn loai benh tit 6md di QT, War} Hi Tinij vi ITmh Xuin phdn r i Radon (RDPs) Id cic kim loai ning vd d I h i dflgc hit vdo eflng vdi d c hat Irong 100 00 Ifl khf quyln Cic hat quyln bao gdm 80 OO bui khpl hodc tiuc t h i sinh hpe Hat RDPs eooo d n g nhd cing bj hit sdu v i o d c efl quan cfla hd hd hip Trong hd thdng hP hip, cdc hat 40 00 hda hpc hay v i t ly d t h i dfnh vdo d c mdng 2000 nhiy cfla p h i nang hoic khu vuc phd quin i Qui trtnh dinh nhu v i y d t h i lim ting thdi 000 glan luu ddi vdl RDPs vd cflng l i m ling k h i o o o o O o o o o B S o o o ning xiy phin hfly Irong ehflng van HdhSp TuSnhoan Hdhlp Tu^n hoJn Hdhip TuSn hoin d n d phli vl d u ky bdn rd ngdn ngfli qo |Hu^ DEghi {BO] Than (ON) cfla chdng Phin r i vd kdt q u i phdt xa cfla • ^ L l •°'L2 •%13 •'' M %%\S d c hat alpha d t i l g i y t i n hai td bdo vd bit diu g i y ddt bidn td bio Ung t i f l phdi hft Hinh 3: Bieu dSphan ioai siib Ichoe cua md titan QD, OS Ghi vi phli s i n piiim frong d u d i phdn rd radon gdy Than Ndng Stfn i, 1, L %) 11 9/2014! sd ban phi nhin td bio phd nang, gdy d c sai hong Iflgng sol phdng xa gdy bdi Radon (tflc Id xic djnh nhidm sac t i l , lie ding t i u cflc ddn CO chd phin chia td Radon) d y nghTa lal quan trpng vdi muc dieh giim sit, bio Do dp, ldp ming nhay trdn bd mat cudng phdi v i cinh bio nguy co ung ttiu phdifrongddi sdng cdng ddng, nhflng t l bio co ban d dfldi Idp ming nhay d thi bi nguy frong d c khu ham md,frongnhd d v i die bidt phdng hai bdi phoi nhilm cic hat alpha ning lugng eao (li sin ngfl, phdng lam vide Ttieo Luit MPi tmdng cfla My, mflc phdm qui trinh phin r i alpha d a Polonium) gdy ddt bidn, cho phdp Radon frong nhi d l i