irtr uru r\nurt nwu unor i rnuivi 3t; o{/^) ««/« £,MIJ V QUY TRINH HU''''ONG DAN HOC SINH HINH THANH KHAI NIE^ TRONG DAY HQC BAI 9 SEVH HQC 12 TRUNG HQC PHO THONG PHAN THj THU HI^N'''' TOM TAT Khi gidng dgy[.]
irtr uru r\nurt nwu unor i rnuivi 3t; o{/^) ««/« £,MIJ V QUY TRINH HU'ONG DAN HOC SINH HINH THANH KHAI NIE^ TRONG DAY HQC BAI SEVH HQC 12 TRUNG HQC PHO THONG PHAN THj THU HI^N' TOM TAT Khi gidng dgy phdn he thdng khdi niem chuang Tinh quy ludt ciia hiin luang di Iruyen, cdn phdi huang ddn di hpc sinh khdi qudt duac moi quan hi cua cdc khdi niem chuang, npi dung cdc khdi niim viea tren ca s& mang tinh ke ihiea, viea duac phdt triin hodn thi$n qua npi dung cdc bdi Tie nhieng khdi niim cii, hinh thdnh cdc khdi niem m&i bdng cdch chinh li lgi gi&i hgn cua cdc khdi niim cu vd xudt hien nhieng khdi nii m&i, cdn cu thi hoa noi dung cdc khdi niim ndy bdng cdch phdn tich npi dung khdi niem thdnh cdc ddc diim cu the Tit khda: khai niem, quy trinh, Sinh hgc 12, trung hgc phd thdng ABSTRACT Procedure in building concepts for high school students in Unit 9, Biology for Grade 12 When teaching the concept system of chapter 2, the hereditary rules, teachers mus instruct students to build the overall understanding of concepts within the chapter, the meaning of which bases both on inheriting and developing from previous lessons From th old concepts, new concepts are developed by redefining the borders of old concepts, and when new concepts are established, the contents need to be made specific by analyzing them to show specific characteristics Keywords: concept, procedure Biology for Grade 12, high school \ Mddau Khoa hpc khdng thi tiin len niu khdng cd mdt he thdng khdi niem vdi nhiing dinh nghTa chfnh xdc Trong day hpe neu khdng cung cdp cho hpc sinh nhiing dinh nghTa chinh xdc ve khdi niem thi nhdn thiic cua hpc sinh thudng dimg d lai nhiing biiu tugng cy the Kiin thue ve quy ludt cung Id loai kiin thiic vi khdi niem, nhung loai khdi ni?m khdng phdn anh ban thdn cdc su vat, hien tugng rieng le ma phdn dnh xu thi van ddng phat Uiin tdt yiu ciia cdc su vdt, hien tugng vd moi lien he ban chdt giiia cac mat khdc eiia ciing mdt sy vat, hien tugng, hoae giiia cdc su vdt, hien tugng vdi ' ThS, Trudng Bgi hpc Su pham TPHCM; Email: ptthuhien2003@gmatl.com 56 Vdi mong mudn giiip hpc sinh ITnh hdi diy dii kien thirc khdi niem chuong Tinh quy luat ciia hien tugng di truyen, chiing tdi da nghien ciiu de tai: "Bien phdp phdt trien cdc khdi niem cho hpc sinh day hpc chucmg Tinh quy lugl cua hien tuang di truyen" Ket qua nghien ciiu 2.1 Quy trinh hu&ng d&n hoc sinh hinh thdnh khdi niem Trong qud trinh nghien cuu ket hpp vdi thuc nghiem, chiing tdi dua quy trinh day hgc sinh hinh khai niem nhu sau: Bu&c Xac dinh nhiem vu nhdn thiic r ; •, Bu&c Cung cap thdng tin can thiet cho hoc sinh - I • Bu&c Hudng ddn hpc sinh nghien ciiu ddi tugng, hien tugng tim dau hieu ciia ddi tuang, hien tuang • ' •, I Bu&c Hudng dan hpc sinh xdc lap dugc cdc mdi quan he giiia cac ddu hieu de trim tuang hda dau hieu chung vd bdn chat •- I Bu&c Hudng ddn hpe sinh phdt bieu dinh nghTa khai niem tren ca sd ddu hieu ehung va ban chdt dd ii Bu&c Luyen tap van dung khdi niem 2.1 Gidi thich cdc bu&c quy trinh Bu&c Xdc dinh nhiem vy nhan thiirc Giao vien neu muc tieu hoac su can thiet phdi nghien ciiu van de se de cap den nhdm dinh hudng hpe sinh nhdn van de cdn hpc tap, cd the bdng cdc bdi tap hay cdu hdi Bu&c Cung cdp thdng tin cdn thiet cho hpc sinh: cac thdng tin cd the bdng doan trich, so dd, md hinh hoac kien thuc cii cd lien quan, hay Id cai da biet, cdi quen thudc vdi hpc sinh Buac Hgc sinh tim ddu hieu ciia ddi tugng hoac hien tugng thdng qua ldi ddn ddt ciia gido vien, dua tren kien thirc cu cd lien quan, hay cai da biet, eai quen thupc vdi hpc sinh Bu&c Hpc sinh v ^ dyng nhimg kien thirc da cd trudc day, cimg vdi tu ciia minh de tim mdi lien quan giiia edi da biet vdi cdi chua biet 57 TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Sd 6(72) nam 2025 Bu&c Tren ca sd hudng ddn cua gido vien, hpc sinh didn dat lap ludn cua minh de dinh nghia khdi niem, hode cy the hda ndi dung khdi niem Bu&c Luyen tap, van dung khdi niem Gido vien giao bai tap hay )eu eau hpc sinh tu lay vi dy tren co sd khai niem vira hpe duge de hpc sinh lam giiip hgc sinh khdc sdu bdn chdt khai niem va vi tri eiia khai niem he thdng khai niem da hgc Tom lai: Quy trinh day hpe sinh phdt trien khdi niem gdm budc, neu thuc hien du budc la dat yeu cau hoan chinh cua viec hinh thdnh va phdt trien khdi niem Tuy nhien budc vd budc 4, hpc sinh cd the trd ldi dugc hoac cd the khdng Trong trudng hgp hgc sinh chua Ua ldi dugc, gido vien giiip hpc sinh phdn tich, dinh hudng de hpc sinh cd the tra ldi dugc Budc cd the cd hoac khdng tiiy bdi Nhu vay, qua trinh day cac khdi niem chuang Tinh quy ludt cua hien tugng di truyen - Sinh hpc 12 - Trung hpc phd thdng, hoat dpng chu yeu Id hoat dgng eiia hpc sinh, dua tren eo sd gido vien neu van de, hpc sinh phan tieh, so sdnh, doi chieu tim cdi ehung, ban chdt tu nhiing cdi rieng le, cu the tu dd phdt trien npi dung khdi niem, xdc djiih dugc vi ui ciia khdi niem mdi vira hinh he thdng khdi niem chung ciia chuang, cua phdn kien thuc mdn hpc va mdi lien he cua khai niem dd vdi cac khdi niem khdc Cd nhu vay hpc sinh mdi cd thi chii dpng ITnh hpi kien thuc, nam kien thuc chdc chan va ket qud gidng day mdi thuc su dat hieu qud Vi du Hinh thdnh vd phdt trien khdi niem: biin di to hap, hpc sinh hoc bdi Quy lugt Menden: Quy lugt phdn li dpc lap Biedc Giao vien dat van di Ket qua thi nghiem ciia phep lai cap tinh trang d dau Ha Lan cua Menden, a FT cho may Ioai kieu hinh, dac diim kiiu hinh ctia lai F nhu^ thi nao so vdi b6 me? Khi Menden tien hanh Iai cap tinh trang a dau Ha Lan d F, se xuSt hien Ioai kiiu hinh d^c diem kieu hinh ciia lai F2 se nhu the nao so vdi bo, me? Chiing ta co the tim hieu qua npi dung thi nghiem sau Bu&c Giao vien neu tom tat thi nghiem phep lai cap tinh trang hinh dang hat, mau sic hat dau Ha Lan cua Menden P, c: hat vang, trcm F: \ hat xanh, nhan hat vang, tron FJ vang, tran vang, nhan xanh, tron xanh, nhan Bie&c Giao vien dua cau hoi va yeu cau hoc sinh suy nghT tim cau tra ldi: F cho may loai kieu hinh, dac diim cac loai kiiu hinh so vdi bd, me? - Giai thich nguyen nhan xuit hi§n loai kieu hinh moi? kiiu hinh mdi co dugc goi U cac tinh trang mdi khong? Tai sao? 58 Budc Hpc sinh: F2 cho loai kieu hinh: vang, Uan; xanh, nhan; xanh, tran; xanh, nhan Trong do, co loai kieu hinh vang, nhan; xanh, tron khac bo, me - Nguyen nhan: (giao vien ggi y); Vay giam phan hinh giao tii va thu tinh, yeu to van dong nhu the nao? (giao vien dua sa d i hinh trang 39 sach giao khoa sinh hpc 12), yeu cau hpc sinh md ta sir phan li ciia cac cap NST tuang dong Uong giam phan Hpc sinh tra Idi dugc: Nguyen nhan xuit hien Ioai kieu hinh mdi khac P la s\r phan Ii dpc lap va to hcfp tir cua cac nhiem sic the giam phan va su ket hop ngau nhien cua cac giao tir thu tinh, dan din sir to hgp Iai cac tinh U^ng sin co d bo me, tao Ioai kieu hinh mdi Buoc Npi dung khai niem bien di td hgp dugc hpc sinh cu the hoa nhu sau: - Nguyen nhan hien tugng: sy phan li dpc lap va to hgp tir cua cac NST giam phan va thu tinh - Ban chit hien tucmg: Gen quy dinh tinh trang cua cac giao tii thuin khiit td hgp tu lai vdi - Ket qua: O lai xuat hien cac kieu hinh mdi dugc to hgp lai tir bo, me nhung khong lam xuat h!?n cac loai tinh Uang mdi Birdc Tren ca sd hpc sinh da nam dugc khai niem bien di d miic don gian tir sinh hpc 9, hpc sinh xac dinh dugc vi tri ciia khai niem bien dj to hgp Uong he thong khai niem bien dj Bien dj dot bien Biin di di truyen dugc < r Bien dj to hgp Bien di khong di truyen dugc: Thudng bien Qua viec phan tich ngi dung khai ni^m cac dac diem cu the nhu tren, hgc sinh hgc dugc ngi dung khai niem mpt each chinh xac, day du < Giao vien khac sau ban chat khai niem bien dj to hgp bang he thong cau hoi cimg c6 nhu sau: - Vi d nhirng loai sinh san huu tinh lai da dang va phong phu ve kieu gen va kieu hinh? - Muon lam xuat hien them kieu hinh so vdi bo me ta lam the nao? - Trong quan the da dang co Igi gi cho sir ton tai va phat trien cua chimg, co Igi gi cho viec chgn gidng? Sau hpc sinh da hpc xong npi dung cac bai: quy luat Menden: quy Iuat phan Ii dgc lap, tuong tac gen va tac dgng da hieu cua gen, lien ket gen va hoan vi gen Giao vien ggi y cho hpc sinh thay dugc moi lien he kien thiic bien dj to hgp giua npi dung cac bai bang cau hoi: cac nguyen nhan nao Iam xuat hien bien di to hgp? - Hpc sinh nhan thiy; + Cac C9p gen khong alen nim tren cac cap NST khac phan Ii rieng re va to hgp tu do, moi gen tac dgng rieng re len sy bieu hi?n cua mgt tinh Uang, Iam xuat hien biin di to hgp (Quy luat Menden: Quy luat phan \i dpc lap) + Cac cap gen khong alen nam tren cac cap NST khac phan Ii rieng re va to hgp ty Cac gen alen hoac khong alen tac dgng tuong tac vdi nhau, cCing quy djnh sir bieu hien ciia mpt tinh trang, lam xuat hien bien dj to hgp (tuang tac gen va tac dpng da hieu cua gen) 59 TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM s6 6(72) nam 20IS + Cac C9P gen khdng alen ciing tdn tai mgt nhom lien kit, tren mpt cap NST, phan li va to hgp phu thugc Trudng hgp hai gen lien ket hoan toan theo kieu ddi (gen Ugi lien ket voi gen lan), lam xuat hien bien dj to hgp Cac cap gen khong alen ciing ton tai Uong mpt nhom lien ket, tr8n mpt cap NST, phan H va to hgp phu thupc Cac gen lien ket khong hoan toan co sir ddi chd cho giam phan phat sinh giao tii, lam xuat hien bien di to hpp (Lien ket gen vahoan vi gen) Ket Iuan Viec dua bien phap phat trien cdc khdi niem day hoe giup hpc sinh co kha ndng he thdng hda, ey the hda npi dung cac bai hpc rdt hieu qud nhimg de thuc hien dugc ddi hdi gido vien phdi thuc hien cdng phu, phdi nam chdc kien thuc, cd khd nang khdi qudt hda kien thiic d miic dd cao Vi thi, can phai t ^ g cudng bdi dudng gido vien bdng each md cdc chuyen de ve bien phdp phdt trien cac khai niem day hpc sinh hpc TAI LI?U THAM KHAO Dinh Quang Bdo, Nguyen Diic Thanh (1996), Li lugn dgy hpc sinh hpc phdn dgi cucmg, Nxb Giao due Ha Npi Trdn Ba Hodnh (2000), Phdt trien cdc phuang phdp hpc tap tich cue bp mon Sinh hpc, Sdch bdi dudng thudng xuyen, chu ki 1997 - 2000, cho gido vien trung hpc ca sd, Nxb Gido due, Ha Npi Tran Bd Hoanh, Trinh Nguyen Giao (2002), Dal cuang phuang phdp day hpc Sinh hpc, Nxb Giao due Ha Ndi (Ngiy Toa soan nhin dupc bat: 15-3-2015; phin bi$n 6inh gii: ngiy chip nh§n aSng: 22-6-2015) 60 2S-3-2015; ... niem chuang Tinh quy ludt cua hien tugng di truyen - Sinh hpc 12 - Trung hpc phd thdng, hoat dpng chu yeu Id hoat dgng eiia hpc sinh, dua tren eo sd gido vien neu van de, hpc sinh phan tieh, so... nhien budc vd budc 4, hpc sinh cd the trd ldi dugc hoac cd the khdng Trong trudng hgp hgc sinh chua Ua ldi dugc, gido vien giiip hpc sinh phdn tich, dinh hudng de hpc sinh cd the tra ldi dugc... chucmg Tinh quy lugl cua hien tuang di truyen" Ket qua nghien ciiu 2.1 Quy trinh hu&ng d&n hoc sinh hinh thdnh khdi niem Trong qud trinh nghien cuu ket hpp vdi thuc nghiem, chiing tdi dua quy trinh