SCHAUM’S OUTLINE OF THEORY AND PROBLEMS of BASIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS, Second Edition SCHAUM’S OUTLINE OF THEORY AND PROBLEMS of BASIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS Second Edition JOHN O’MALLEY, Ph D Professor of Elec.
SCHAUM’S OUTLINE OF THEORY AND PROBLEMS of BASIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS Second Edition JOHN O’MALLEY, Ph.D Professor of Electrical Engineering University of Florida SCHAUM’S OUTLINE SERIES McGRAW-HILL New York San Francisco Washington, D.C Auckland Bogotci Caracas London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Dehli San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto Lisbon JOHN R O’MALLEY is a Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Florida He received a Ph.D degree from the University of Florida and an LL.B degree from Georgetown University He is the author of two books on circuit analysis and two on the digital computer He has been teaching courses in electric circuit analysis since 1959 Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of BASIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS Copyright 1992,1982 by The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher 10 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 PRS PRS ISBN 0-0?-04?824-4 Sponsoring Editor: John Aliano Product i (I n S u pe rc’i so r : L a u ise K ar a m Editing Supervisors: Meg Tohin, Maureen Walker Library of Congress Cstaloging-in-Publication Data O’Malley John Schaum’s outline of theory and problems of basic circuit analysis ’ John O’Malley 2nd ed p c.m (Schaum’s outline series) Includes index ISBN 0-07-047824-4 Electric circuits Electric circuit analysis I Title TK454.046 1992 62 1.319’2 dc20 McGraw -Hill 1)rrworr o(7ht.McGraw.Hill Cornpanles 90-266I5 Dedicated to the loving memory of my brother Norman Joseph 'Mallej? Lawyer, engineer, and mentor This page intentionally left blank Preface Studying from this book will help both electrical technology and electrical engineering students learn circuit analysis with, it is hoped, less effort and more understanding Since this book begins with the analysis of dc resistive circuits and continues to that of ac circuits, as the popular circuit analysis textbooks, a student can, from the start, use this book as a supplement to a circuit analysis text book The reader does not need a knowledge of differential or integral calculus even though this book has derivatives in the chapters on capacitors, inductors, and transformers, as is required for the voltage-current relations The few problems with derivatives have clear physical explanations of them, and there is not a single integral anywhere in the book Despite its lack of higher mathematics, this book can be very useful to an electrical engineering reader since most material in an electrical engineering circuit analysis course requires only a knowledge of algebra Where there are different definitions in the electrical technology and engineering fields, as for capacitive reactances, phasors, and reactive power, the reader is cautioned and the various definitions are explained One of the special features of this book is the presentation of PSpice, which is a computer circuit analysis or simulation program that is suitable for use on personal computers (PCs) PSpice is similar to SPICE, which has become the standard for analog circuit simulation for the entire electronics industry Another special feature is the presentation of operational-amplifier (op-amp) circuits Both of these topics are new to this second edition Another topic that has been added is the use of advanced scientific calculators to solve the simultaneous equations that arise in circuit analyses Although this use requires placing the equations in matrix form, absolutely no knowledge of matrix algebra is required Finally, there are many more problems involving circuits that contain dependent sources than there were in the first edition I wish to thank Dr R L Sullivan, who, while I was writing this second edition, was Chairman of the Department of Electrical Engineering at the University of Florida He nurtured an environment that made it conducive to the writing of books Thanks are also due to my wife, Lois Anne, and my son Mathew for their constant support and encouragement without which I could not have written this second edition JOHN R O'MALLEY V This page intentionally left blank Contents Chapter BASIC CONCEPTS Digit Grouping International System of Units Electric Charge Electric Current Voltage Dependent Sources Power Energy 5 RESISTANCE Ohm’s Law Resistivity Temperature Effects Resistors Resistor Power Absorption Nominal Values and Tolerances Color Code Open and Short Circuits Internal Resistance 17 17 17 18 19 19 19 20 20 20 SERIES AND PARALLEL DC CIRCUITS 31 31 31 32 32 34 34 1 1 Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Branches Nodes Loops Meshes Series- and Parallel-Connected Components Kirchhoffs Voltage Law and Series DC Circuits Voltage Division Kirchhoffs Current Law and Parallel DC Circuits Current Division Kilohm-Milliampere Method DC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS Cramer’s Rule Calculator Solutions Source Transform at io n s Mesh Analysis Loop Analysis Nodal Analysis Dependent Sources and Circuit Analysis DC EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS NETWORK THEOREMS AND BRIDGE CIRCUITS Introduction Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems Maximum Power Transfer Theorem Superposition Theorem Millman’s Theorem Y-A and A-Y Transformations Bridge Circuits vii 54 54 55 56 56 57 58 59 82 82 82 84 84 84 85 86 CONTENTS Vlll Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 OPERATIONAL-AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS 112 112 112 114 116 PSPICE DC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS 136 136 136 138 139 140 CAPACITORS AND CAPACITANCE 153 153 153 153 154 155 155 156 156 157 INDUCTORS INDUCTANCE AND PSPICE TRANSIENT ANALYSIS 174 174 174 175 175 176 177 177 177 Introduction Op-Amp Operation Popular Op-Amp Circuits Circuits with Multiple Operational Amplifiers Introduction Basic Statements Dependent Sources DC and PRINT Contro! Statements Restrictions Introduction Capacitance Capacitor Construction Total Capacitance Energy Storage Time-Varying Voltages and Currents Capacitor Current Single-Capacitor DC-Excited Circuits RC Timers and Oscillators In trod uction Magnetic Flux Inductance and Inductor Construction Inductor Voltage and Current Relation Total Inductance Energy Storage Single-Inductor DC-Excited Circuits PSpice Transient Analysis SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATING VOLTAGE AND CURRENT 194 Introduction Sine and Cosine Waves Phase Relations Average Value Resistor Sinusoidal Response Effective or RMS Values Inductor Sinusoidal Response Capacitor Sinusoidal Response 194 195 197 198 198 198 199 200 COMPLEX ALGEBRA AND PHASORS 217 Introduction Imaginary Numbers Complex Numbers and the Rectangular Form Polar Form Phasors 217 217 218 219 221 BASIC AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE 232 Introduction Phasor-Domain Circuit Elements AC Series Circuit Analysis 232 232 234 CONTENTS ix Impedance Voltage Division AC Parallel Circuit Analysis Admittance Current Division 234 236 237 238 239 MESH LOOP NODAL AND PSPICE ANALYSES OF AC CIRCUITS Introduction Source Transformations Mesh and Loop Analyses Nodal Analysis PSpice AC Analysis 265 265 265 265 267 268 14 AC EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS NETWORK THEOREMS AND BRIDGE CIRCUITS Introduction Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems Maximum Power Transfer Theorem Superposition Theorem AC Y-A and A-Y Transformations AC Bridge Circuits 294 294 294 295 295 296 296 Chapter 15 POWER IN AC CIRCUITS Introduction Circuit Power Absorption Chapter 13 Chapter Wattmeters Reactive Power Complex Power and Apparent Power Power Factor Correction Chapter 16 TRANSFORMERS Introduction Right-Hand Rule Dot Convention 349 349 349 350 350 352 354 356 THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS Introduction Subscript Notation Three-Phase Voltage Generation Generator Winding Connections 384 384 384 384 385 386 387 389 390 391 391 393 393 The Ideal Transformer The Air-Core Transformer The Autotransformer PSpice and Transformers Chapter 17 ~~ 324 324 324 325 326 326 327 Phase Sequence Balanced Y Circuit Balanced A Load Parallel Loads Power Three-Phase Power Measurements Unbalanced Circuits PSpice Analysis of Three-Phase Circuits ~~ INDEX 415 This page intentionally left blank ... two books on circuit analysis and two on the digital computer He has been teaching courses in electric circuit analysis since 1959 Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of BASIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS... Walker Library of Congress Cstaloging-in-Publication Data O’Malley John Schaum’s outline of theory and problems of basic circuit analysis ’ John O’Malley 2nd ed p c.m (Schaum’s outline series)... it is hoped, less effort and more understanding Since this book begins with the analysis of dc resistive circuits and continues to that of ac circuits, as the popular circuit analysis textbooks,