TAP CHl KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Nguy&n Kim Hdng va tgk T H y c TRANG NANG LlTC HlTdNG NGHIEP CUA ©Ol NGU GIAO VIEN BQ MON d TRlTOfNG TRUNG HOC PHO THONG TAI TP HO CHI MINH N G U Y E N K I M HdNG", HUYNH V[.]
TAP CHl KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Nguy&n Kim Hdng va tgk T H y c TRANG NANG LlTC HlTdNG NGHIEP CUA ©Ol NGU GIAO VIEN BQ MON d TRlTOfNG TRUNG HOC PHO THONG TAI TP HO CHI MINH N G U Y E N K I M HdNG", HUYNH VAN S a N " TOM TAT Bai viet phdn lich thuc trang nang luc huang nghiep (NLHN) cua doi ngu gido vien bo mon (G VBM) a trudng Irung hoc thong (THPT) cUng nhu cdc yeu to anh hudng tai NLHN va mot so kien nghi nham nang cao NLHN cho GVBM Ket qud ddnh gid chung ve NLHN cUa GVBM a trudng thong thdng qua ba mat: nhdn thdc, kT ndng va thdi dp cho thdy co han J/3 so gido vien mdu khdo sdt ddnh gid NLHN cua minh a muc trung binh MQI SO yeu to dnh huang den NLHN cua GVBM, nhu: Su quan ldm cita cdc cdp lanh drio ve hogt dpng huang nghiep (HDHN) cua GVBM, kinh phi ddnh cho viec tap hudn ndng cao NLHN Tit khoa: nSng luc hircmg nghiep, giao vien bp mon, nang luc huong nghiep ciia giao vien bp mon ABSTRACT The reality of the vocational competence of subject teachers in high schools in Ho Chi Minh City The article analyses the reality of the vocational competence of subject teachers in high schools as well as factors affecting the vocational competence and proposing some solutions to enhancing the vocational competence of subject teachers Evaluation is based on three aspects: knowledge, skill and attitude Results show that more than 1/3 of the participants classified themselves at average level There are several factors affecting the vocational competence of subject 'teachers including the attention of leaders to the vocational activities of subject teachers, funding for competence enhancement training, etc Keywords: vocational competence, teachers, high school, HCM city Dat van de Huong nghiep co vai tro h^t siic quan trpng, giiip hoc sinh (HS) co sir dinh huong nghl nghiep dting dSn, tu vin hucmg nghiep cho HS va tao dilu kien cho HS chpn nganh nghS phu hop Dac biet, d6i vai nhiing HS cudi cdp thi viec dinh huong nghe rat co y nghia, giiip cac em chon lua dugc mot nghe that su phii hpp vdi minh Nhung nam gin day, Bp Giao due va Dao tao (BGD&DT) da chinh thtic dua npi dung Huong nghiep vao chuong ttinh chinh khoa cho HS bac ph6 thong Song song voi quyet dinh do, BGD&DT ciing da mcr nhilu lop tap huan cho can bp quan li va giao vien cac ' PGS TS, Tnp&ng Dgi hpc Su" pham TPHCM; Email: nkhong1204@gmail.com " PGS TS, Tru-d-ng Dgi hpc Su- phgm TPHCM TAP CHi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM truong vS HDHN cho HS de co the trien khai thuc hien hieu qua U-ong thuc tiln Tuy nhien, sau nhung hoat dpng h6 tro ciia BGD&DT, NLHN cua GVBM da thuc su dap ling dugc yeu cau cua HDHN a nha UTiong ph5 thong? Bai viet duoi day phan tich thuc trang NLHN cua doi ngu GVBM truong THPT tai Thanh ph6 H6 Chi Minh (TPHCM) Si co cai nhin Idiai quat hon ve hoat dong Giai quyet van de 2.1 To chirc nghien ciru Ndng lire hudng nghiep cua GVBM la kha nang thuc hien HDHN theo cac nhiem vu cua GVBM, bao g6m: gioi thieu cho HS nhung nganh nghe co lien h? true tiep vol mon hoc; tim hieu thu ve nghe cua HS; phoi hgfp voi giao vien chu nhiem tu van cho HS lira chon nghe; to chuc nhom ngoai khoa, xay dung phong bo mon, to chuc tham quan hucmg nghiep kSt hpp voi tham quan mon hpc Ket qua nghien cuu bai vi§t dugc tong ket tir qua trinh khao sat 352 GVBM dugc lira chgn ngiu nhien a truong THPT tai TPHCM, g6m: Quang Trung (Cu Chi), An Nhon Tay (Cii Chi), Nguyin Hiln (Quan 11), Tran Quang Khai (Quan 11), Nguyen Thi Minh Khai (Quan 3) Trong nghien cim nay, chiing toi sir dung phoi hgp cac phuong phap nhu: phuong phap phan tich va t6ng hgp li thuylt, phuong phap dilu tra bSng bang hoi, phong vin va phuong phap thdng ke toan hgc, phuong phap dilu tra bang bang hoi la phuong phap chinh, cac phuong phap nghien cim lai la cac Sd 11(77) nam 2015 phuong phap bo trg Cong cu nghien cim chinh la mot bang hoi gom 30 cau hoi luong cac ylu to ciia kha nang hucmg nghiep a GVBM nhu: Tu danh gia cua GVBM vl NLH\ ciia minh va ciia GVBM tren binh dien chung, kiln thirc cua GVBM vl HDHN, ki nang cua GVBM tham gia huong nghiep, thai dp ciia GVBM dli voi HDHN ciing nhu cac yeu to anh huong din NLHN ciia GVBM a trugng thong Cach thirc cham diem dugc sir dung de tai nhu sau: mirc dp "rat kem'' (1 diem), "kem'" (2 diem), "tnmg binh'' (3 diem), ''tot" (4 diem) den "rat tot" (5 diem) Nhu vay, nghien ciru neu khach the dat diem cang cao mpt thang danh gia nao thi cang co kl nang thao a thang danh gia do; va ngupc lai, neu khach the co so diem cang thap thi cang it co kT nang thang diem dinh 2.2 Ket qud nghien ciru nang lire hir&ng nghiep cua GVBM d mot so tnrdng THPT tgi TPHCM De phan tich thuc trang NLHN cua GVBM truong THPT, duoi day, chiing toi de cap mpt so npi dung nhu sau: tu danh gia cua GVBM vl NLHN cua ban than, danh gia chung vl NLHN ciia GVBM tren cac phuong dien: nhan thirc, kl nang, thai dp va tim hieu mpt s6 nhCing yeu tl anh hucmg toi NT^HN cua GVBM Ket qua nghien ciiu dugc trinh bay dudi day 2.2.1 Tu ddnh gid ciia GVBM vi NLHN cua bdn thdn vd cua GVBM tren hmh dien chung Nguyin Kim Hdng va tgk TAP CHl KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Bang Tu ddnh gid eiia G VBM ve NLHN ciia bdn thdn STT MfrcdS Kem Yeu Trung binh T6t Rat tot Bang cho thay, yeu cau GVBM tu danh gia vl NLHN thi ti le cao nhat (48,9%) thupc ve miic "trung binh" Song song do, mgt ti le tuong duong (48,3%) danh gia NLHN d miic t6t Cac miic dp lai chiem ti le rat thap, chi 2,8% toan mau Phan tich ket qua tren co the thay rang GVBM co su thong nhat a miic cao danh gia ve NLHN cua minh vai miic dao dpng tii "Trung binh" den "Tot" Nhin chung, voi 170 GVBM danh gia miic "t6t" thi day la mpt tin hieu dang mung ban dau nhan dinh ve NLHN ciia GVBM a truang THPT Tuy nhien STT Tan so 172 170 vai 48,9% GV tu danh gia of miic "Trung binh" la mpt ti le can xem xet vi ben canh ban giam hieu, GV chu nhiem thi GVBM Cling la lire lucmg co moi quan he dac biet quan trgng voi HS THPT Co N.T.X, giao vien Truong THPT An Nhan Tay (Cu Chi) chia se: "Mac du chung toi da duoc tap huan ve cong tac huang nghiep cho HS nhung nhieu chiing toi van thay lung tiing phai dam nhan cong tac nay" Ben canh do, yeu cau danh gia chung vl NLHN cua GVBM bac THPT cung cho ket qua tuong tu: Bang Ddnh gid ve NLHN cua GVBM bgc THPT Tan so Mirc Kem 23 Yeu 171 Trung binh 149 Tot Rat tot Bang cho thiy mirc dp chiem hai ti le cao nhSt van la "Trung binh" voi 48,6% va "T6t" vol 42,3% Tuy nhien, dilm dang chii y la NLHN ciia GVBM mirc "YIU", "Kem" da tang len 7,1% Thilt nghT, cac GVBM co NLHN miic c4n phai nhanh chong co nhiing bien phap de can thiep va phat trien kip thoi, phong nhirng trudng hgp khong thi dap Ti le % 0.6 l.I 48.9 48.3 1.1 Ti le % 0.6 6.5 48.6 42.3 2.0 ling yeu cau cua HS HS tim den de tu vdn huong nghiep hoac day hpc tach roi huong nghiep, chua kl nhimg trudng hgp huong nghiep sai nguyen tjc, lam anh huong din viec lira chgn nghe nghiep cua HS 2.2.2 Bdnh gid chung vk NLHN cda GVBM trirdng thong thong qua ba mat: nhgn thu'c, kJnang va thai So 11(77) nam 2015 TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM kiln thirc, ki nang va thai dp dli voi HDHN (xem bilu dl 1) NLHN la kha nang thuc hien HDHN theo cac v4n dl va muc tieu xac dinh Bilu hien ciia NLHN bao gIm cac miu S1 Ddnh gid chung vi NLHN cua GVBM d trudng phS Ihdng thong qua ba mat: nhdn thtic, la nang vd thdi Danh gia chung vl NLHN cua GVBM o trudng phi thong thong qua ba mat: nhan thirc, kT nang va thai dp cho thSy CO khoang 41,5% GVBM danh gia NLHN cua ban than a mirc dp "Tot" va "Rat tit" Hon 1/3 sl giao vien mau khao sat danh gia NLHN cua minh d mirc "Trung binh" Ti le "Thap" va "Kem" ciing chiem khoang hon 20% Do can CO bien phap nang cao NLHN cua GVBM de lam giam di ti le thap, kem, dac biet la miic dp trung binh dang chiem ti le kha cao mSu khao sat 2.2.3 Cdc yiu td dnh hudng den NLHN cita GVBMd trudng phd thdng 2.2.3.1 Mdt s6 khd khdn qua trlnh hudng nghiep cho HS Hudng nghiep cho HS la mOt qua trinh lau dai, phirc tap va khong dl dang dli vdi GVBM Viec tim hilu nhiing kho khan qua trinh huong nghiep la co sd giup chiing ta xac dinh nhiing yeu to anh hudng din NLHN cua GVBM o trudng thong Bdng Ddnh gid mot so khd khdn qud trinh hudng nghiep eho HS Mtrc BO N9i dung Rat thiromg xuyen Khong CO nliieu thong tin ve cac 38 nganh nghl Khong CO can 51 ThlTOTlg xuyen Thinh thoang it Khong DTB bao %Kt XJp hang 10,8 130 36,9 159 454 25 7,1 0,0 3,51 14,5 127 36,1 155 44,0 16 4,5 0,9 3,59 TAP CHi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM bg chuyen trach (tam li - giao diic) lam cong tac hudng nghiep Khong CO nhieu kinh phi de t l chirc da dang cac HBHN Khong CO chuyen mon vl huong nghiep Khong CO sir phli hop mot each dong bo giua BGH - Giao vien - Doan TN Ap l\rc chuong trinh hoc van h6a day dac Khong CO thdi gian cho HDHN Nguyen nhan khac Nguyen Kim Hong vd tgk 130 36,9 97 27,6 104 29,5 21 6,0 0,0 3,95 34 9,7 131 37,2 127 36,1 44 12,5 16 4,5 3,35 27 7,7 72 20,5 150 42,6 79 22,4 24 6,8 83 23,6 140 39,8 69 19,6 54 15,3 1,7 3,68 94 26,7 78 22,2 139 39,5 29 8,2 12 3,4 3,61 •3 BTB CHUNG Bang cho thay mpt so kho khan qua trinh huong nghiep cho HS bao gom npi dung vdi diem trung binh chung dat 3,53 thi hien a miic dp thuong xuyen Mot vai kho khan dang chii y nhu: Khong CO nhiSu kinh phi de to chiic da dang cac HDHN (DTB 3,95); Ap li^c chuong trinh hpc van hoa day dac (DTB 3,68); Khong co thai gian cho HDHN (DTB 3,61); Khong co can bp chuyen trach (tam li - giao due) lam cong tac huong nghi?p (DTB 3,59); Khong co nhigu thong tin \h cac nganh nghd (DTB 3,51); Khong co chuyen mon \h hu6ng nghiep (DTB 3,35); va cuoi ciing la Khong CO su phoi hap mpt each dong bp giGa BGH - Giao vien - Doan TN (DTB 3,53 3,0) Nhu vay co the thay nhiing kho khan chii yeu ma GVBM phai doi mat nhieu nhat thuang la nhiing kho khan ve vat chat, thai gian, chuyen mon De ning cao NLHN ciia GVBM truoc het can han che nhiing kho khan ma GVBM dang gSp phai, tao dieu kien thuan lpi de GVBM tiep thu va ren luyen cong tac huang nghiep mpt each khoa hpc va hieu qua 2.2.3.2 Cdc yeu to dnh huang din NLHN cua GVBM a truang thong Khi xem xet nhiing y^u t6 anh huong den NLHN cua GVBM a truong THPT, chiing toi nghien ciiu tren ca nhom cac yeu to khach quan va cac ydu t6 chii quan Kdt qua cu the thu dupc nhu sau: TAP CHi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM So 11(77) nam 2015 Bing Cdc yiu Id dnh hudng din NLHN ciiaG VBM a trudng phd thong Noi dung Rat tit Su quan tiim cua cac cap lanh 148 dao vl HDHN ciia GVBM 2, Kinh phi danh cho viec tap 87 huan nang cao NLHN Co sdvat chat 57 danh cho HDHN Co che chinh sach ciia nha nuoc vl HDHN 59 cho GVBM Thdi gian hudng nghiep 55 danh cho GVBM Cac yeu to chii quan 6.Nhan thirc ciia GVBM ve cong tdc hudng 58 nghiep Kha nang tim hieu dac dilm tam li HS cua 109 GVBM Nhu cau hudng nghiep cua HS danh clio 81 GVBM KI nang tu vin hudng nghiep ciia 69 GVBM 10 Ki nang tich hgp cac ngi dung hudng nghiep 84 thong qua cac mdn van hda MirCBQ Trung Kem binh Cac yeu to khach quan Tit Rat kem DTB h?iig 42,0 126 35,8 62 17,6 2,0 2,6 4,13 24,7 169 48,0 81 23,0 2,6 1,7 3,91 16,2 139 39,5 116 33,0 22 6,2 18 5,1 3,55 10 16,8 143 40,6 112 31,8 21 6,0 17 4,8 3,59 15,6 157 44,6 109 17 4,8 14 4,0 3,63 21,0 30 8,5 25 7,1 3,57 31,0 104 29,5 104 29,5 22 6,2 13 3,7 3,78 23,0 159 45,2 66 18,8 32 9,1 14 4,0 3,74 19,6 187 53,1 63 17,9 25 7,1 2,3 3,81 23,9 158 44,9 77 21,9 23 6,5 10 2,8 3,8 16,5 165 46,9 BTB CHUNG 74 31 3,8 TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Danh gia cac ydu t6 anh hudng ddn NLHN cua GVBM, ph4n lan giao vien danh gia o miic dp t6t vai didm trung binh chung la 3,8 Ydu t6 dupfc cho la co anh huong nhieu nhat la Su quan tam cua cac c^p ianh dao vd HDHN cua GVBM (DTB 4,13); tidp ddn la Kinh phi danh cho vide tap huin nang cao NLHN (DTB 3,91); KT nang tu van huang nghidp cua GVBM (DTB 3,81); KT nang tich hpp cac npi dung huong nghidp thong qua cac mon van hoa (DTB 3,8); Kha nang tim hidu dac diem tam li HS cua GVBM (DTB 3,78); Nhu ciu huang nghiep cua HS danh cho GVBM (DTB 3,74); Thai gian huang nghidp danh cho GVBM (DTB 3,63); Co chd chinh sach ciia nha nuac vd HDHN cho GVBM (DTB 3,59); Nhan thiic ciia GVBM vd c6ng tac huang nghidp (DTB 3,57) v^ cuQi cung la Co so vat chit danh cho HDHN (DTB 3,55) Nhu v^y, CO the thay nhiing ydu to anh huang dupfc quan tam danh gia cao nhat chinh la nhung giai phap khac phuc nhiing kho khan cr bang 5, nhu: dd xuit can dupfc cap tren quan tam nhidu han, co kinh phi va qu^ thai gian hpp li dd co thd diu tu thuc hidn cong tac huang nghiep mpt each nghidm tiic va bai ban han 2.3 Mpt so biin phdp nang cao nang lire hu&ng nghiep cho GVBM & trir&ng THPT tai TPHCM 2.3 L Boi vai Bp Gido due & Ddo tgo c i n tidp tuc x§y dung mpt mo hinh giao due huang nghidp cu thd han dd dap ling nhu ciu thuc td c i n dinh huang cac trudng THPT chii trpng giao d\ic huang nghidp va xem day la nhidm vu quan trpng, thidt thuc c i n CO CO chd kidm tra - giam sat vide Nguyin Kim Hdng vd tgk thuc hidn chuong trinh mpt each chuydn bidt cung nhu vide thuc hien long ghep tung mon hpc cu thd 2.3.2 Ddi v&i Sa GD&DT TPHCM Can CO cac kd hoach chi dao kidm tra-giam sat mpt each thuang xuyen, lidn tuc cong tac giao due huang nghidp, dSc biet la NLHN ciia GVBM dd dam bao vide thuc hien cong tac dem lai hidu qua tich cue cho HS THPT Ndn CO nhiing chuong trinh hanh dpng h6 trg cac truong THPT vide thuc hien cong tac huang nghidp cho HS trung hpc nhu: Boi duong giao vidn, ho trpf cac bang hinh vd huong nghiep, ho trg cac phuong tien kT thuat de giao due hucmg nghidp, ho trg cac cong cu hucmg nghidp Ndn nghidn ciiu phoi hgp vai Sa Npi vy TPHCM dd tidn hanh tuyen dung cac chuydn vidn tham van tam 11 huong nghidp lam vide cac tnrong THPT va tidn toi nghidn cuu de lap phong tham vin tam li - huong nghidp a truofng THPT luc lugng co chuyen mon dam trach nhim h6 trp vd mat NLHN cho GVBM Co thd tidn hanh chuydn giao nhimg s6 lieu ve phat tridn kinh te - xa h^i cua TPHCM va nhu ciu lao dpng, cac ca so giao due va day nghd hidn eo va moi lap thong qua moi lien kdt voi cac so, ban, nganh khac de cung cip nhiing s6 lieu nhim huong nghidp mang dam tinh dia phuong va gop phin khic phuc nhiing quan nidm nhu: Dai hpc la duong nhit dd cong, phai vao dai hpc mai la thupng sach o GVBM 2.3.3 Doi v&i cdn bp qudn li Nang cao y thiic trach nhidm va phat huy t6i da vai tro ciia GVBM d6i vai cong tac huang nghidp cho HS Can bg II TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM quan li can giiip cho GVBM nhan thtic ring huong nghiep cho HS la didu cue ki quan trpng Huang nghidp hidu qua va khoa hpc ban than GVBM co dugc nang lire vd huong nghidp Tang cuong boi duong kien thiic hucmg nghidp va giao due huong nghidp cho GVBM, giiip giao vien co nhimg kidn thiic tuang doi he thong \e huong nghidp va giao due huong nghiep dd dan thay doi nhan thiic cung nhu quan didm "dau tu" cho HS diing huong va co trpng diem ve van dd huong nghiep va giao due huang nghidp Giiip giao vien eo nhung kl nang don gian nhat de ho trg HS qua trinh huong nghiep thong qua nhflng thao tac nhu: ho trg HS tim kiem thong tin huang nghiep, giiip HS hieu ro ban than va xae dinh thd manh, ho trg tu van nhflng van de don gian vide chon nghe 2.3.4 Ddi vai GVBM Cac GVBM can tich cue trang bi nhung kidn thiic va kT nang huong nghiep, chii trpng ket hpp voi chuydn vidn tham van dd thuc hien Dac bidt, can chii trpng phuang phap va hinh thiic to chiic giao due huong nghiep thuc sir tich cue va phu hgp vai dac diem tam li ciia HS Can quan tam nhieu hon den vide S3 11(77) nam 201S tridn khai cong tac giao due huang nghiep truong THPT, dae bidt la quy trinh thuc hidn HS nho GV tu vin huong nghidp ho^c each thiic tich hgp npi dung huong nghidp vao mon hpc ma minh dang phu trach Kdt luan Nhu vay, danh gia chung vd NLHN ciia GVBM a truong thong thong qua ba mat: nhan thiic kT nang va thai dp cho thiy co khoang 41,5% GVBM o miic dp eao va rat cao Hon 1/3 so giao vidn mlu khao sat danh gia NLHN ciia minh miic trung binh Ti Id thap va kem cflng ehidm khoang han 20% Mpt so ydu to anh huong ddn NLHN ciia GVBM nhu: Su quan tam ciia cac cap lanh dao vd HDHN eiia GVBM; tidp ddn la Kinh phi danh cho vide tap huan nang cao NLHN; KT nang tu van huong nghidp cua GVBM; KT nang tich hgp cac ngi dung huong nghiep thong qua eae mon van hoa; Kha nang tim hieu dac diem tam li HS eiia GVBM Kdt qua nghien ciiu da dd cho chiing ta mgt bai toan: Muon nang cao NLHN cho GVBM a truang THPT can nhat la su phoi hgp dong bp ciia ca quan ban nganh cac cap, tii Bp GDDT, Sa GD&DT, cac can bp quan li cung nhu chinh ban than cac GVBM TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Pham Tat Dong (chu bien) (2012), Tu vdn hudng nghiep cho hoc sinh trung hoc ca sd, Nxb Giao due Viet Nam Huyiih Van Son (2010), Mot so bien phdp ndng cao hieu qud cong ldc hudng nghiep cho hpc sinh cuoi cdp trung hpc ca sd vd hpc sinh trung hoc thong tinh Binh Duang giai dogn 2010- 2015, Dd tai Khoa hpc Cong nghe tinh Binh Duong John W Syantrock (2006), Psychology, Sixth Editiong, MC Graw Hill (Ngdy Tda so^n nh$n ai/oc bdi: 13-8-2015: ngdy pf}Sn bi$n ddnh gid: 25-8-2015; ngdychSpnhdn ddng: 24-11-2015) ... DHSP TPHCM Bang Tu ddnh gid eiia G VBM ve NLHN ciia bdn thdn STT MfrcdS Kem Yeu Trung binh T6t Rat tot Bang cho thay, yeu cau GVBM tu danh gia vl NLHN thi ti le cao nhat (48,9%) thupc ve miic "trung. .. dugc tong ket tir qua trinh khao sat 352 GVBM dugc lira chgn ngiu nhien a truong THPT tai TPHCM, g6m: Quang Trung (Cu Chi), An Nhon Tay (Cii Chi), Nguyin Hiln (Quan 11), Tran Quang Khai (Quan 11),... BTB CHUNG 74 31 3,8 TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Danh gia cac ydu t6 anh hudng ddn NLHN cua GVBM, ph4n lan giao vien danh gia o miic dp t6t vai didm trung binh chung la 3,8 Ydu t6 dupfc cho la