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H D D N G DAN HOC GINH TOHOG A NOA TOONG DAY HOC UGH G0 JiTHDifNG THHNG HOC PHflTNONG CAC TJNH MIEN NOI PJOA DAG 1 H ien nay, de ning eao chat luong day hpe Lich si^^LS), giao vien (GV) bd mdn d trudn[.]
DAN HOC GINH TOHOG A NOA TOONG DAY HOC UGH G0 JiTHDifNG THHNG HOC PHflTNONG CAC TJNH MIEN NOI PJOA DAG HDDNG ThS N G O THI LAN H U O N G ' H ien nay, de ning eao chat luong day hpe Lich si^^LS), giao vien (GV) bd mdn d trudng trung hpe phd thdng (THPT) cic tinh mien nui phia Bic da chii y den ren phuong phip hpe tap cho hpe sinh (HS) Tuy nhien, vdi tuhpc, nhat l i tuhpc dnha cuaHS cdn han che Da sd HS cdn gap khd khin qua trinh hpc tap d nha: ehua biet ktiai thac dung true quan v i tai lieu hpc tip de bd sung kien thdc eho bii hpc tren Idp; ehua biet sddung sich giio khoa (SGK) ket hpfp vdi vd ghi de lam l3ai tap, tdm tit eic su kien co ban , HS ehu ye'u vin hpe thude Idng bai eu theo vd ghi (tham ehi khdng hpe bii, chui'n bj bii trudc den Idp) Vi vay, HS thudng khdng nim dupe kien thdc eo ban, chua hieu duac ban chit cic su kien, hipn tupfng LS va lung tung van dijng kien thdc da hpe vio giai quyet cic van de thue te Nguyen nhan eua tinh trang treii l i GV chua dua nhung yeu cau, ehi dan cuthe deHS hpe bald nhi; chua biet each dpng vien, hd trpf kjp thdi HS gap khd khan Han nifa, da sd HS dtrudng THPT cic tinh m ien nui phia Bic l i dan tdc thieu so, ed ban tinh mt re, nhut nhat va quen hpe tip thu ddng Ngoai gid hpc tren Idp, HS vin phai tham gia lao ddng san xuait eung gia (jinh, thdigian danh eho tuhpcdnha rat it, chat lupfng khdng eao De xuat mpt so bien phap hudng din tu hociSdnhachoHS / ; Hudng din HS tu hgc denim vdng kien thiic sau gid hgc tren Idp On tap d nha sau ket thuc bai hpc tren Idp se giup ngudi hpc luu gid thdng tin tdt hon, cd dieu kien cung cd, khie sau kien Mc,'dong thdi qua trinh cdn giup ngudi hqc khai quat hda kien thdc da nhan dethay duoc su tuong dong (gid'ng nhau) vdicae su vat, hien tuong khac va day chinh la eosdcho cac hoat ddng cua ngudi hqc hoatddng thuc te"(2) M ud'n thi/c hien td't edng viee nay, GV hudng din va ren luyen cho HS ed ki ning tuhpc sau: a) Nghien ciiu iai vdghi va SGKde thd'ng nhat, hieu sau hon kien thdc da hpc; cdthe'dinh di'u, gaeh chan cie eau, doan SGK v i vd ghi de tim (kil-1/2014) nhifng kien thifc trpng tam ma thay coda nhin manh, bd'sung dtren Idp G V can hudng din HS di/a vao npi dung SGK, vd ghi de tdm tit, he thd'ng hda kien thiic CO ban bing eic so dd, bang nien bieu Vi du, hpe xong Bai 19 "Budc phat then cua cuqe khang chien toan qudc chdng thuc dan Phap (1951-1953)" {LS 12), GV yeu eau HS lap bang nien bieu nhifng thing Ipi tieu bieu cua quan dan ta tren cae mat tran ehinh trj, ngoai giao, kinh te, vin hda - giio due, quan su khing chien chdng thuc dan Phip tif sau Thu Odng 1950 den trudc Odng - Xuan 1953-1954 de nim vung kien thife eo ban cua bai: V^ chinh tri ngoai giao V6 kinh tfi V6 van h6a gido due v l quan si/ b) Ren cho HS kinang trinh bay cac sukien, hien tuong LS theo y hieu cua minh HS d eic tinh mien nui phia Bic da sd la din tdc it ngudi, cd thdi quen ehi sd dung tieng Viet hpc tren Idp, sinh hoattip the va giao tiep binh thudng vin diing tieng me de Do vdn tieng Viet han che nen HS gap nhieu khd khin diin dat, trinh biy cic si/ kien LS Vi vay, qua trinh hudng din HS tu hpc d nha, GV phai ehu y ren eho HS ki ning sd dung ngdn ngif tieng Viet, biet cich diin dat kien thdc da hpe theo y hie'u eua ban thin Oe ren luyen kining nay, HS phai thudng xuyen lim bai tap, tra Idi ciu hdi tronp SGK Khi tra Idi phai chu y lap dan y; trinh bay ngin gpn, d l hieu, the hien rd quan diem eda minh, khdng vay mupn tdngu, ldi diin dat cua ngudi khie Trong trudng hpfp HS gap khd khin ve ngdn ngif va each diin dat, G V phai ed su hd tro can thie't Day la nhiem vu ra't quan trpng, ddi hdi GV phai kien tri, sing tao, hie'u tieng din tdc de giup HS hpc tap d l dang, thuan Ipi ban e) Hudng din HS mqtsdkinangghinhdkien thdc LS, trinh kieu "hqc ii'sfmau quen Vi du, mud'n ghi nhd nhan vat LS cd the "lay viec de ndi ngudi"hoac "lay ngudi de ndi viee'\ mud'n ghi nhdmd'c thdi gian ' Tnrcing Trung hpc thong Hdng An, Bae Quang - Ha Giang Tap chi Gido due so 325 41 xay mdt sukien, hien tuong LS can dua vao sukien mdif.Oe giup HS tu nghien edu bai hpc trudc len Idp GV can hudng din HS chua'n bj bii nhu sau: LS nd'i bit lam diem tt/a a) Dqc toan bd va tu ghi tdm tit, ngin gqn nhdng d) Ren eho HS kinang thuc hanh bq mon, biet iam viec vdi bin do, tranh inh, SGK; dqc cac tailieu vandecobin cuabaiviettrongSGK.GN hudng din tham khao dehieu sau kien thdc tren idp Vi du, sau HS tdm tit ciest/ kien LS bing cich tra Idi eic cau khiday hpe xong Bai 18 (LS12),GV yeu cau HS dt/a hdi: Sukien dien hoan einh nao? Diin bien vio vd giii, ndidung bai viet va W/nh 48 (trong SGK), chinh cua sukien? Ket qui, nghia LS? Khi tdm tit trinh baydiln bien eua chien djch Viet Bic Thu -Odng bai hpc SGK, HS cd thebd di nhifng thdng tin 1947 Thue hien yeu cau niy, HS dupe ren ki ning phu, thdng tin lap hoic khdng can thie't; ddng thdi, xac lam viee vdi lupc do, biet dua vio lupc dd trinh bay diin djnh cau chii de (neu bii viet khdng ed thi tt/ viet bien eua mot sukien LS Hoac, tim hie'u xong Bai cau chu de) Cach lim niy tao eho HS ed hie'u biet 13 "Phong trio dan tdc dan ehu d Viet Nam tii nim nhi't djnh ve vi'n de se hpc de tiep thu bai hpc mdi 1925 -1930" (LS 12), GV yeu eau HS di/a vao SGK hieu qua hon va cac tii lieu tham khao de trinh bay ve vai trd eua b) Suy nghi, dukien each tri idi eac cau hoi Nguyin Ai Qud'c dd'i vdi qua trinh van ddng chua'n bj SGI< Ghi lai nhifng ndi dung khd hie'u, die biet la lap Oang Cdng san Viet Nam Cich lam nhifng thuat ngif, khii niem denhie minh chim chu khdng ehi giiip HS eiing edkien thife miedn biet suu nghe kithay cd giang tren Idp tam tu lieu, ed eo hdi dupe trau ddi ve ngdn ngif, phat e) Chuan bj cac tailieu tham khio, dddung hqc trien tu tap, suu tam eaccauehuyen, tranh inh LS Qephuc 2) Hudng din HS dn tap thudng xuyen de vu cho bai hpc sip tdi cdng cd'klen thuc Vi du, day Bai 12 "Phong trio dan tdc dan a)GV xay dung he thd'ng bai tap de hudng din ehu d Viqt Nam tdnam 1919-1925" {IS 12), GV HSdn tap, Cling edkien thdc thudng xuyen.S6\iiqr\Qhudng din HS dpe trudc SGK d nhi de nim dupe bii tip nhieu hay it phu thupc vio ndi dung co ban mue dieh, ndi dung eua ehinh sach khai thie thupc eua khda trinh, tung bai hpe, kha nang hpe tip eua dja lan thd hai cua Phip va nhifng ehuyen bien mdi HS va quy thdi gian eho phep He thd'ng bai tap phai ve kinh te, ehinh trj, xa hdi d Viet Nam sau chien phong phu, da dang: bai tip td'ng hpp, khai quit xuyen tranh thegidi lan thd nha't; yeu eau HS tdm tit cac su sudt ehu de cua nhieu bii hpe; bii tip mot bii kien ehinh phong trio dan toe din chu d Viet hoc eg the, hdtrpvaphat trie'n bii tip khiiquit; bii tap Nam td nam 1919-1925 Cd nhifng ciu hdi khd HS trie nghiem khieh quan hoac ti/ luan; bai tap thue chua the tu tra Idi dupe ("Y nghia eua nhifng hoat ddng di'u tranh phong trao dan tdc dan chu d hanh bd mdn b) Giao nhiem vu eho HS dn tap a nha phii rd Viet Nam td nim 1919-1925?"; "Hay neu nhin xet rang, eu the GV can ehia ndi dung dn tap thinh cic ve phong trio dan tdc din chu d Viet Nam phan nhd, yeu cau HS bdtri thdi gian thieh hpp eho nhdng nim 1919-1925" ) ddi hdi HS phai chu y mdi phan dn tap, quy djnh thdi gian hoan thinh To nghe giang detim ciu giai dip hpe bai dtren chat cua HS khie ntiau, nen giao cie bai tap eho Idp Viee hudng din HS tuhpc d nha, ehui'n bj eho HS GV phai cin nhie kimde dp khd dlcua tdng bai bii hpe mdi se ren cho HS thdi quen lam viec tich tip Nhi/ng bai tip don gian giao eho HS hpe lue ye'u, cue, ehu ddng, dde lap hpe tap nhi/ng bai ddi hdi phai phin tieh, td'ng hpp nhieu su 4) Hudng din MS biet tukiem tra, danh gia ket kien LS dedua nhifng nhan xet, dinh gia nen qua hoc tap Tt/ kiem tra, dinh gii ket qua hpe tip d danh cho HS khi, gidi nha, cd vai trd quan trpng viee ren luyen ning c) G V thudng xuyen kiem tra de kjp thdi ud'n nin luc tuhpc cho HS va cdthe'thue hien bing nhieu hinh khuyet diem va thieu sdt eua HS qui trinh ti/dn thdc, nhu: tai hien nhung dieu da hpc theo nhdng dan tip dnha Viec cha'm diem v i dua nhung Idi phe ehi y, de cuong nha't djnh va tap trinh bay cha ban than tiet ed tic dung lim tang hieu qua hpc tip cuaHS Ldi hay cho ngudi khac; lam eic bai tip, tra Idi nhdng cau phe nen lanhdng gdp y chin thanh, tam huyettdGV hdi SGK Vi du, sau hpc xong Bai25 "Viet^ de HS biet dupfc ket qua hpe tap cua minh, td dd ed Nam xay di/ng chu nghia xa hdi, dau tranh bao ve to djnh hudng hpe tip td'thon, tien tdi hoan thien cavetri qudc (1976-1986)"{LS 12), GV yeu cau HS hoan bai tap d nhi: "Hay neu nhung tuu, kho thdc va nhin each 3) Hudng din HS chua'n bj bai cho bai hgc khan, han cheva nguyen nhan cua nhdng khd khan, 42 Tap chi Gido due so 325 (kil-1/2014) hanchetrong 10 nam (1976-1986) xaydung vaphat trien dat nudc" Gin vdi bii tap, G V cung cap eho IHS nhiing tieu ehi danh gii cuthe nham giiip HSed the tu dinh gii ve ket qua hpe tap cua minh, biet minh nim vi/ng kien thifc d m ifc dp nao, ren luyen v i phat trie'n cie kining rasao Bang tieu chi hudng din HS tt/dinh gii: \ M U c (Jat Gi6i(g-10ililm) Khd (7 - di^m) - Trinh bdy du, chinh xic nhiJng thdnh ti/u, khd khan, han cUi phdt tri^n kinh t^, vdn hod, gido due, y - Trinh bay du, chinh xac nhang thdnh tUu, kho khan, hgn ch4 phat trien kinh te, vdn hoa gido due, yte - Neu va phdn tich duoc nguygn nhdn cua nhiJng khd khdn han ch6 10 ndm xdy dUng, phdt trien d^t nudc (1976-1985) nhUng khflng c6 lign h€ vdi thUc tien 66\ mdi Ck nudc hi^n Tieu chi \ s NOI dung ki^n thJc - N6u vd phdn tich v^ nguyen nhdn cua nhiJng khd khtin h^n ch^ 10 ndm xdy difng, phdt triln 6k nUdc (1976-1985); li€n h$ vdi thuc ti^n a6\ mdi Sii nUdc hi$n ve nha phai dam bao viia dii, vua sife vdi HS, edyeu eau, hudng din eg the va st/ hd trp can thiet eua G V, ban be; 4j Thudng xuyen kiem tra bai lam d nha eua HS, ddng thdi, giiip HS biet cich tu kiem tra de ed ea sd thg'c tetudinh gii ket qua hpc tap, thue di'y hoat ddng hpe eua minh di len; 5) GV phai hieu ro dd'i tupng HS; biet khoi goi niem say me, hifng thii hpe tip, kip thdi ehia se khd Khflng dat (4 diem trd Trung binh (5 - dilm) khan, ddng vien sund xuong) lue edging eiia cae em - Trinh bdy chiJa du nhiJng - Khong trinh bay dUOc thdnh ti/u khd kh3n, han che nhflng tuu, khd qui trinh hpe tip phat trien kinh te vdn khdn, han che va nguyen hod, gido due, yte nhan cua nhiing khd khdn nhieu hon nifa Q - Neu nhifng chua phdn tich dUdc nguygn nhdn cua nhiJng khd khan, han c h i 10 ndmxdydUng, phai triln d^t nudc (1976-1985) han che 10 nam (1976-1985) xdy di/ng vd phdt tnen ddt nudc Tai li^u tham khao Phan Ngoc Lien (tdng chi bien) Liehsu' 12 NXB Gido due, H 2009 Trinh bdy khoa hpc, cd ludn Cd luan dilm song cdc ludn Trinh bdy chifa khoa hoc, Khong cd ludn diem, Iuan Phan Ngoc Lien (chii 6\im ludn ciJ rd rdng ciJI trinh bay chUa that rd sdp xep cac ludn diem, ludn ciJ rd rang, chua biet sdp Bdcgc bien) Phuong phap rdng cLi CO chd chifa hop li xep kien thiJc logic Chd vi^t sach, dep, rd rdng, ChO viit rd rang, khdng cd ChiJ vi^l rd rdng, song cdn ChU viet khflng rdrang, cd day hpc Lich sur, tap 1, nhilu l5i chinh td, gach khdng cd l6i chinh td l5i chinh td siJa chaa, gach xod Hinh thijfc NXB Dai hoc su xod, siJa chOa nhieu pham, H 2002 Viec ren ning lue tukiem tra, danh gii LScho HS NguySn Thi Coi Cac eon diro'ng, bien phip nSng d nhi bing each cd tie dgng ra't Idn viec cao day hpc Lich sir a trirei'ng phd thong NXB Dai cung CO, hoin thien kien thdc, ren luyen ki nang, ki hpc supham, H 2006 Thai Duy Tuyen Phmmg phap day hpe tniySn xao va phit trien tu cho HS Tu hpe d nhi cua HS rait da dang, phong phu tha'ng va doi miH NXB Gido due Viit Nam, H 2010 Detd chuc hoatddng tuhpc /.Sdnhacho HS cac tinh mien nui phia Bic cd hieu qua, GV can luu y den cic yeu cau sau: / ; G V phai giup HS cdthaidpdung vay thdc dupfc mge dieh, nhiem vg eua edng viec tuhpc d nha; 2)GV phai hudng din HS xay dung ke'hoach tu hpc, xic djnh rd ndi dung can phai hpe, hpc cai gi l i etiinh, cdtinh thie't tht/c; 3j Khd'i luong bai hpe, bii lam TV hoc cua sinh vien (Tiep theo trang 40) tP Idn viec hinh nhin each SV, nhi't l i S V su pham - thay, cd giio tuong lai • - Cd nhi^u sai sdt v^ ki^n thiJc SUMMARY Leam at home byoneseft is one ofimportant pari ofteachingand learning On the basis of analysising the theory and the practice, the writer suggested some ways to guide the pupils to leam at home by themseft to improve the quality of teaching history at the highschool in Northern mountain area lap vdi sach cua sinh vien Trudng Dai hpc ngoai ngO DHQG Ha Npi" DS tai ca'p DHQG (Ma s6' QNO5.07) Tran Anh Tua'n "VSn dS tu hpc cQa sinh vien tir goe dp danh gia cha't lupng kl nang nghd nghiep" Tap chi Nghiin ciiu gido due, sO' 5/1996; tr 18 SUMMARY "Self-Study plays a very important role in the learning process of undergraduates Self-study which aims at developing students'awareness of being hard-working, self-consciousness, capacity of reading books and doing research, is to "turn training process into selflearning process among students" Thus, thoughtTai lieu tham khao ful organizations of self-study, which help to boost Ha Thj Diic "VS boat dOng tu hpc cua sinh vien su training quality of universities and colleges in genpham" Tap chi Nghiin ciiu gido due, sO' 4/1992; tr 23 eral, credit-training pedagogy universities in particu2 Phan Bich Ngpe "Nghien ciru kT nang lam viec dOc lar, are essential" (1) NguySn Ky "Bi€n qua U-inh day hpc qua trinh tu hpc" T?p chi Nghiin ciiu gido due, s6' 4/1992 (2) BO GD-DT (juy chSdao tao dai hpc va cao dang he chinh quy theo he the'ng tin chi, ban hanh kem theo Quyftdjnh s6'43/2007/QD-BGDDT 15/8/2007 (kil-1/2014) Tap ehi Gido due so 325 43 ... Northern mountain area lap vdi sach cua sinh vien Trudng Dai hpc ngoai ngO DHQG Ha Npi" DS tai ca''p DHQG (Ma s6'' QNO5.07) Tran Anh Tua''n "VSn dS tu hpc cQa sinh vien tir goe dp danh gia cha''t lupng... cau HS dt/a hdi: Sukien dien hoan einh nao? Diin bien vio vd giii, ndidung bai viet va W/nh 48 (trong SGK), chinh cua sukien? Ket qui, nghia LS? Khi tdm tit trinh baydiln bien eua chien djch... hgc khan, han cheva nguyen nhan cua nhdng khd khan, 42 Tap chi Gido due so 325 (kil-1/2014) hanchetrong 10 nam (1976-1986) xaydung vaphat trien dat nudc" Gin vdi bii tap, G V cung cap eho IHS nhiing