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JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE DOL 10 18173/2354 1075 2016 0030 Educational Sci , 2016, Vol 61, No 3, pp 81 92 This paper is available online at http,//sidb hnue edu vn BOI DUONG TU DUY PHE PHAN CHO HOC S[.]
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Educational Sci., 2016, Vol 61, No 3, pp 81-92 This paper is available online at http,//sidb.hnue.edu.vn DOL 10.18173/2354-1075.2016-0030 BOI DUONG TU DUY PHE PHAN CHO HOC SINH THONG QUA HOAT DONG GIAI BAI TAP THI NGHIEM TRONG DAY HOC V A T LY T R U N G PHO TH6NG Nguyen Quang L i n h \ Do Hitdng Tra'' ^Trudng Dgi hpc Supham, Dgi hpc Thdi Nguyen '^Khoa Vgt li, Trudng Dgi hoc Suphgm Hd Ngi Tdm tat Mfit nhflng muc lieu day hoc ciia nhilu quoc gia iren ihl gidi la day HS trf duy, dd cd trf phe phan Cd nhilu each de bfii drfdng va phat trie'n tU phe phan ciia hoc sinh Bai viel quan lam den viec phat trien trf phe phan cua hpc sinh thfing qua hoat dfing gidi cac bai tap thf nghiem irong dgy hoc vat li d irudng irung hoc phfi' ihdng Tit khda: Trf phe phan, bai tap thf nghiem, dgy hoc Vai If Md dau Trf phe phdn la mdt kT ndng dd ngrfbi hge suy nghi chu dgng hrfbng tdi nhflng van de va tinh hudng phflc tap dfla tren nhflng suy nghT, quan diem vd niem tin cua minh Ngrfbi hgc cd the kie'm djnh nhflng suy nghT, quan diem va niem tin cua minh bang cdch tfl khdm phd, trf dat cae eau hdi va trf di tim can tra Ibi cho nhflng cau hdi dd Trf phe phdn dbi hdi ca kT ndng lap Iuan Ian kT ndng giai quyel van de Tren thrfc te hai kT ndng bo sung va cung cd the thay the eho Vi vdy, drfa ngflbi hge vdo hoat ddng gidi quyet van de la cd hdi tot nhat de ren tfl phe phdn Trong day hgc vat If, BTTN vdt tf (sau day ggi tal la BTTN) Id bai tap sfl dung thf nghiem de quan sat hay thu thdp so lieu nhdm gial thfch mgt hifn irfbng vat If, tim hay xdc nhan moi quan he gifla eac dai Iflbng vat If nhat dinh Do vdy, hoat ddng giai BTTN thfle chat Id qua trinh tfl bien chflng bao gom de xuat gial phdp, thu thap thdng tin, phan tfch vd ddnh gid cac thong tin thu thdp dfldc nhdm lam sdng td va khang djnh lai tfnh dung dan cua gidi phdp nghien cflu Van de bai bao chung ldi quan tam la Lam the ndo dfla ngfldi hgc vao boat ddng gidi quyet van de cdc BTTN nham ren tfl phe phan cho hgc sinh? Noi dung nghien cthi 2.1 Ttf phe phan va phat trien ttf phe phan Tfl phe phdn bao gib cung di kem vdi tfl sang tao, dd la mdt cap pham tru khdng the tach rbi Vi vay, de phat trien TDPP gido vien can cd chu y xdy dflng dfldc cac bdi tap thf nghifm Ngaynhanbai 15/12/2015 Ngay nhan dang: 20/1/2016 Lien he: Nguyen Quang Linh, c-mail: nguycnquanglinhsptn@gmaii.com Nguyen Quang inh Do Hudng Tra cd tfnh sang lao Mdt bai tap tao nhieu ed hdi cho HS phat trien trf sang tgo thi cung cd nhieu cd hdi giup hg phdt ttien TDPP Gido vien ed the tudn theo eac brfdc xdy drfng BTFN nhrf sau: - Lrfa chgn mgt hoac mdt so bai lap xudi phdl (BTXP) - Giai cdc bai tap xuat l?hal - Phdn tfch hien trfdng vdl li, gid thiet, Ibi gidi, ket qua eua BTXP - Van dung cdc nguyen tde eua phrfdng phap ludn sdng tao de xdy drfng cdc bdi tap mdi bang each tra lbi cae cau hdi sau: Cd the dien dal bai lap theo each khac khdng? Cd the Irfdc bd hdde thay doi dfl kifn cua bai tap bai lap mdi dfldc khdng? (Nguyen tdc Iinh dpng) Cd the thay doi mdt so dfl kien de hien ifldng bai mau thuan vdi dinh Iudt vat If, thay ddi gia thiet kel Iudn vd ngfldc Iai de tao thdnh bdi tap mdi drfdc khdng? (Nguyen tac dao ngrfdc) Cd the thay doi mdt so thdng so eua bai tap de bdi tap mbi? (Nguyen lac thay doi thdng so hda-lf) Co the tdng mfle dp phan nhd cua BTXP? (Nguyen tdc phdn nhd) Cd the ehuyen bai tap bdi tap long qudt hdn? Cd the srf dung them bdi tap cd Hen quan de xdy drfng bai lap mdi khdng'' (Nguyen tdc kll hdp) Cdthe thay dd'i hinh dang cua doi trfdng' (Sfldung tbiet ke, che tao md hinh-Nguyen tac linh ddng) Yeu cau phat trien TDPP phu thudc vao mflc tham gia vao hoat ddng gidi quyet van de BTTN cua hge sinh Yi vay, de thuan tien eho viee xay dflng cdc BTTN nhdm phdt frien TDPP cua HS, chung tdi phdn loai BTTN cdn cfl theo mflc boat dgng tien trinh giai quyll van de, theo dd cd the chia bai tap thf nghifm dang sau: Dang 1: Bai tap nghiem Iai he qua cua mot thuyet, mgt dinh luat vat li Day la dang bai tap ma ngfldi nghien cflu da biet trrfde ket luan dung cua bdi tap, nhien can tien hanh cae thi nghiem dd mdt Ian nfla, dieu kien hifn cd de cung co them tt'nh diing ddn eua thuyet, djnh Ii vat li hoac eung co niem tin vao khoa hge cua ngflbi nghien eflu Loai bai tap thrfbng drfdc sfl dung nhdm muc dieh kiem tra tfnh dung dan cua nhflng ket qua vfla drfa tfl drfdng suy luan Ii thuyet Dang 2: Bai tap kiem tra gia thuyet Ddy la dang bdi tap thrfbng drfdc drfa sau HS nghien cflu mgt bien tfldng, mdt dai Iflbng vdl tf nhflng chi cd the suy ludn, pbdng doan ve hien tflbng, mdi quan he gifla cdc dai Ifldng vdt If md chfla the khdng djnh dfldc tinh dung dan cua gJa thuyet Khi dd can phai Chflc hien mpt thi nghiem nhdm kie'm tra tinh dung ddn cua cdc gia thuyel dflbc dfla Loai bdi tap dfldc sfl dung khd nhieu qua trinh day hpc, nd giup qud trinh day hpc bdt kho cflng hdn, HS cd nilm tin hdn qud trinh chiem ITnh kien Chflc Dang 3: Td quy luat da biet xac dinh inot dai ttfdng vat li Day Id loai bdi tap khd phd bien nhflng nd chi dfldc dung chu yeu d cdc hoat ddng ngodi gid hgc nham kich thfch tfl duy, phdl trien kT nang, tinh sang tao, tfl lflc eua HS Viec phdn chia cae dgng BTTN nhfl tren giup GV thuan Idi hdn qud trinh xay dflng va sfl dung ehung qua trinh day hgc Vdi dgng I va dang thi thrfbng dUde sfl dung cac gib thrfc hanh, eac gib hoat dgng ngoai khda, boat dgng trai nghiem sdng tao hay giao cho HS Idm tai nha, cdn dang thi thrfbng drfbc sfl dung tren Idp, qua trinh HS tim hieu cac kien thflc mbi Bdi dudng tu phe phdncho heic sinh iheing qua hogt dgng gidi hdi ldp thi nghiem Nhfl vay, xdy dflng BTTN can can cfl vao cac BTXP va cac dang cua BTTN 2.2 Phat trien ttf phe phan qua hoat d o n g giai B T T N 2.2.1 Xay dtfng ngi dung BTTN dap dng yeu can phat trien TDPP Cdn cfl vao cac dang cua BTTN, vao cdc yeu cau ve mflc phdt trien tfl phe phan cua BTTN, chung ldi de xual qui trinh xdy dflng BTTN vdl If nhfl sb dd hinh • • Xac djnh muc tieu BTTN Lira chpn BTXP Giai cac bai tap xudt phai va phan iich hifn nrcnig \at Ii gia ihiel Ioi giai kli qua cua BTXP Xac dinh loai BTTN Xac djnh mflc dd cua BTTN Bien ddi BTXP Bien sogn BTTN Tien hdiih llu nghifm • Hoan t]ii?n BTTN Hinh 1: Sd cdc bttdc xdy ditng mot BTTN Btfdc 1: Ltfa chon bai tap xuat phat Nghien cflu muc lieu day hoc can dal va he thong bai tap tai lifu gido khoa, saeh bdi tap, cac loai sach tham khao khdc nhfl cdc de thi, cdc bdi tap tren Internet, hay cdc bai lap cdc cdng trinh khoa hoc da dflbc cdng bo, thdm tri Id nhflng kien thflc ma GV cd dflbc lfl thflc lien, tren cd sd do, GV lfla ehgn BTXP Btfdc 2: Xac dinh muc tieu cua mdi BTTN Nghien cflu chfldng trinh va ngi dung tf ihuyet de xdc djnh muc lieu ve kien thflc va kT ndng cb ban ma HS can ndm vflng va sau tim hieu mdt npi dung kien thflc cu the Trong dd, dac biet chu y tdi muc lieu phat trien TDPP cho HS Btfdc 3: Xac dinh loai BTTN va mvic cua moi BTTN Tren cd sd xdc djnh muc tieu ve kien thflc va kT nang cua tflng bdi hgc d bflbe 1, chung toi di xac djnh cac Ioai BTTN se sfl dting cho lflng bai hgc hay tflng ndi dung hgc cu the Can xay dflng bai tap djnh tinh hay dinh Iflbng, dbn gian hay phflc tap Moi loai can bao nhieu bai Id phu hbp Sau xac djnh dfldc ioai BTTN, chung ta di xet ndi dung chi liet cua tflng loai BTTN cu the Tren cd sd dd xac djnh cau true cua hf thong BTTN cho tflng bai, tflng phan hay tflng chfldng Neu xay dflng he thong BTTN thi can xdy dflng ma ttan hf Chong de gan trgng so (Cfldng tfl nhfl GV de kiem tra hay dl thi) de dam bao dflbc muc tieu de Budc 4: Thu thap ttf lieu, dir lieu de bien soan Tt( BTXP, giao vien sfl dung cac nguyen tac sang tao de chuyen BTXP thdnh cac BTTN Tfl lieu, dfl lieu thu thdp ve eac BTXP dflbc edng nhieu, cang da dang thi vifc bien soan BTTN cang 83 Nguyen Quang Linh, Do Hrfdng Tra nhanh, eang cd ehdt lfldng va hieu qua Vi vdy, can phai danh mdt thbi gian thich dang cho viec sflu lam cdc lfl lieu, dfl lieu mdt each hdp li Cdc trf lieu de tim nhat la cdc bai tap da cd sdn, nhflng bdi lap ay ban dau cd the ddn thuan chl Id nhflng bai tap tinh loan hay giai thich hien tfldng Cdn cfl vao mue tieu can dal (d day Id phdt trien TDPP cfla HS) GV se chuyen nhflng bai tap ay ve dang BTTN thda man eae nguyen tde xay dflng mgt BTTN va muc tieu can dat dfldc HS giai bdi tap ndy Sau dd thu thdp dfldc nhilu thdng tin tfl nhieu nguon khac Qud trinh bien span se dfldc tien hanh, qua trinh cd the gom nhieu bfldc nhb nhrf: Lfla chgn bai tap, cdi tien bai lap dd cho phu hbp (neu can); xay dflng Ibi gidi; sap xep cdc bai tdp thdnh nhdm lfl de den khd, tfl dbn gidn den phflc tap Budc 5: Tien hanh thi nghiem Ddy la brfdc ma GV Idm chfl khdng phdi cfla HS, GV cd the tien hanh cdc thi nghifm b nha, b trflbng hay b phdng lbi nghiem Tfl dd la ddnh gid dfldc linh kha thi cua BTTN ma minh da dfla ra, chi nhflng bai tap nao cd tinh kha thi mbi dfla vao he thong de sfl dung Bflbe nham loai bd nhflng BTTN kbdng the thflc hien dfldc, nhflng bai tap cd dd sai sd qua ldn va dieu chinh nhflng bdi khdc cho phu hdp nhal Ngoai tien hdnh Chi nghiem GV mbi Ifldng hit dfldc cac yeu t6 anh hfldng tbi kit qua cua bai tap md minh dfla ra, ngodi nd cung la mdt cd hdi de GV tim them cdc tbi giai cho bdi tap ciia minh Btfdc 6: Hoan thien BTTN Sau dd chgn Ifla drfbc nhflng bdi lap phu hbp, GV can cd nhflng dieu chinh hbp li va sap xep Iai cdc bai tap thanb cac nhdm, cd the xdp sip theo mflc tfl de den khd hay theo dbn vj kien thflc Ra soat Iai he thong cac BTTN de dam bao sfl can doi gifla cac loai bai tap, sfl phu hbp vdi trinh dp, nang irfe va dieu kifn hien ed cua HS Trong giai doan GV cd the sfl dirng ma trdn de de tifn qud trinh sdp xep hf thong bai tap 2.2.2 Cac mdc dp yen can cua bai tap thi nghiem vdi viec phat trien TDPP Tuy thudc vao mflc yen cau ve phrfdng an thi nghiem, ve tien trinh lam thi nghifm ma cac yeu cau ve phat trien trf phe phan d ngfldi hgc cac BTTN cd khac Nham giup GV d£ dang hbn qua trinh xay dflng, lfla chgn BTTN va lien hfldng dan HS giai BTTN cho phu hdp vbi nang lflc HS, ndng tflc GV, dieu kifn cd sd vat chat nhd Irfldng, Drfa vao mflc dp cua boat ddng giai quyet van de, chung tfii chia BTTN ba mflc dp yeu cau Cflbngflngvdi yeu cau phat trie'n TDPP tfl thap den cao: Mu'c Bdng I Bdng so sdnh cdc mtic dp yeu cdu cua BTTN Yeu cau Phuong an Dung cu Tien hanh Phan ti'ch k^t qua Co Co Co Co Co Khong CO Co Co Co Khong CO Co Khong CO - Mdc 1: Cho thiet bt cho phfldng an thiet ke thi nghiem, HS tien hanh tbi nghifm, thu thap va xfl Ii kit qua (HS dal cac eau hdi khac nhfl vl each thflc tien hanh TN, cdc ket qua thu dflbc va phan boi cae kel qua cac ban/nhdm khdc) - Mdc 2; Cho thiet bi thi nghiem, yeu cau thiet ke phflbng an thi nghiem, cien hanh thi nghiem, thu Ihap va xfl If ket qua (Dfla cae phflbng dn khdc nhau, bfldng den edi mdi, HS phai xem xet kT mgi van dl, mgt thdng tin lien quan, kie'm tra cdc gid djnh trfldc tien hanh TN) Bot dudng lU phe phdn cho heic sinh thdng qua hogt dung gidi bdi lap thi nghiem - Miic dd 3: Drfa tinh huong, khdng cho Ihiel bj, khdng cho phrfbng an thiel kl, yeu cau Ifla chgn thiet bj, thiet ke phrfdng an thi nghiem, lien hanh thi nghifm thu thap va xfl If ket qua (HS phai suy Iuan, nhdn xet, danh gid de drfa drfdc van dl cdn giai quyet drfa drfdc cac phfldng an thi nghiem HS phai truyen dat dfldc y tfldng, cdc quan die'm, cac gidi phdp cho ngfldi khdc mdt cdch rd rang, cd Idgic) Mflc la mflc dp Ihap nhat ve cd hpi phat trie'n TDPP cua HS, thiet bj thf nghiem da dfldc cho san gan nhfl tbanh cae bd thf nghiem hoan chinh (vi du nhfl nhflng bd tbi nghiem phdng thi nghiem d cdc trflbng phd thdng Viet Nam hien tai), eac phfldng an thf nghiem cung dflde trinh bay cu the nhfl mgt hrfdng dan Angorit, vi vdy vdi mflc cac HS mbi bdt dau ldm quen vdi BTTN bode cac HS yen deu cd the Iam dflbc Mflc Id mflc cao hdn, du dfldc cung cap thiel bi thf nghiem nhrfng HS phai trf thilt ke phfldng an sau dd lien hanh thi nghiem, thu thap va xfl If ket qua O mfle dd nay, tinh "md" cua bai todn da drfgc day len cao hdn, dac biet GV ed the drfa thiel bi nhieu hdn ede thiel bj can thiel de HS ed the drfa drfdc nhieu phrfdng an hdn va cung lam HS bi "nhieu" qua trinh xay dtfng phtfdng an thi nghiem Ngay ca da cd phtfdng dn roi HS vdn phai dat cdu hdi: Dung cu bai tap dtfa de' lam gi? Sao khdng can dung den nd? Trong cdc phtfdng an tren, phfldng an nao toi flu nhdt? Dieu giup TDPP va TDST cua HS cd cd hdi phdt trien rat manh me Mflc dd la mflc cao nhat vl yeu cau phdt trie'n TDPP, HS dflbc drfa vdo cdc tinh huong va vdi mdt yeu cau cu the nhflng khdng dtfdc cung cap mot thiet bj thi nghiem mdt phtfdng dn thi nghifm nao, hay den cd viec gidi han kien thflc ciing khdng Dieu ndy ldm tinh "md" cua bdi loan dflbc dfla Ien mfle eao nhat va eung lam cho tfl cua HS dfldc day Ien vbi nhieu thae mac d mflc cao dp Do dd HS de rdi vdo mdt "trrfbng hon loan" vdi cdc eau hdi nhrf: diing thiet bi nao? dung nhrf the nao? cd nhflng each nao? de gidi quyet dflbc bdi loan Nhfl vay, d mflc bai tap cang eao thi cb hdi phdl trien tfl eho HS cang nhilu nhflng nd cung dong nghTa vdi srf ddi hdi vl ndng ltfc cua HS, ndng Irfe eua GV hay dilu kifn cb sd vat chat ciia nha trrfbng cdng eao 2.2.3 Day hoc BTTN vat Ii nham phat trien TDPP va TDST Tiin trinh day hgc BTTN BTTN khdng chi dflng lai pham vi van dung nhflng kiln thfle da hgc md cdn giup bdi dfldng cho HS TDPP, ren luyen kT ndng thflc nghiem, gan kien thflc If thuyet vdi thflc tifn Khong the ren luyen TDPP cho HS mdt each ddn Ie ma phai dtfa HS vao cac hoat ddng nghien cflu, gan qud trinh phat trien TDPP vdi boat ddng nghien eflu, giai quyet van dl Thrfc chat cua hoat ddng giai mdt BTTN vdt li cung irfdng tfl nhrf qua trinh gidi cdc bdi tap thdng tbrfdng khdc, nd bao gom nhieu cdc boat ddng thdnh td, md d dd HS phdi dong thbi van dung nhieu loai tfl dd cd TDPP Tuy nhien, BTTN vat Ii la mdt dang bai tap cd nhilu cd hdi hdn de ren luyfn va phat frien TDPPdHS Bii'u hiin ciia tu phi phdn qua hogt ddng gidi bdi tap thi nghiem Theo Robert Ennis: TDPP la sfl suy nghT sau sac, nhay cam, thflc te va hflu fch de quyet djnh niem tin hay hanh ddng [8] De cap tbi cac bieu hifn cua TDPP day hge vat If, cho tdi chfla co cdng trinb nghien cflu nao nhflng cae bieu hifn TDPP cde chuyen nganh khdc hoac cae bieu hien TDPP chung cho cdc nganh tbi dd cd mgt so tdc gla ngbien cflu Cu the nhfl: Nam 1995 K B Beyer neu len dde diem thiet yen cua ngfldi cd TDPP [I ] Sau dd, ndm 2003 M Lipman dfla bieu hifn cua ngflbi cd TDPP (sd dd 2) [2] Nguyen Quang Linh, Dd HudngTra • Tiep nhan tlnh huong • Phat bieu vande • )tav di/ng pliiTOTg an tie" hanh Ihi nghidm • Xaydi/ng phucmg an lira chon dung cu thi nghier •Xaydvngptn/onganbotfithinghi^m • Xay di/ng pliupng anihmhapiollju • nm kiem/ iL/a chon/ die tao dung cy Itii nghidm •6dlrithiiigh(?m • n^n hanhthinghifrtithuthapsdii^u • Xirly ket qua vabi^n luan I • lira chpn liinli ihirc trinh bay • Thieike bai tnnh bay • Trinh bay va thao luan Hinh So tien trinh dgy hpc BTTN B I E U H E £ N C U A TU* D U Y P R E P H A N (1) D u a diroc (1) Khdng c6 thdnh (1) Dua duac cac kien, phdn dodn hay cdc (2) Biet van dung cdc lap luan, tliu chudn, (2) (3) Co khd nang tranh Cd vat h a y mot hien t u o n g vat li, mot su tu dllu nhiing cSu hoi ve mSt qud trinh, m&t sy thiet bl mot bo thi nghiem vat Ii, chinh suy nghT cua (2) D u a cac luan cu Irong lu§n, bdn thdn, qua frinh lap luan ve mot van (4) Cd khd nang suy (3) Cd su nhay cam de nhat d|nh, luan, tnrdc boi canh (3) D a n h gia d u o c cac quan (5) Xem xet van de ti> nhieu phuong dien (A) Dieu chinh ^ k i e n vd hoat d3ng khac nhau, (6) Ap dung cdc thu thuat tu diem cua nguoi khac, cua minh nhiing thong bn moi d u o c tim ra, (5) Chon d u o c p h u o n g dn toi u u t r o n g qud trinh giai quylt van Se, Hinh Sd so sdnh cdc tieu chi TDPP cua mot so tdc gid Bdi dudng IU phe phdn cho hgc smh thdng qua hogt deing gidl bdt lap thi nghiem Tfl viee nghien cflu cac bieu hien cua TDPP va nghien cflu ve ddc diem qua trinh day, hgc mdn vat li d trflbng phd thong, tdc gid nhdn thay TDPP cua HS day hoc BTTN vdt li dfldc bdc Id thdng qua bieu hien cd bdn sau (1) Dfla drfbc nhflng cdu hdi vl mdt qud trinh mdt sfl vdt hay mgt hien Irfdng vdl li, mdt thiel bi, mdt bd ihi nghifm vat If; Mdi van de ma HS phdt hien deu dtfdc dien dat bang cac cau hdi, cdu hdi md HS dtfa chflng td HS da cd nhflng thdc mdc vdi stf vdt, hien tflbng hay mdt qud trinh vat If ndo dd, nd cung chflng td HS dd cd stf phe phan (2) Dtfa cac ludn cfl qua trinh lap Iudn ve mdi van de nhat dinh; Khi phe phdn cdi da cd HS phai dfla eae Iuan cflthuyet phuc De cd eae ludn efl tot can phai nhin thay dflbc moi quan he logic gifla cdc thdng tin va eac thdng tin dd phdi dflbc thu thdp drfdi nhieu gdc khdc (3) Ddnh gid dflbc cac quan diem eua ngflbi khdc; Viec danh gid quan diem cua ngfldi khdc cung chi rdng HS da phe phan nhflng ludn efl cua cdc quan diem khae Mudn vay HS phai cd srf phan biet gifla cdc suy dien logic cd the chap nhan drfdc va khdng the chap nhan drfbc, hieu nhflng khdc biet cdc kel Iuan, gid thuyel, thrfbng xuyen hdi quan diem cua ngrfbi khdc vd no Itfc de hieu cd nhflng gid dinh vd hdm y cua hg, nhan dtfdc nhflng sai lam frong quan diem cua ngtfbi khdc, nhflng thien lech ed the cdc quan diem dd, va nguy cd cua vifc djnh gid cdc bdng chflng mdt each sai lech dnh hrfdng cua ede quan tam cd nhdn (4) Dieu chinh y kien vd hoat ddng cua minh nhflng thdng tin mdi dfldc tim (ddc biet chflng phu nhan thdng tin cu); Khi thay dflbc cdc ludn cfl thuyel phuc hdn, HS khdng bdo thu, co bdo ve y kien ciJ ma cd srf dieu chinh y kien va hogt ddng cua minh Dieu ndy cung cho thay rdng HS da hieu cdc y kien bieu Id cae mflc dd khac cua sfl tin cay, dd nhdn thflc ve gid trj va gid tri eua moi thdng tin (5) Chgn drfdc phrfdng dn tdi flu qud trinh gidi quyet van de Dieu cho thay HS nhdn thfle rang cdc van de thflc tien cd the cd nhieu hdn mdt phrfdng dn va nhflng phrfdng dn khdc ve mdt vdi phtfbng dien va cd the chgn phtfdng an loi tfu nhat (tuy rang, mgt vai trrfbng hdp Id rat khd khan) Nd eho thdy HS da biet phe phan cdc phtfbng an, drfa dflbc flu die'm nhfldc diem cua chung, rdi tfl dd dfla phfldng dn tdi flu drfa tren tieu chi cua minh 2.3 Phan d'ch ket qua thu dtfdc Cdc BTTN dflbc soan thao drfa tren cac tieu chi nhfl: Bai tdp gdn vbi cdc kien thflc cu the, bai tap cd linh thflc tiln, bai tap ed iinh khd thi, bai tap tao cb hdi phat trien trf cho HS sau dd tien hanh thrfc nghiem thbi gian 10 tuan vbi bai tap thi nghiem va thu drfdc kit qua rdt khd quan ve sfl phdt trien TDPP cua HS Trong bai vilt ndy ehung ldi phan tfch TDPP eiia HS qua 01 bai tap dfldc thrfc hien vdi nhdm HS (moi nhdm HS) la HS ldp IOAI trrfbng THPT Vilng Cao Vift Bac - Tinh Thdi Nguyen - Viet Nam 2.3.1 Xay dtfng bai tap xac dinh cao toa nha * Btfdc 1: Xac dinh muc tieu + Ve mat kien thfle: Neu dfldc dac diem, tinh chat, cac cdng thflc ed ban cua mdt chuye'n dpng cd dbn gian + Ve mat kT ndng- Thiel kl drfdc phrfdng dn thf nghiem nham xdc djnh mdt dai Iflbng vdl If; 87 Nguyen Quang Linh Dd Hrfdng Tra dac, Ihu thap drfbc cdc so lieu ed lien quan; trinh bdy drfdc ket qud thi nghiem; ddnh gid drfdc phrfdng an, ket qua thi nghiem cua thdnh vien khdc ldp + Ve mat thdi dd" Cd tinh Chan yeu Ihich mdn hoc, cd thdi dp Iich cflc hgc lap, cd dc quan sal cac bien Iflbng vdl li Crong cugc sdng + Ve mat tfl duy: Phat trien dflde TDPP qua trinh hgc * Budc 2: Lua chon bai tap xuat phat Mdt ngrfdi dflng tren dinh eua tda nhd, tba rdi mdt vien sdi nhd Ngflbi ay dflbc Ihbi gian rdi cua vien sdi la 2,2s Tinb chieu eao cfla tda nha - Phdn tich bdi tap: BTXP Id mdt BT Iuyen lap cd the tim thay dl dang SGK hay cdc saeh tham khdo cua HS HS dp dung edng thfle ve sfl rdi Ctf do' h -^ -zgl^' tfl dd ed the xdc djnh drfdc dd eao h Cd the thu dtfdc cdc dfl kien cua bai tap bang cdc thao tdc thflc, chdng dung ddng hd bam gidy dflbc thbi gian rdi Trong thrfc te, cd the xdc djnh cao tda nhd bang mdt so phrfdng an khac nhfl dung bdng nang, xem ban thiet ke, * Btfdc 3: Xac dinh loai bai tap, mu'c bai tap Can cfl vao trinh HS va eae dieu kien hien cd chung toi xac dmh mflc dd bdi tap can dat la mflc dd 3; Dang bai ldp can xdy dtfng Id dang * Btfdc 4: Bien dd'i BTXP va bien soan BTTN Sfl dung nguyen tac linh ddng (thay ddi dfl kien cua bai lap xuat phal) ed the biln ddi BTTN nhtf sau: "Mdt budi chieu, hai ban An va Binh di dao khudn vien trrfbng, hai ban tram trd khen ngdi chilu cao cua tda nhd ki tiic xd trrfbng minh Bong An dflng lai trrfde day ki tflc xa va hot Binh: Theo ban toa nba cao bao nhieu met' Hm hay giup Binh trd ldi cdu hdi ciia An" * Btfdc 5: Tien hanh thi nghiem Chung tdi ban ddu dfla 05 phfldng an vd lien hdnh gidi quyet yeu eau cua bai tap theo cdc phrfdng an Sau dd chung tdi hodn thifn, bo xung cac phrfbng an drfa ra, Ioai bd nhflng phflbng dn kbdng thfle te Cuoi cung chung tdi thu dfldc cdc phfldng an khd thi nhfl dfldi ddy - Phfldng an I Di tim thiet ke (ban ve) cua ngdi nhd bdng cdch ten hdi cd hieu trrfdng; - Phtfdng an 2: Dung bdng nang chieu cao ciia Ida nha dfla vao tam giac dong dang, vdi ede dai Iflbng nhfl hinh ben, chieu cao cua tba nha dflbc xac dinh bbi: Dung eu thf nghiem la mdt chile gay bang tre dai khoang 1-2 met va mdt chiec thfldc day dai khoang met - Phfldng an Dung tam gidc dong dang nhflng khdng can dung bdng ndng md ngam bang mdt Dung cu ihf nghiem nhfl phfldng dn vd them I chiec thrfdc thdng ddi 20cm, mdt dng chi - Phfldng an Dflng tren dinh Ida nha tha rdi Ifl mdt vdl roi xae djnh ehieu cao tda nhd dfla vao thdi gian rdi: h — -gt^ Dung cu thi nghiem la mdt hdn sdi nhd, I dong ho bam giay (cd the dung dien thoai thay the) •I- Phflbng an 5: Dung day rpi Dung cu thi nghiem la mdt hdn sdi nhd vd mdt dng ddy chi + Phflbng an 6: Do chieu cao dfla vao qua bdng bay bdm hidro Dung cu thf nghiem la mdi qua bdng bay bdm hidro, thfldc thdng I met vd I dng chi Ben duelng tu phe phdn cho hgc sinh ihe'mg qua heigi de'mg gldl bdi tdp ihi nghiem * Btfdc 6: Hoan thien bai tap Tfl viec thflc hien eac phrfbng an dfla ra, ehung ldi phan tich cdc dfl lieu va hoan thien bai tap vdi de bai va Ibi gidi eu the 2.3.2 Dien hien tien trinh day hoc Sau hoan viec xdy dflng BTTN d tren, boat ddng giai BT drfdc dmh hrfdng theo lien trinh day hoc dd de xuat Brfdc I: HS tilp nhdn bdi tap lfl GV va phat bieu vdn de: Ldm the nao xdc dinh dfldc dd cao tda nha kf tuc xd? Bfldc 2: HS dfla phfldng an tien banh thf nghifm; phfldng an tfla chgn dung cu thf nghifm; phfldng dn bo trf thi nghiem va phflbng an thu thdp sd tieu O bflbe nay, cbung tdi chia Iam giai doan nhd: Ban dau HS lam viec cd nhan nhdm hoan cdc yeu cdu tren, sau dd HS se drfa thao tuan vdt nhdm minh va cudi cung nhdm HS se thdng nhat cac phfldng dn va Ihao ludn trfldc tdp Trong qud trinh Idm HS drfa drfdc td'ng edng phtfdng an (phrfdng dn 2, va dd drfa d tren) Btfdc 3: HS tim kiem/ Irfa chgn/ che lao dung ctr thi nghifm d ngodi thrfc te sau dd bd tri thi nghiem, tien hanh thi nghiem thu thdp sd lieu theo phrfdng dn da drfa ra, eudi cung xfl li kit qud va bien Iuan Trong qua trinh thrfc hien ede phrfdng an tren, nhdm HS Thang lam nhdm trfldng dd de xudt them 01 phrfdng an mdi (do chieu cao I ldng nhd lay lam chud'n rdi chup dnh toan bd Ida nhd, sau dd tinh ehieu cao tda nha theo tl Ie cua tang I Ida nhd) Brfdc 4: HS ehpn phrfdng an trinh bay (I nhdm bao cdo bang trinh bay PowerPoint, t nhdm trinh bay bang tranh, anh dan cren giay); sau dd HS Chile ke bai trinh bay vd cuoi cung trinh bdy va thao ludn trrfde Idp 2.3.3 Ket qua thtfc nghiem Vdi bai tap tren, HS thrfc hien nbiem vu cac bdi tap theo tiln trinh day hgc da neu d tren frong tuan Sau I tuan cac nhdm HS se trinh bay bdo cao cua minh ve ket qua thi nghiem, tfnh kha thi, rfu, nhrfdc die'm cua tflng phtfdng dn thf nghiem Dien bien cua qua trinh hgc drfdc ghi lai bdng viec quay video Dfla tren phdn tfch bdng hinh, cung nhrf phdn lich ho sb hgc tap dd phat eho HS cho phep xdc djnh drfbc cdc bieu hien cua TDPP cua moi HS qua trinh thflc hien nbiem vu de giai quyet vdn dl Hinh Hpc sinh tien hdnh thi nghiem vd bdo cdo ket qua Nguyen Quang Linh, D6 Hrfdng Tra Ngodl ra, vife thu thap eac dfl lieu thong qua phieu danh gid dong dang va phieu tfl danh gia cua mdi HS cung cho phep khdng djnh them eac dfl lieu qua phdn tich bdng hinh va phdn tfch ho sb hpc lap Tdt cd cac bieu hifn eua TDPP dflbc danh gid theo cdc tieu chf da de xuat d binh Vdi bai lap tren, chung ldi thu dflbc ket qua dflbc ttinh bdy irong bang TT 10 Bang (ei qua danh gid TDPP cua HS qua bai "Do chieu cao tba nha" Diem Diem qua Diem tu Diem trung Diem nhom HS Diem cuoi phieu theo danh gia binh danh gia khac danh cung (g) dong dang (c) dot(a) (b) gia(d) Diep 4,7 6,0 6,6 8,0 5,4 Thanh 7,3 8,0 7,5 8,0 7,5 Thudng 6,0 7,0 8,0 8,0 6,5 Diep 3,0 5,4 5,0 8,0 3,9 Thang 9,0 8,0 8,6 8,0 8,5 Uyen 5,3 7,0 6,0 5,7 7,0 Trang 5,3 7,0 6,1 7,0 5,7 Tuyen 6,0 3,0 5,0 7,0 3,9 Phan 5,3 7,0 7,0 5,8 7,0 Chan 3,0 5,0 7,0 3,9 6,1 -Di?p "Difp Trang Chan "Thanh - Thang Tuyen Thyang Uyen Phan Bail Bai2 Bdi3 Bai4 Bai5 Bai Hinh Diem so TDPP cua HS gua cdc BTTN Boi dudng tu phe phdn cho hetc sinh themg qua heigl ddng gidi hdi tap thi nghiem Trong dd: ax7-l-6xl+cxl+(ixl 10 Vbi bai tap thf nghiem chung tdi thu dflbc ket qud nhrf dd thi hinh Qua kit qud thu drfdc cbung tdi nhan thay qua Crinh hpc BTTN hau het TDPP cua HS deu drfbc phat Crien Tuy nhien, srf phat trien la khdng deu b cdc HS kbac Cd nhflng HS thi TDPP phdc trien ro ret (Phan, Thfldng, Chdn, Uyen), cd nhflng HS thi TDPP phat trie'n khdng dang ke (Difp) Tuy nhien vbi kit qud nghien cflu thu dflbc, cho phep bfldc dau khang djnh rang neu thiet ke dflbc BTTN thda man eae yeu cau da dat (hinh I) va to chflc boat dgng day hgc theo tien trinh da dl xuat (hinh 3) thi TDPP cua HS se drfdc phdt trie'n Ket luan Qua bdi tap tren ta nhdn thay qua hoat ddng giai BTTN vat If, va nlu gib hpc dfldc id chflc lot thi nd se la ddn bay, tao dflbc mdi trflbng giao liep hieu qua, mdi trflbng hoc tap Cich cflc va qua dd, phat trien TDPP cho HS, dong thbi GV cd the danh gia kel qua cua boat dpng hpc Qud trinh cdn HS gdn kiln tbflc sdch vd vdi thrfc tien ngodi cude song, gan If ihuyet vdi thflc hdnh, tfl HS thay drfdc sfl mudn hinh mudn ve ngodi cudc song, moi bai loan cude song cung nhfl qud trinh hgc tap thfldng cd nhieu each gidi quyet, van de ddt la mol ngflbi phai tim that nhieu phflbng an gidi quyll, xem xel, danh gia cdc phfldng dn dd, tfl Irfa chgn cdch toirfunhat doi vbi minh ehinh Id each ren TDPP Thdng qua BTTN cdn ren cbo HS nhieu ki ndng thiel thflc nhfl: ki ndng lap Iudn, ki nang giai quyet van de, kT ndng quan sat, ki ndng dat edu hdi, kT ndng phan ti'ch, danh gid, kT nang thflc hanh BTTN, ddc thu cua minh, ed nhieu cd hdi ren TDPP cho HS, qua dd, ren nhan cdch cho ngflbi hgc nhfl tfnh ddc lap, srf ltf ehu Tuy nhien de sfl dung BTTN Crong Chflc tien mdt each hifu qua thi can ddi mdi muc lieu dgy hgc (chu Crong vdo ddnh gid nang Iflc), cdn cd cb che cu the giup GV khai thac hifu qud BTTN day hgc, can cd ed ehe khuyen kich HS lam BTTN, Trong tiidi gian tdi, tai Viet Nam BTTN se dfldc sfl dung rdng rai hoat ddng trai nghiem sang tao cua HS va chung tdi se cd gang danh gid sfl phat trien TDPP cua HS thdi gian dai hdn vdi nhieu doi tfldng HS hbn de khang dinh manh me hdn nfla sfl phal trien TDPP eua HS qua hoat dgng giai BTTN vat If TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [1] K B Beyer 1995 Critical thinking, Bloominglon In: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation [2] Lipman, Matthew, 2003 Thinking in Educaliim Cambridge, Mass, Cambridge Universily Press [3] Guilford J.P, 1970 Creativily American P.sychologisl The Haworth Press, Tnc New York [4] Benjamin Bloom, 1956 Taxonomy oj educational objeelives: Handbook The cognitive domain New York, David McKay &Co (With D Kralhwohl et al.) [5] Benjamin Bloom, 1964 Taxonomy of eduealional obectives: Volume II The ajfective domain New York, David McKay & Co (With B Masia and D Kralhwohl) [6] Jacques Boisvert, 2000 Laformatum de la pensee critique Theorie el pratique De Boeek Super ieu r Nguyin Quang Linh, Dd Hudng Trd [7] R Keith Sawyer, Vera John-Steiner Seana Moran and Robert J Sternberg, 2003 Creativity and Development (Counterpoints: Cognition, Memory, and Language) [8] Ennis, R 1992 Critical thinking: What is U? Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Philosophy of Education Society, Denver, Colorado, March 27-30 [9] Nguyen Dflc Tham, Nguyen Nggc Hrfng Pham Xudn Que 2004 Li ludn day hgc Vgt li a tnfdng phd thdng NXB DHSP [10] Ennis R.H., 1987 A Taxonomy of Critical Thinking Disposiliems and Abilities In Baron, J.B & Sternberg, R J, (Eds.), Teaching Thinking Skilks: Theory and Practice (pp 9- 26) New York: W.H Freeman & Company [II] Sternberg, Robert J., 1985 Teaching Cnlieal Thinking, Pari /• Are We Making Critical Mistake.^? The Phi Delta Kappan Vol 67, No 3, pp 194-198 [12] Sternberg Robert J., 1985 Teaching Critical Thinking Pari 2: Possible Solutions The Phi Delta Kappan Vol 67 No 4, pp 277-280 ABSTRACT Solving experimental exercises in the teaching physics An effective tool to foster critical thinking of secondary school students One of the goals of education in many countries in the worid is to teach students thinking, including critical thinking There are several ways to promote and develop students' critical thinking This article focuses on developing students' critical thinking through experimental exercises in the leaching physics in secondary schools Keywords: Critical Thinking, experience exercises, leaching physics ... lien quan, kie''m tra cdc gid djnh trfldc tien hanh TN) Bot dudng lU phe phdn cho heic sinh thdng qua hogt dung gidi bdi lap thi nghiem - Miic dd 3: Drfa tinh huong, khdng cho Ihiel bj, khdng cho. .. nghiem sdng tao hay giao cho HS Idm tai nha, cdn dang thi thrfbng drfbc sfl dung tren Idp, qua trinh HS tim hieu cac kien thflc mbi Bdi dudng tu phe phdncho heic sinh iheing qua hogt dgng gidi hdi... Do chieu cao dfla vao qua bdng bay bdm hidro Dung cu thf nghiem la mdi qua bdng bay bdm hidro, thfldc thdng I met vd I dng chi Ben duelng tu phe phdn cho hgc sinh ihe''mg qua heigi de''mg gldl