I KHOA HQC GIAI PHAP T H C C D A ^ L I E N KET SAN XUAT, TIEU THU SA^ \ LNG CHU''''EN BOI SAN XUAT LUA TOM VEN BIEN T DONG BANG SONG CUtJ LONG Doin Doin Tuin, Trin Met Oan^ Trung tdm Tu ydn PIM T6m tat[.]
I KHOA HQC GIAI PHAP T H C C D A ^ L I E N KET SAN XUAT, TIEU THU SA^ \ LNG CHU\'EN BOI SAN XUAT LUA-TOM VEN BIEN T DONG BANG SONG CUtJ LONG Doin Doin Tuin, Trin Met Oan^ Trung tdm Tu ydn PIM T6m tat: Tac dgng aia hgn hdn xdm nhgp mgn dang ldm thay doi tgp qudn canh tac ngudi ddn yimg dong bing sdng cini Long (DBSCL) ndi chung vd viing yen bien Toy noi rieng Tac dong da biin thdch thitc thdnh ca hgi sdn xudt ndng nghiep cUa vun^, chuyen ddi sdn xudt ndng nghidp tit canh ldc Ida kem hien gud sang canh tac tdm-lua cd hieu qud kinh te cao Tdm nudi mgng lua sU dung chd ydu thUc dn lunhihk chi phi thuc dn thdp it dich benh, torn nudi thuang phdm cd chat luang mdi Uudng sinh Ihdi duac bdo v4 Ida sU difng cdc sdn phdm thdi tie nudi tdm Tuy nhien phdt trien he thong tdm-lua dang ddng trudc cdc thdch thuc, he thdng hg tdng Ihuy^ Igi-giao thdng chua ddp ung viec kiem sodt han-mgn va dieu kien de mdy moc nong nghiep hogt ddng, lien ket sdn xudt chua du Idn di tap thdnh vimg nguyen lieu Idn, doanh nghiip tieu thli sdn phdm kho tiep can cdc ngudn uu dai ciia Nhd nudc de md rong guy mo vd xdy dung mdi lien kit sdn xuat, tieu thu sdn phdm chgt che Dehdtrg sdn xuat tang cudng lien ket sdn xudt vd lieu thu sdn phdm giOa ndng ho vdi nong hg, giOa hg sdn xudt vdi doanh nghiep, can cd chinh sdch khuyen khich viec hodn thien he thdng^^o Ihdng ndi dong tao dieu kien may ndng nghiep hogt dgng, ddutuhg tdng thuy lgi vira ddm bdo chii dgng cdp thoat nuoc phyic vlf sdn xudt tdm-lua, ddng thdi khuyen khich mug ddn lien ket seal xudt tren quy mo ldn, sang song vdi trien khai tri?t di chmh sdch hg trg lien kit sdn xudt dk doanh nghiep tiep can dugc nguon vdn vay, vdn hd trg, thuc hien dugc guy trinh son xudt doanh nghiep de ra, ung vgt tu, phdn bdn, hd trg cho bd ndng ddn yen tdm sdn xudt Tir khda: Hgn mgn, Hg Idng giao thong Ihuy Igi ngi ddng, Uin kit sdn xudt, tieu thu sdn phdm, md hinh sdn xuat tdm-lua, chinh sdch hd trg Summary: The impact of drought and saltwater intrusion has changed the farming practices of people in Ihe Mekong River Delta (Mekong Delta) in general and Ihe West Coastal region in particular The impact has turned challenges into opportunities in Ihe region's agricultural production, shifting agriculhlral production from inefficient 2-rice farming lo highly economical shrimp-rice cultivation Shrimp cultivated in rice fields use mainly luiliiral food, require low feed costs, sufer less diseases, being high quality and Ihe ecological environment is protected because rice uses waste products from shrimp farming Howeier the dnelopment ofthe rice-shrimp system is facing challenges, due lo Ihe inadequate irrigation facilities to conuol thought and saltwater intrusion, poor road system lo offer conditions for agrimllural machines to operate:fi-agmenledsmall-scale agricultural production, lack olfamieres cooperation to form a suficient large production area, enterprises purchasing agricultural products difficuh lo access the State's sunoot are contrains toformation affective agricultural production linkages ^-^ In order to support production, enhance production and product consumption linkages between farm tl farmers, between production households and enterprises, it is necessary lo implement Ihe cotrmle^^^f farm road system to create conditions for machines lo work effectively, to invesi in irrigation ini^°"iJ! n"^ ensuring proactive irrigation and drainage for shrimp-rice production, al Ihe same time encouraoe? ^ coopenile in production on a large scale, in parallel with Ihe thorough implemenlalion ofsunnoniiT^"'" so that enterprises can access loans, support capUal to ensure production linkage ^ policies Keywords: West Coastal re^on of Mekong Dda, drought and saltwater intnwon shrimp-rice culr farm inigalion mid road system, agriculmml production and product consumption linkage, siippo^","""'?."' ""' H4JJ HAN, XAM NHAP MAN VA Trong nhihig nim gin ddy, tic d" CHUYEN D I SAN XUAT BDKH, ciing vdi vi?c xiy d^g hd ch'"^ hT ã r i ^ * ô y * ^ * * ' n ) ^ g ngudn sdng Ms^h?n hdn, xam nh?p mjn d DB5.000ha) - Kenh cap 11 ranh huyen - Kenh cap 11 lien huyen (Vidu: Kenh XangXcoRo) - Kenh cap 11 ngi huyen - Kenh cap l!I lien xa - Kenh c4p 111 ngi xa (100-500ha) (Vidu; Kenh thir 3) - Kenh ngi dong (iing sdn xuai tdm-lua Hinh 5: He thong giao thong, thin lai noi 2.2 San xuat liia-tom i) Quy mo dien tich, dau tu, chi phi-lai nhudn san xuat quan co I -2 thira ruong Tong dien tich binh quan ciia hg tai HTX Bao Tram, huyen An Bien tir 2-5ha/h6; tai HTX Thanh An trung binh tir l-3ha/hg M6i hg nong dan viing An Bien, An Minh binh soo 45 40.0 35.0 30.0 *Z5.0 ~ 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 40 g30.0 -p 20.0 10,0 0-0 2-3 3-5 Di^n tfch h$ (ha) Dien tich hp [ha) Hinh 6: Quy mo dien tich hg HTX Bdo Trdm huyen An Bien Hinh 7: Quy mo dien tich ho HTX Thgnh An huyen An Mmh TAP CHf KHOA HOC VA CONG NGH^ THUY LOI S6 59 - 2020 75 I KHOA HOC ddn tiin hinh cii t?o ru«ng liia u chi phi ban dSu khoing 10-12 tr a Di thgc hifn chuyin ddi tir canh tic vy liia sang san xudt mgt vy tdm, mdt vy lua, ngudi TT fc day •• hang - Bing 2: Chi phi ban dau chuyin dii sin xuit Kia sang tdm-liia Ngi dung Chi phii 1Lam bd, dao muong (l^ch) quanh rudng (cho Ihal 5-6 Lip cdng (cho thua) Xir ly phen, tin du thudc BVTV ban ddu (cho Iha) 1.4 Kit qud khdo sdt vi hifu qua sdn xuit tdm-liia vd sdn xudt lua t^ HTX Thanh An, huyfn An Minh va HTX Bdo Tram, huyfn An Bifn cho thiy sdn xuat tdm-lia mang l?i lgi nhu§n 60-100 h-.d/ha.n5m, cao hon so vdi canh tde lua, khodng 40 h-.d/ha.ndm (Bing 3) Bing 3: Thing ke thu nhip-cbi phi sin xuit tom-liia v i vy lira Thu nhdp tir liia vy liia (tr.d/ha) Tdm-lua (tr.d/ha) 40 Thu nhdp tir tdm 50-90 Thu nhdp tir Ma 34,5 Chi phi liia 15 Chi phi tdm 15 Chi phi lua 14,2 Lgi nhu^n tit lua 25 Lgi nhudn tit tdm 35-75 Loi nhudn tilr Ida 20,3 Lgi nhugn nam 40,6 Lgi nhu§n ndm 60-100 ii) Nudi tdm, Irdng Ida dfn thdng 8, sau thu hoach tdm ndng ddn Trong hf thing canh tde tdm-liia, sau nudi tifn hanh nia mdn, ldm ddt df chudn bi rufng mdt vy tdm ndng ddn tiin hanh tring mgt vy frong Ilia, thdi gian tCr thing din cudi thdng lua Khi dd chit thii hihi co dudi diy ao, sau 12 (Hinh 7) thu ho^h tdm, sd lim cho rugng liia man md, ngudi frdng liia chi bdn mgt lugng phdn nhd Id dip dng nhu cau phdt trifn ciia cdy Ngugc l9i, nudi tdm sau vy lua thi nen day ao dd dugc khodng hda nfn cdc chdt dgc hgi giam, hjn chi tinh tr?ng vung nudi tdm bj ldo hda ddt hi ngdp mdn Idu, ding thdi cit phdn mim bfnh ao nudi, mdi trudng dn dinh, nudi tdm khdng edn sir dyng nhiiu thudc, hda chit, hgn chi chi phi san xuit, lgi nhuan fr'"h8:Lichthdivusdnxudi,om-lua tdng eao Tdm su dugc nudi vimo tR,„ i - i , irng vdi dg mdn khd r|ng n h ' T ' ^ V u Vio miia khd, nudc ngoai sdng r^h man thi nhit Id tir 5-15%o Dd PH tWch H i~^ ^'^ liy vdo nudi tdm, mua xudng, cd nudc D i f n i c h a o n u d i M * f ^ f ^ \ nggt thi dua vdo trdng lua Tdm sii li ddi tugng dugc thi nudi phd bifn, tir thing den thong muong xung quanh cd Jthing hing ndm, sau kit thiie vy liia thi khodng 25-30% diCn tich ao nud' " "'''*' tiin binh eii tgo ao, thdi gian cii tgo tir thing xung quanh cd chifu rgnsj kboCJ^T-!^^ chieu sau 1-1,2m Rugng LO coniT^' "'' I- thing 2, vi thyc hifn nudi tdm tit thing •* "^^P, thodt m\ I 76 TAP CHl KHOA Hpc VACiiNGNGHt THUT LOaS 59-2020 KHUAHUC nuoc \ a ao uong dien lich ao uong bang 10l^^o dien ii'ch ao nuoi •. ttg cho bd nong ddn yen tdm sin xuat host dgng, dau tu h? tang thuy Igi dam bao chu ^ TAI L I $ U THAM K H A O [I] Bdo cdo Rd sodt, diiu chinh quy hoych ndng nghifp ndng thdn gdn vdi tdi co ciu nginh ndng nghifp tinh Kien Giang din nim 2020 vi djnh hudng din ndm 2030 [2] Bio cio tong kit nginh ndng nghifp vi phit ttiin ndng thdn ndm 2018 huyfn An Bifn vd huyfn An Minh [3] Cyc Kinh ti hgp tde, 2016, Tdi lifu hudng din didnh ldp lifn kit ndng ddn chudi gid trj [4] Lf Xudn Sinh vi tmc, 2011, Phin tich cbuii gii tn tdm sii d ddng bdng sdng Cuu Long [5} Nguyin Phii Son, 2013, Md hinh lien kit "4 nhi san xudt va tifu thy liia g^o t^ xd Djnh Hda, huyfn Gd Quao, tinh Kifn Giang [6] Td Ph»m Thj H» Van vi Tnrong Hoing Minh, 2014, Phdn tich chudi gii hi tdm sii sinh thii d tinh Ci Mau [7] Vifn Quin ly vi Phdt triin Chau A, 2016, Bio cio hifn h?ng phdt triin tdm-lua viing Ddng bdng sdng Ciru Long TAP CHf KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE THUV LOl 5(3 S9 - 2020 ... viing ven bien Tay DBSCL dang dien nhanh chong Dac biet lir sau Nghi quy£t 09/2000/ND-CP doi, cho phep chuydn doi di?n tich dat kem hieu qua (san xuat lua, san xuat muoi, vimg dam lay ven bien)... cdng trinh diiu mdn khdp kin hf thing kfnh r9ch cap thodt tiit nudc tren hf thdng dau mdi ven biin, ven mrdc, hf thing co sd h^ ting thuy lgi tu diu sdng, kfnh cdp I, vd kenh ngi ddng song mii... h^n-m^n, nhung nam gin ddy, Nhd nudc bit ddu triin khai xay dpig h? thdng cdc cing kiim sodt man ven biin Vi?c xdy dung, qudn ly Hf thdng thuy loi, giao thdng ndi ddng, theo phdn oip, thu^c trach