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Khoa hoe Giao due ng?! THl/C CHAT C U A VIEC DAY OOC HIEU VA TICH HOP • • • • • CTMONNGUrvAN Cho d in nay, sau 5 nam tri ln khai dai tra chuang trinh (CT) va sach giao khoa (SGK) NgQ'''' van Trung hpc ph[.]
Khoa hoe Giao due ng?! THl/C CHAT • DAY OOC - HIEU VA TICH HOP CTMONNGUrvAN C U A VIEC • • • • "• C ho d i n nay, sau nam triln khai dai tra chuang trinh (CT) va sach giao khoa (SGK) NgQ' van Trung hpc thdng (THPT) toan quIe (nam 2011), nhiiu giao vien (GV) v I n rIt lung tung, nhIt la v l phwang phap day hoe (PPDH) Tu tudng va nguyen t i e doi mdi phuang phap thi da ed nhung thye hien t u tudng su pham dd nhu t h i nao, bIng each nao d l hien thye hoa dugc djnh hudng do? Theo chung tdi, de day NgCr van theo yeu d u doi mdi phuang phap, ngudi GV vCra phai ehCi y nhu'ng yeu d u mang tfnh dac thu cua bp mdn, vCpa phai chu y nhu'ng yeu d u doi mdi eua day hpc ndi chung Bai vilt tap trung lam rd han hai yeu d u mang tfnh dae thu eua mdn hpe NgCr van, dd la ban chit eua viec day doe-hiiu van ban va day doe-hiiu nhw thi nao di bao dam dwac nguyen tie tieh hap? Day eung la hai v I n d l then chit, von da neu len l i n doi mdi cua CT va SGK tCr d i u nhu'ng nam 2000, nhung van chua dugc giai quylt t h i u dao Ban chat cua viec day doc - hieu van ban Hoat dpng dpc-hilu van chuang nha trudng la mpt qua trinh tam If, nhan thCre phCre tap cua ehu t h i hpc sinh (HS) Day la qua trinh ddi hdi sy huy dpng va phat huy ting lye kha nang nhan thCre va tu ngdn ngCr, sCrc manh tri thCre ddi sing va tri thCre van hda, mCre dp hda than, nhap cupc, n i m trai, doan djnh, suy tu va phan tfnh eua ngudi hpc, d l cd the "doe ra" ndi dung sy kien, ndi dung hinh tugng, ngi dung quan niem va eac ting y nghTa tilm I n van ban ngdn tCf cua tac pham Trong dd, mCrc dp tap trung tu va tri hCrng thu qua trinh doc hieu van chuang cua d l i tugng ban dpe nha trudng khdng cao 12 TS NGUYEN QUANG CUONG Dai hpc Quy Nhtfn Trd ngai thi nhiiu, dpng ca va hCrng thu, sd thich va kha nang, nhu d u ban than va xu hudng thdi thugng Sy han c h i nhiiu mat v l trai nghiem ddi sing va kinh nghiem nghe thuat cung la nguyen nhan quan trpng khiln hieu qua dpe hilu van chuang chua dugc nhu mpng muln NhCrng v I n d l dd thye sy gay khd khan ehp ngudi day thye tiln to chCrc, hudng d i n qua trinh HS dpe hieu tac pham van chuang (TPVC) trpng nha trudng Mpt nhu'ng han c h i cua each day hpc van truyin thing la de tao cho HS tam If y lai, ehju sy ap dat eua ngudi thay Trong gid van, HS thudng bj dpng ngdi nghe thIy ed giang, ke ea nhu'ng gid thIy cd giang cdng Nhin chung, day theo each truyin thing "giang van" thuc chit la thIy dpe ho, phan tfch hd, kham pha hd, cam thu hd thIy ndi va trinh bay nhu'ng gi thIy hilu, thIy thfch, thIy cam nhan dugc Trong giu'a thIy va trd nhiiu If la hai thyc t h i tilp nhan tac pham rIt khac nhau, vi t h i kit qua tilp nhan cd the rIt khac Day theo kiiu tren v l ea ban se han e h i tfnh ehu ddng sang tao cua ngydi hpe va sai v l nguyen tie tilp nhan van hpe Vdi CT va SGK NgCr van mdi, day van thye ehit la day cho HS phuang phap dpe van Thep GS Trin Dinh SCr: Doc van d day dugc hilu mpt each kha toan dien "Dd la mdt qua trinh bao gdm viec tiip xuc vai van ban, thdng hiiu ca nghTa den, nghTa bdng, nghTa ham in cung nhw thay dwac vai trd tac dung cua eac htnh thwc, bien phap nghe thuat ngdn tw, cac thdng diep twtwong, tinh cam, thai cua nguui viit va ca cac gia tri tw than cue hinh twang nghe thuat'"' Doc van theo tinh than TrSn Dinh SCr va quan niem doc van nha trudng thong - B6 Ngoc Thong - ti> cu6n Thi phap hoc a Viet Nam - NXB Giao due 2010 KHGD so 65, thang - 20i i J^ghi en cut! ^6 thyc chit la toan bd qua trinh tilp nhan, giai n^a van ban ( k l ea hilu va cam thu ) £>Qc van la qua trinh lao ddng sang tao mang tfnh tham mT cao nhIm phat hien t i t ea cae gia trj eua tac pham tren ca sd phan tieh dac trung van ban Sd dT nhu vay vi qua trinh dpe van thye chit la qua trinh tilp nhan van chuang d i l n theo mdt hoat ddng nhIt la dpe van Dpe van trudc h i t phai phu thudc vao van ban Cd t h i hilu qua trinh dpe van diln nhu sau: TCr budc tri giac ngdn ngCr, ngudi dpe budc phai lam viec vdi van ban d l lam sdng day nhCi-ng eon chCp, nam dugc y nghTa eua ldp ngdn ngu' b l mat kiln tao nen t h i gidi nghe thuat eua nha van Dd khdng phai la thCr ngdn ngCr chf ed mot binh dien nghTa nhu cae van ban phi nghe thuat ma la thCr ngdn ngCr mang thdng tin kep, da nghTa, vCra md ta hinh anh t h i gidi khach quan, vCfa t h i m dam cai nhin va tinh cam chu quan eua ngudi vilt Vdi ban chit he thing kf hieu ngdn ngCr cua van ban van chuang, ngudi ta budc phai dpe mpt each tfch eye d l hilu ndi dung thdng tin tilm an trpng dd Ndi mdt each khac, vdi TPVC thf diiu quan trpng han ea la nhu'ng ting nghTa, cae Idp y I n ehfm dudi b l sau eua kit c l u hinh tugng "Van ban nghe thuat tCrng t i n tai qua ngdn tCr, tCr ngdn tCr ehuyin qua hinh anh, tCf hinh anh vuan tdi bilu tugng" d l rdi Idn len nhCrng hinh tugng nghe thuat mang sCre khai quat sau sic Nhu vay, hoat ddng dpe van ddi hdi ngudi dpe trudc h i t phai huy ddng kha nang tri giac ngdn ngu' d l tim hilu khdng chf cae t i n g bac y nghTa eua cac Idp tCr va eau ma edn thCre tinh cam xuc, khai day kha nang lien tudng, tudng tugng de tai hien t h i gidi nghe thuat cua nha van, cung vdi dd la rIt nhiiu se chia, ddng cam, ndi each khac la mdt phln tam hdn, khf chit eua dpe gia cung hiln hien sdng ddng tren tCrng ddng chu', tCfng trang sach TPVC la mdt d u true nghe thuat tinh vi va phuc tap dd mpt phln ndi dung da dugc khai quat, ma hda van ban, mdt phln khac phu thudc vao su cam nhan, kham pha va sang tao eua dpe gia vdi nhCrng "tim ddn nhan" khac Vi KHGD so 65, thang - 1 -Khoa hoe Giao due t h i , y nghTa cua TPVC khdng "nhIt b i t biin" ma ludn sinh tCp sy tilp xCic, tyang tac giO'a ngudi dpe va tac phim Cd the ndi, y nghTa cua TPVC ludn bao gdm hai phln: b i t biin va kha biin Phln bit biin la cae gia trj khach quan mang lai tCr he thing kf hieu cua ngdn ngu', nhu'ng nguyen t i e thi phap t h i loai, tac gia Bdi vf d i n g sau van ban ludn la mot he thing ngdn ngCr vdi nhu'ng quy t i c thing nhIt, mdt truyin thing van hda va van hgc, thIp thoang tac gia vdi net t i i u sir, t u van hge, phong each nghe thuat rieng Phln kha biin phu thudc vao cac y i u t l nhu thdi dai khac nhau, mdi trudng va hoan canh dpe khac nhau, dac biet la ehu t h i tilp nhan (ngudi dpe) khac Ngudi dpe vdi tam-sinh If ICra tudi khac nhau, vdi nhCrng vung miln va trinh dp van hoa khac nhau, vdi eac quan d i l m , tam trang va nang lye cam thu van chuang nghe thuat khac se tao hieu qua dpe khac VJ le dd, ngudi ta thudng phan biet hai thuat ngu': van ban va tac phim Van ban la nhIt nhung tac pham la ve sd Tac p h i m se sinh va chf sinh mpt ngudi dpe tilp xCie vdi van ban, tCr dd tugng hinh len tam tri, kha nang hinh dung, tudng tugng cua ban dgc Nhu t h i , y nghTa cua mot TPVC day nha trudng se bi ehi phdi bai cac y i u to sau: Thu' nhat la y nghTa khach quan cua tac pham Y nghTa dugc tao bdi chfnh cac y i u t l ndi tai cua van ban- tac pham Day cung la y i u t l ehu y i u tao y nghTa b i t biin, on djnh eua tac phim Thij' hai la y nghTa dugc suy tCr eac y i u td ngoai van ban: nhu tCr nhO'ng phat bieu cua tac gia, tCr dac d i l m cude ddi, b l i canh xa hpithdi dai, tCf nhu'ng y kiln cua nhCrng nha van, nha phe binh, nghien eCru v l tac pham dd Thu' ba la y nghTa ngudi giao vien neu ra, ndi each khac dd la k i t qua dpc-hilu cua ngudi thIy Y nghTa mang nhiiu tfnh chu quan Thu'tw\a y nghTa ngudi hpe hilu va cam nhan dugc tii' van ban tac phim V l loai hinh, y nghTa gidng loai thCr ba, nhung ndi dung thi khac vi ngudi dge khac 13 Khoa hoe Giao due Suy cho cung, ea ba loai y nghTa tren diu nang tinh ehu quan, mac du ca ba diu dya tren ca sd khach quan la van ban cua tac pham thdng qua eac yiu t l hinh thCrc ngdn tU' Nhan thCre tren day la mpt nhu'ng diem rIt quan trpng d l xac lap nguyen tie day dpe hilu nha trudng thdng Nguyen tie dd la: Khuyin khich cae phat hien va cam nhan ehu quan (ngudi dpe); nhung trudc hit d n tdn trpng van ban va tuan thu y nghTa khach quan cua tac pham Day dpe hilu nha trudng thdng la day eho HS biit each dya vao dau, lya ehpn cae yiu to nao dang tin cay d l tim dugc y nghTa cua van ban - tac pham Cd thi ndi, dge van chuang khdng chf la qua trinh phat am thdng thudng ma cdn la qua trinh thCre tinh cam xuc, qua trinh tri giac va thim nhuin tfn hieu d l giai ma ngdn ngu', ma nghe thuat, ma van hda ddng thdi vdi viee huy dpng vdn sing, kinh nghiem eua ea nhan ngudi dpe d l lya ehpn net nghTa thfch hgp ehp van ban; d l "gpi ra" tCr van ban nhu'ng y nghTa xa hdi, y nghTa tham mT, y nghTa nhan sinh Dpe van la lam cdng viee danh thCre cae eon chu' dang ngu vui van ban, bit chCing tfnh day, khoe mau sac dang hinh va tda huang tham tu tudng Day hoc NgCp van theo yeu cau tich hap Tfch hap la dilm noi bat eua chuang trinh va SGK NgCr van mdi, ehi phdi each xay dyng chuang trinh day hpc, chi dao ndi dung va PPDH mdi Mdt each chung nhIt, ed thi hieu tfch hgp (integration) la phuang hudng phdi hgp (integrate) mdt each tii uu eac qua trinh hpe tap rieng re cua nhiiu bp mdn eung nhu eua cae phln eung mpt mdn hpe d l sir dung dat hieu qua tdi da cac tri thCre, kT nang, phuang phap eua cac t l dd mot thi thing nhIt, tao budc nhay vgt v l chit lugng nhan thCre va tri tue Day la mpt hudng day hpe hien dai ed nhiiu triln vgng bdi vi: mpi hien tugng xay cugc sdng bao gid cung xult hien mdt 14 •Ng en zCtu tinh hudng da dang, phong phu mang tfnh tfch hgp Khdng t h i hilu hoac giai quylt mpt vIn d l , mdt nhiem vu nao eua thyc tiln nlu nhu ehi sir dung kiln thCre va kT nang cua mpt ITnh vyc rieng re Hudng day hpc tfch hgp se giup HS nha trudng tilp can din vdi ban chit "tich hgp" - tfnh phCre tap nhiiu mat cua ddi sdng eung nhu phuang thCre, kT nang giai quylt cac tinh hudng ly Vdi vai trd, vj tri dae biet eua phln dgc van bd mdn NgCp van ndi chung, viec to chCre day hpc dpe hilu tac pham tit la tiln d l quan trpng de day hpe ed hieu qua Tiing Vietva Lam van Quan trpng han, thdng qua viee hinh va phat triln kT nang tu duy, phuang phap dpe van cho ngudi hpc ma thyc hien mue dfeh tfch hgp giCra bd mdn va ddi sdng Trong day hpc Ngu' van, tfch hgp, dugc hilu la day hgc ba phln (Van, Tiing Viet va Lam van) hgp nhIt, "hoa trdn" nhau, hgc cai thdng qua eai va ngugc lai, nhu t h i se tranh dugc nhu'ng vudng mic va du thCfa hay chdng eheo mdn hgc nhu trudc day Cd t h i khang djnh, viec thye hien tieh hgp pham vi bp mdn Ngu' van ed nhiiu diiu kien thuan Igi han d eac bd mdn khac Hat nhan hgp If d day la ea ba phan mdn diu hudng tdi mot mue tieu chung la hinh thanh, ren luyen bin kT nang nghe, ndi, dpe, vilt ehp ngudi hpe va diu dya vao mpt van ban (text) chung d l khai thac, dd cd t h i tan diJng va phat huy tdi da nhC^ng dilm ddng quy v l tri thCre va kT nang day hpc Khdng nhu'ng thi, tieh hgp day dge hilu TPVC cdn la each thCre huy ddng nhiiu kiln thCrc va kT nang ting hgp v l ljch sir, dja If, van hoa, nghe thuat, ddi sing -xa hgi d l If giai, kham pha va lam sang td ndi dung, y nghTa eua van ban tac pham Vay thi nap la mpt gid day hpe van thee quan dilm tfch hap? Theo chung tdi, cd thi neu mpt sd dac dilm sau day: TtiCrnhat, gid van theo quan dilm tfch hgp trudc hit la mdt gid van khdng phan tfch cam thu tac pham van hpc theo ldi xa hpi hpc dung tue TCrc la nhCrng gid van khdng KHGD so 65, thang - 2011 len uru- -Khoa hoe Giao due dd Ngoai ra, d l phan tfch va cam thu tac p h i m van hge dugc tdt, ngudi day va ngudi hge d n biit van dung nhung thuat ngCF, khai niem li luan van hpc, nhCrng quy luat ehi phdi sang tao van hpe, nhCrng quy luat hinh va phat triln cua van hgc sir d l lam cdng cu kham pha va soi sang cho nhO'ng phan tfch, cam nhan van hge Thu' ba, gid van theo quan d i l m tfch hgp la gid hge dd ea ngudi day va ngudi hge d i u phai biit van dung tong hgp nhiiu tri thue van hoa tong hgp cua nhu'ng nganh nghe thuat g i n gui vdi van hpc nhu hpi hpa, dieu khac, kiln true, dien anh, san khiu va eac nganh khpa hpc xa hpi nhu tam If, giao due, Ijch sir, dja li tham chf ea nhO'ng nganh khoa hpety nhien d l tim hilu va phan tfch tac p h i m van hpc Bdi tac p h i m van hpc Idn bao gid cung la sy tong hgp, tong hoa nhiiu tri thCrc van hoa Trong ljch sir van hge nghe thuat, eac nha van Idn bao gid cung ddng thdi la nhCrng nha van hoa tieu bilu cho thdi dai cua mfnh Tac pham cua hg ludn ludn ddi hdi dgc gia phai ed vdn van hoa mdi cam nhan va danh gia dung dugc Ang-ghen da tCrng danh gia rIt cao H Banzac Ong cho ring, bp t i i u thuyet Tan tro dai "da cung cip eho ta eai nhin Ijch sw hien thwc tuyet vai nhit eua xa hdi Phap" ThCr hai, mdt gid van theo quan diem tfch va nd cung ehp dng biit dugc "nhiiu chi tiit, hgp la gid hge dd ea thIy va trd biit van ea theo y nghTa kinh ti hoc han a cac dung, phii hgp cac hilu biit v l Ijch sir van sach eua tit ca nhwng nha chuyen mdn, cac hpc If luan van hpe d l soi sang cho nhu'ng sw gia, cae nha kinh ti hoe va cac nha thing kham pha v l ndi dung va nghe thuat eua tac ke cua thai ki gdp lai" ^ phim van hpe Bdi vi b i t ciy tac pham van hpe Cd t h i ndi, nhCrng tac pham van hpc Idn nao eung la de eua mpt hpan canh ljch sir, bao gid cung ham ehCra dd vd sd cac ehju sy tac ddng, ehi phii eua nhu'ng quy luat gia tri van hoa h i t sCrc da dang va phong thdi dai, dan tdc Khdng nhu'ng t h i , tac pham phu Dpe nhO'ng tac p h i m l y ngudi ta cd the van hpe edn ehju sy chi phdi cua nhu'ng y i u tim thIy cac kiln thCrc v l mpi nganh n g h i , t l ngoai van ban nhu gia dinh, ban be, nhO'ng mpi phuang dien eua ljch sir xa hpi va eon net ca tfnh va cude ddi eua ban than tac gia, ngudi: tCr tam If hge, ljch sir, dja If, dan toe que huang V l li luan van hpc, mdi tac pham hgc, d i n trilt hge, ehinh trj, dao 6iyc va van hpc d i u ehju sy chi phoi eua phong each nhiiu nganh khoa hge, nghe thuat khac tac gia va he thing thi phap cua mdt trao luu Chinh dae Siem tren day ma hoat ddng (xu hudng van hpe), mdt giai doan hay mdt day hpe va tilp nhan tac p h i m tac pham van thdi dai van hpc nao dd Phan tfch tac pham chuang nha trudng thdng thyc chit van hpc khdng t h i khdng van dung nhCrng hilu biit v l ljch sCr van hpe If luan van hpc vao Thw giri M hlac-ca-net-xa-^888 - Mac - Ang giien viec c i t nghTa va cam thu t h i gidi hinh tugng Ban vS van hoc nghe thuat, NXB Sy that, 1977