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HircfiSG DAN H O C SINH T\S HOC V 6 l KENH HINH TRONG SACH GIAO KHOA LICH SU" L 6 P 12 6 TRircTNG T H P T ( C H L T O N G T R I N H CHUAN) THAN VINH TUONG DANG THI HANG Trudng Dgi hgc Suphgm Dgi hgc H[.]
HircfiSG DAN H O C SINH T\S H O C V l K E N H HINH T R O N G SACH GIAO K H O A L I C H SU" L P 12 TRircTNG T H P T ( C H L T O N G T R I N H CHUAN) THAN VINH TUONG - DANG THI HANG Trudng Dgi hgc Suphgm - Dgi hgc Hue Tom tit: Trong sach giao khoa Lich su ldp 12, kenh hinh (luge do, tranh anh -) ciJng la mpt nguon kien thiic lich sii quan trpng khong kem kenh chu, doi hoi giao vien va hoc sinh cdn phai khai thac De hpc sinh ttr lyc khai thac kien thiic ciia kenh hinb sach giao khoa Lich sii ldp 12 mpt each hieu qua, giao vien can thuang xuyen budog dan cac em nhung ki ndng khai thac timg loai kenh hinh cu the, tii dd gop phdn tao bieu tupng, phat trien tri tue, nang cao ndng l\rc nhan thiic cho hpc sinh yong qua trinh bpc tap mon Ijch su d trucmg thong Chiing ta dang song yong thdi dai eiia cudc c:aeh mang khoa hpc - kT thudt Cupc each mang dang phdt trien nhanh nhu vu bao, thuc ddy lit ca cac ITnh vyc cua ddi sdng va md nhieu triln vpng ldn lao Trong b6i canh do, ddi hoi ngudi phai ren luyen cho minh kha ndng ty hpc - "hgc sudt d&i" de vuon len chiem ITnh tri thiic Trong day vd bpc mdn Lich sir, dd timg co quan niem sai Idm rang: hpc lich su chi cdn hpc sinh hpc thupc ldng, khdng cdn tu duy, khong co bai tap, khdng cd thyc hanh Ngay nay, cimg vdi qua trinh ddi mdi giao due, can tiep can quan niem diing vl hpc tdp mon Lich su, dd la mudn chilm ITnh dugc tri thiic lich sii, hpc sinh cin phai cd kha ndng ty hpc Ddc biet la viec ty hpc vdi sach giao khoa, vi day la tai lieu hpc tap co ban ciia hpc sinh d trudng phd thong Trong qua trinh day hpc mdn Lich sii d trudng THPT, giao vien phai hudng dan cho hpc sinh cac kT nang ty khai thac kiln thiic lich su tir kenh chii, kenh hmh ciia sach gido khoa, dl tir eac em khong chi "biit sir" ma cdn hiiu sdu ndm virng cac kien thiic lich sii ddn tpc va the gidi I VAI TRO CUA KENH HINH TRONG SACH G L O KHOA LICH SlT L P 12 T R U N G THPT (CHUONG TRINH CHUAN) Hi?n nay, sach gido khoa (SGK) ndi chung va SGK Ljcb sir ldp 12 (Chuong trinh chudn) noi rieng dupc ciu tao theo hai kenh chti ylu: - Kenh chir: gdm tit ca phin chu vilt (phin tdm tit bai hpc, ndi dung chinh bai hoc cac cau hoi va bai tap giua bai va cudi bai, tai lieu tham khao, bai dpc them ) - Kinh hinh: gom ti-anh anh, cac loai tryc quan qui udc (luge d6, so dl, dd thj nien bilu, bang thdng ke ) Mgt hien mpng dien kha phd biln hien la hpc sinh thudng it ur lam viec vdi SGK, vi bai hpc yong sach qua dai, cac em cbi dpc sach gido vien neu cau hoi Kh' dpc sach, cac em cung chii yeu chi lam viec vdi kenh chii, it quan tam vd khai thac Tap chi Khoa hoc va Giao due, Truong Dgi hgc Su pham Hui ISSN l859-I6I2.S604(20)/20II:tr I34-I4I HUCING DAN HOC SINH TL' HQC W6l KENH HINH TRONG SGK LJCH SU kien thiic tu kenh hinh, mSc dii day la mdt nguon kien thiic rdt quan trpng De khic phuc tinh trang nay, Uong qua trinh giang day, gido vien cdn chu y hudng dan hpc sinh biit each ty khai thac kien thiic lich su dupe dn chua yong kenh hinh cua SGK, tu dd gdp phdn ndng cao hieu qua hpc tap mdn Lich su d tiudng phd thdng "Kenh hinh dgy hgc ndi chung dgy hgc lich su ndi rieng Id mdt logi phutmg tiin true quan quan chua dung, chuyin tdi lugng thdng tin quan trgng cua gido vien qud trinh gidng dgy vd Id ngudn tri thuc phong phu, da dgng gdp phdn tgo biiu tugng phdt triin tri tui, ndng cao ndng lire nhdn thirc cho hgc sinh qud trinh hgc tap" [7, tt 36-39], Nhu vdy, kenh hinh SGK khdng chi dl minh boa cho kenh chu, ma cdn chira dyng ngi dung lich sir, thdy - tro cd thi khai thac Theo chiic nang hay muc dich sii dung, kenh hinh dugc chia nhiing Ioai sau: - Loai minh hpa: de cy the boa ngi dung mdt sy kien lich sir quan trpng yong bai hpc - Loai cung cap thdng tin: thudng khdng cd gia tri giai thich, my nhien co the chii thich ngdn gpn de bpc sinh tim hieu npi dung cua sy kien, ma khong dien ta \an (thudng la loai tranh dnh, tu Ueu lich sir) - L o ^ vira cung cdp thong tin, vira minh boa eho kenh chir: cd ldi hudng dan khai thac, sii dung thdng tin - Loai dimg de ren luyen la ndng thyc hanh, kiSm tra kien thirc: (loai bai tap - thyc hanh) loai thudng kem theo cdu hdi va hudng ddn sir dung [5, y 26] Trong SGK Lich su 12 (Chuang trinh Chudn) co tdng sd 94 hinh (ke ca nhiing hinh d bia SGK) Trong dd, phin Ijch su thi gidi (LSTG) co 27 hinh, gom ban dd, lupc dd va 20 tranh, anh lich sii Phan lich su Viet Nam (LSVN) co 67 hinh gom 12 ban dl, luge dd \a 55 tranh, anh Co cau kenh hinh nhu thd la hgp li cho chuong trinh vi phin LSVN chilm thdi lugng chuang trinh nhieu hon phin LSTG HLTCiNG DAN HOC SINH TU" HOC HIEU QUA VC(I KENH HINH TRONG SACH GIAO KHOA LICH SIT L C P 12 TRUdNG THPT (CHUONG TRINH CHUAN) 2.1 Hirdng ddn hpc sinh biet each phan loai kenh hinh Khi diing tiudc mgt kenh hinh eu the mdt bai hpc cua SGK, dieu tiudc tien la hpc sinh phai xac dinh dugc kenh Mnh dd dugc sir dung de lam gi? Khi hpc sinh biit duac each phan loai kenh hinh, xac djnh dugc kenh hinh thugc loai nao thi cac em dl dang khai thdc dugc kien thirc an ehiia ttong kenh hinh de phyc vu cho viec ty hpc vdi SGK Thdng thudng kiln thuc an chiia kenh hinh cd loai: + Mgt Id, loai kiln thiic da dupe bai vilt ttong SGK nhic den khd day du, dd thudng la cac luge dd lich su noi vl dien biln mdt cudc khdi nghTa, mpt chien djch Loai la mgt phan kien thuc co ban cua bai hpc Vi \ ay giao \"ien can hudng din HS dpc kT bai TRAN ViNH TU'CJNG - DANG TH] R^NG viet ttong SGK, ket hgp vdi cac tai Ueu tham khao khac Hen quan dl tir dd cac em hieu sau sac ve sy kien + Hai Id, loai kien thiic Hen quan den sy kien ttong bai hpc, nhung it dugc bai viet ttong SGK nhac din, ngoai trir ldi gidi thieu ve ten gpi eua kenh hinh Dd thudng la tranh anh lich sir ndi ve tieu sii ciia mgt nhan vat, anh chup ve mpt thdi khac, biSn co lich su, loai kenh hinh ddi hdi giao vien phai mat nhieu thdi gian, cdng siic de tim hieu xudt xii, ndi dung an chiia ttong nd Loai ddng mgt vai trd het siic quan ttgng ddi vdi bai viet ttong SGK, thudng la logi vira cung cdp thdng tin, vira minh hoa cho kenh chii + Ba Id, loai kien thirc dugc bai viet ttong SGK cung cap bang nhiing sd Ueu cy the theo timg thdi gian, lien quan den tdng san phim kinh te, ti le thu nhap qudc dan giiip hpc sinh cd the ty nhdn xet, so sanh, danh gia ve nhung van de, sy kien Ijch sii dd nhic den ttong bai vilt cua SGK Loai thudng la bieu lich sii Trong SGK Ljcb su 12 (Chuang trinh chuin) khong co loai Vi du: Khi hgc bdi - "Cdc nu&c chdu Phi vd khu vuc Mi Latinh", hgc sinh phai xac dinh "Luge chdu Phi sau Chiin tranh Thi gi&i thu haf (Hinh 14) [I, tt 36] la loai kenh hinh vira cung cap thong tin, vira minh boa cho kenh chii, tir cd each khai thdc kiln thuc an luge dd eho hgp U, hgc sinh phai kit hgp viec khai thac npi dung kiln thuc kenh chu ttong SGK vdi khai thac luge dd de rut nhOng kiln thiic lich sir CO ban Ddi vdi anh "Trung tdm hdng khdng vu tru Kennadf (hinh 18) [I, tt 43] bai "Nude Mr\ hpc sinh cdn thdy dugc anh thugc loai diing de cu thi hod ndi dung mdt sy kien Uch sir quan trpng yong bai hpc Ddi vdi anh tren, hpc sinh phai kit hgp khai thac dnh vdi cdc tai li?u tham khao khac ngoai SGK mdi hieu dupc sy phat triln vl khoa hpc - kJ thuat ciia nude MT sau Chien ttanh The gidi thu hai thong qua viec tim hieu trung tdm hang khong vu tiu Kennodi 2.2 Hudng dan hpc sinh ty hpc vdi ban do, lurac dd lich sir "Bdn dd, luge dd lich sir nhdm xdc dinh dia diim cita su kiin th&i gian vd khdng gian nhdt djnh Ddng thai bdn Ijch sir cdn giup hgc sinh suy nghT vd gidi thich cdc hiin lugng lich su vi mdi quan hi nhdn qud, vi tinh qui lugt vd trinh lir phdt triin cua qud trinh Ijch su giup cdc em cung cd, ghi nh& nhirng kiin thirc dd hgc" [6, tt 140] Ban dd, luge dl ttong SGK Ljcb su cd y nghTa rdt quan ttgng ttong viec ITnh hdi kiln thiic Ijcbsir theo chu dl bai gidng, giiip hpc sinh phat triln tu lich sii gido vien cin hudng dan hpc sinh kT ndng tydpc ban dd A I Xto-ra-gi6p vilt: "Biii dugc bdn dd khdng phdi chi biit cdc chii ddn cdc ki hieu tuang trung thdnh phd biin gi&i sdng ngdi md la thdy sau cdc diiu qui udc dy cdi hiin thuc Hch su sinh dgng tinh chat phuc tgp cua nhirng quan he kinh te xd hgi, chinh tri vd vdn hod Phdi dgy cho hgc sinh biit dgc bdn nhu ngudi ta dgc sach lich sir vdy " [4, tt 24] KT ndng dpc ban ciia hpc sinh cd the phan giai do^in: HUdNG DAN HOC SINH TV" HOC VOI KENH HINH TRONG SGK LICH SLT Giai dogn mgt Dpc ban dd mpt each don gian, chi dung cac n6i dung, vi tri ma ki hieu qui udc tren ban bieu dien Vi du, dudng bien gidi giua cdc qudc gia d thdi dilm dien sy kien lich su, mien nui, ddng bing, khu cong nghiep, hai cang, dudng tin cong, nit lui CJ giai doan cin thyc hien theo cdch sau: Xac dinh muc dich lam viec Dpc chu giai de biet cdc ki hieu qui udc, chi duge cac dli tugng cin tim yen ban Khi chi tten ban khdng dugc noi "phia tten", "phia dudi", "ben ydi", "ben phai" ma phai noi ro phuong hudng nhu "phia dong", "phia tay", "phia tay bdc" phai ehi dung bien gicji eac qudc gia, hudng chdy ciia cac ddng sdng (chi tir thuang ngudn xudng luu) Tai hien cac bilu tupng dja li, lich su dya vao cac ki hieu Cdn cir vao Id hieu, bieu dien lai sy kien Giai dogn hai, hpc smh khdng nhiing hieu r6 cac ki hieu tten ban dd ma biit tai hi?n lai cac bieu tugng ve dia H, lich sii Giai doan co sy phli hgp vdi npi dung lich sir da dugc the hien qua bai vilt ttong SGK hay tai lieu tham khao vdi ban dd Giai dogn ba, hpc sinh phai biet nit ket luan thdng qua viec sii dung ban dd Mudn nit ket ludn, hpc sinh phai biit kit hgp kiln thuc ban dl vdi kiln thiic lich su, ndm dupc mii lien h% giira cae doi tupng dia li vdi npi dung lich sii, van dung tu so sanh, ddi chieu de nit ket ludn, hieu ban chdt ciia sy kien lich sii Ba giai doan bao ham ttong cac kT ndng Uen quan din ban (luge do) nhu tudng thuat, mieu ta, quan sat, so sanh, nhan dinh, danh gia, nit qui luat, bai hpc lich sii Vifc khai thac npi dung luge dd theo hudng phat huy tinh tich eye ttong hpc tdp ciia hpc sinh la mdt yeu cau quan ttpng de hpc sinh ty kham pha npi dung ban Viec hudng ddn hpc sinh lam viee vdi luge c6 the tiln hanh theo cdc budc sau BiKTc 1: Cho hpc sinh quan sat luge dd, ttong chii y khai thac npi dung sy ld6n, nhan vdt dugc trinh bay, hieu ro ranh gidi va cac ki hiSu ciia luoc Buac 2- Giao vien dat cdu hoi neu vin de va ggi y hpc sinh tim hilu ndi dung luge dl Bir&c 3: Hpc sinh tra ldi cau hdi bdng viec trinh bay ket qua tim hieu ndi dung luge Budc 4: Giao vien nhdn xet, bd sung cau tra ldi eua hpc sinh va hoan chinh npi dung luge cdn tim hieu Vi du: Khi hgc muc 2, bai 14 - 'Thong trao cdch mgng 1930-1935", giao vien hudng ddn hpc sinh ty khai thac "Luge dd phong trao Xd viit Nghe Tinh" - hinh 31 [1, tt 92] nhu sau: + Trudc hit, giao vien yen cdu hpc sinh quan sat luge ttong SGK, lupc dd tteo tudng, hodc giao vien thilt kl va trinh chilu tten may tinh de phdng to cho ca ldp quan sat ro rang TRAN VINH TUCJNG - DANG TH] R N G + Giao vien hudng ddn hgc sinh khai quat luge do: xac djnh vi tri hai tinh Ngh? An va Ha Tiilh; dgc ki bang chii giai ndm d phia gdc dudi ben trdi lupc dd + Hudng din hpc sinh kit hop quan sat luge dd vdi viec dpc kenh chii ciia SGK + Giao vien gpi md mdt sd cau hdi dl hudng dan hgc sinh ty khai ttiac kiln thiic ttong kenh hinh nhu: Vi phong trdo ddu tranh chdng thuc ddn Phdp diin mgnh me nhdt & hai tinh Nghi An vd Hd TTnh? Phong trdo ddu tranh a Nghi An vd Hd Tinh dien nhu the ndo? + Sau dd, giao vien yeu cdu mdt hpc sinh dya vao luge dd, trinh bay dien bien chinh ciia phong trao diu yanh d Nghe "Hnh (luu y la giao vien phai nhdn manh cho hpc sinh su kien 12/ 09/1930 hpc smh trinh bay) + Cuii cimg, giao vien hudng ddn hpc sinh nit nhdn xet vl hinh thiic dau tranh, lyc lugng ddu ttanh, tinh thdn each mang ciia qudn chiing nhan dan, cac chien sT cpng san thong qua cau hdi nhan thiic la "Hdy neu nhan xet ve phong ttao each mang 1930 1931 vdi dinh cao la X6 vilt Nghe - TTnh" Sau hpc sinh nhdn xet xong, giao vien can chdt lai nhiing y chinh vl hinh thiic va lyc lugng eua phong trao each m?ng 2.3 Hudng dan hpc sinh tu hoc vdi tranh anh lich sii- Vai trd, y nghia cua tranh dnh Ijch sir dgy hgc lich sir & tru&ng THPT Tranh, anh ttong SGK Lich sir la mpt bp phan ciia dung tryc quan dugc su dung yong qua trinh day hpc Nd ed y nghTa het siic to ldn, khdng chi la ngudn kiln thuc, cd tac dung giao due tu tudng, tinh cam ma phdt trien tu eho hpc sinh Ban than tranh anh khong the gay sy quan sat tich eye cho hpc sinh nlu nhu no khdng dugc quan sat yong nhiing tinh hulng cd vdn de, yong nhirng nhu cau cdn thilt phai tra Idi mgt van de cy the Chinh viee giai quylt tinh huong cd vdn de giiip tu hgc sinh din din phat trien Mat khac, thong qua quan sdt, mieu ta yanh anh ljcb sii, hoc sinh dugc ren luyen kT nang diln dat, lya chpn ngon ngii, tir kha ndng sir dung ngdn ngir ciia cac em cang phong phii, yong sang Tir viec quan sat thudng xuyen cac tranh anh Uch sii, gido vien luyen eho cac em thdi quen va kha ndng quan sat cac vdt thi mpt each khoa hpc, cd the xem xet, phan tich, gidi tbich dl di den nhiing net khai quat, rut nhiing kit luan Ijch sii Nhd nhiing viec Iam thudng xuyen nhu vay ma cac thao tac tu dugc ren luyen, phat huy tri thdng minh, sang tao cua hpc sinh Tranh, dnh dupc sii dung nhdm cac mue dich sau: bang chiing vl sy tdn tai ciia hien tfiye lich sii; khdi phye hinh anh ciia qud khii co Hen quan; giai diieh vl sy ki$n dl nit kit ludn khdi quat [3] - Hu&ng ddn hgc sinh kT ndng tu hgc v&i tranh, dnh Hch su HL'ONG DAN HOC SINH Tt.'HOC VOI KENH HINH TRONG SGK UCH SLT GV hudng ddn HS cac kT nang lam viec vdi tranh, anh lich su nhu: quan sat kT tranh, dnh Uch sir; dpc mdt sd tai Ueu tham khao Uen quan den tranh anh lich su ma hpc sinh dang tim hieu; ty dat nhung cau hdi lien qaan den tranh, anh dd Neu yanh, anh la chan dung eac anh himg dan tpc, cac vi lanh ty, cac nha khoa hpc , cin hudng din cac em lam cac cdng viec sau: Md ta be ngoai ciia nhan vat Phan tich ngi dung, tinh each, hanh vi ciia nhan vdt dugc the hien yong tranh, dnh Ddc biet, ddi vdi cac anh himg dan tpc, Idnh tu each mang, phai Iam noi bat tinh each nhan vat ay thdng qua viee mieu ta hinh thuc bl ngoai, hay neu khai quat ngdn gpn tieu su ciia nhan vdt dy Dinh hudng cho hpc sinh ty minh danh gia vai tro, tinh each ciia nhdn vdt De viee khai thac tranh anh cd hieu qua, phat huy dupc tinh tich eye hgc tap ciia hgc sinh nhdm muc tieu hgc sinh ty tim hieu ndi dung tranh dnh dudi su hudng ddn, to chuc eua thiy, giao vien hudng din cac em lam viec theo eac budc nhu sau: Bu&c I: Cho hpc sinh quan sat tranh anh de xac dinh mpt each khai quat npi dung tranh anh cdn khai thac Bu&c 2: Giao vien ddt can hdi neu vdn dl, to chuc hudng dan hpc sinh tim hieu ndi dung tranh anh Birdc 3: Hgc sinh trinh bay kit qua tim hilu ngi dung yanh anh sau dd quan sat, ket hgp gpi y cua giao vien va tim hieu ndi dung ttong bai hgc Bu&c 4: Giao vien nhdn xet, bl sung cau tra Idi cua hgc sinh, hoan thien npi dung khai thac ttanh anh cung cip cho hgc smb Vi du: Biic anh "Bd Chinh tri hgp Hdi nghi m& rgng quyit dinh ki hogch gidi phdng miin Nam" (hinh 78) [1, tt 192] dupe sir dung bai 23, myc III.1 De hpc sinh ty tun hilu y nghia va kiln thiic lich sii in ttong biic anh nay, giao vien hudng ddn hpc sinh each khai thdc nhu sau: + Trudc hit, yeu cdu hgc sinh quan sat kl biic anh + Kit hgp vdi kenh ehii cua SGK \a tai lieu tham khao khac de tim hieu ndi dung biic ttMih Vl biic yanh nay, ty tim hilu, hpc sinh phai dam bao khai thac dupc nhiing npi dung la: "Bdy la birc dnh chup cdnh Bd Chinh tri hop m& rdng tir ngdy 18/12/1974 quyit dinh nhirng vdn di quan trgng cho M hogch gidi phdng miin Nam Trong buc hinh ddng chi Le Dudn - ngu&i dung giua, dang chu tri cugc hgp, ngudi ngdi ddu tien phia bin phdi ddng chi Le Dudn la ddng chi Phgm Vdn Ddng, thu hai la ddng chi Tru&ng Chinh; ngu&i ngdi thu tu phia ben trdi ddng chi Le Dudn Id ddng chi Vo Nguyen Gidp" [2, tt 181-182] Tix viec khai thac dugc ttong Hpi nghi cd eac ding ehi Idnh dao chu chit cua each mang ca nude, hgc sinh phai nit dupc ket luan ve vai TR.4N ViNH nrcJNG - DANG TH] HANG ttd quan ttpng cd tinh quylt dinh cua Hdi nghi ddi vdi thing lgi cua cdch mang mien Nam ndm 1975; vai ttd ciia ddng chi Le Dudn va nhung ding chi lanh dao khdc ddi vdi each mang mien Nam; ciing qua do, hpc sinh phai thay dupc day Id Hoi nghi the hien tri tue \a siic manh doan ket cua toan Dang, toan dan ta + Gido vien dua mgt so can hdi gpi md cho hpc sinh tra ldi de ket hpp khai thac kenh hinh vdi npi dung kenh chu ciia bai hgc nhu sau: Tgi cudi ndm 1974 ddu ndm 1975, Hgi nghi Bg Chinh tri md rgng mai hop di ki hogch gidi phdng mien Nam? Hgi nghi Bg Chinh tri md rdng hop quyet dinh nhirng vdn di gi? Y nghia cua hdi nghi? Sau dl hpc sinh tim hilu, thao ludn ttao ddi vdi ban, giao vien chot lai npi dung nhu tten va nhin m?nh y nghTa ciia Hgi nghj Bp Chinh tri thang 10/1974 va thang 1/1975 la: + Phan tich chinh xdc tinh hinh + De phucmg hudng hanh ddng dung ddn + The hien quyet tam chien lupc cao de giai phdng hoan toan mien Nam thdi co ldn den Do chinh la nggn dudc soi dudng dan den dai thang Xuan 1975 Tdm lai, muon nang cao chat lupng hpc tap mon Lich sir d trudng THPT, ngudi giao vien diing Idp khong the day theo ldi "thdy doc — trd chip" ma can phai doi mdi phuong phap d?y hpc, ttong can hudng tdi viee hudng din, ren luyen cho hpc sinh nhiing kT nang ty hpc bp mon Lich su Nhu dieu 24.2 Luat giao dye quy dinh: "Phuang phdp gido due phd thdng phdi phdt huy tinh tich arc, tyr gidc, chu ddng cda hoc sinh, phii hgp v&i dgc diim cua timg l&p hgc, mdn hgc boi duong phuang phdp lu hgc, ren luyin kl ndng van dung kiin thuc vdo thuc tiin " Cin hudng din hoc sinh khai thac kien thiic kenh chii, kenh hinh ttong sach giao khoa de hieu kiln thiic lich sii, tir van dyng vao \iec giai quyet cdc nhiem vu hpc tap, gop phin nang cao chit day hpc b6 mon TAI LI$U THAM KHAO [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Bo Giao due & Dao tao (2008) SGK Lich sd 12 NXB Giao due Ha Noi Nguyen Thj Coi (2010) Huiyng ddn su dung kinh hinh n-ong SGK Lich sir lap 12 NXB Dai hpc Su pham Ha Npi Hpi Giao due Ljch su (1996) Ddi mdi viic day, hgc Lich sir ldy hgc sinh Id trung lam NXB Dai hoc Qu6c gia Ha Npi Nguyin Thi Hoa Khoi (2009) Ren luyen ki nang xay tiung va su diing dS dimg true quan qui udc cho hoc sinh day hoc lich su ihi giai c6 - irung dai d irudng THPT (Chuang trinh Ndng cao) Luan van Thac si Giao due hpc, Tnrdng Dai hoc Su pham Hue Phan Ngoc Lien (cb) (2001) Hinh ihdnh tri ihuc Lich sir cho hgc sinh THPT Trung tam Dao tao tir xa - Dai hpc Hue HUONG DAN HOC SINH TU HOC V6l KENH HINH TRONG SGK LICH SLT [6] [7] Phan Ngpc Lien - Tran van Tri (cb) (2000) Phuang phdp dgy hoc Lich m (tai ban lin thu 3) NXB Giao due Ha Npi Trinh Dmh Tiing - Nguyen Manh Hudng (2008) Sii dung cong nghe thong tin de hudng ddn hpc sinh khai thac kenh hinh ttong SGK Ljch sii Idp 12 nhdm nang cao hieu qua bai hpc Tgp chi Dgy vd Hgc ngdy nay, (9),tt.36-39 Title: GUIDING STUDENT TO SELF-STUDY WITH THE IMAGE CHANNELS IN HISTORY TEXTBOOKS OF GRADE 12 AT UPPER-SECONDARY SCHOOLS (STANDARD PROGRAMS) Abstract: In the history textbook of Grade 12, image channel (schema, pictures ) is also a source of historical knowledge which is as important as text, requiring teachers and students to exploit In order to make students self-exploit the knowledge oflhe image channel in the history textbooks of grade 12, teachers should constantly guide their students on the skills of exploiting each specific image channel, thereby contributing to expression object, intellectual development, and cognitive capacity for students during their study of history in high school PGS TS TRAN VINH TUONG Phong Dao tao Sau dai hpc, Trudng Dai hpc Su pham - Dai hpc Hue DANG THI H A N G Hpc vien Cao hpc, Trudng Dai hoc Su pham - Dai hoc Hui ... HLTCiNG DAN HOC SINH TU" HOC HIEU QUA VC(I KENH HINH TRONG SACH GIAO KHOA LICH SIT L C P 12 TRUdNG THPT (CHUONG TRINH CHUAN) 2.1 Hirdng ddn hpc sinh biet each phan loai kenh hinh Khi diing tiudc... hpc tdp ciia hpc sinh la mdt yeu cau quan ttpng de hpc sinh ty kham pha npi dung ban Viec hudng ddn hpc sinh lam viee vdi luge c6 the tiln hanh theo cdc budc sau BiKTc 1: Cho hpc sinh quan sat luge... qudc dan giiip hpc sinh cd the ty nhdn xet, so sanh, danh gia ve nhung van de, sy kien Ijch sii dd nhic den ttong bai vilt cua SGK Loai thudng la bieu lich sii Trong SGK Ljcb su 12 (Chuang trinh