II HU(JNG DAN O U A N LY, SLr DUNG TIlS Le Tung Trudng Cao ddng sUpham Dien Bien 1 Nguyen tdc dam bdo muc tieu day hgc Phan mem day hpc (PMDH) phii dflpc xiy dflng xuat phit tfl muc tieu day hpe (DH)[.]
II HU(JNG DAN OUAN LY, SLr DUNG TIlS Le Tung - Trudng Cao ddng sUpham Dien Bien Nguyen tdc dam bdo muc tieu day hgc Phan mem day hpc (PMDH) phii dflpc xiy dflng xuat phit tfl muc tieu day hpe (DH) Dfla tren mue tieu day hpe ngfldi thiet ke mdi quyet dinh Ifla ehpn ndi dung, phflPng phip, phfldng tien, hinh thfle td chfle day hoc Cling nhfl cdng cu thiet ke PMDH PMDH phii bio dim eho hpe sinh (HS) tiep thu dflde kien thfle, ky nang ky xip nghi nghiep tflpngflngvdi muc tieu cua chflpng trinh hpe, giup cho giio vien truyen dat mdt cich diuan lpi cie kien thfle phfle tap, ky xio tay nghe lim cho hp phit trien ning nhan thfle vi tfl logic Nguyen tdc dam bdo tinh chinh xac ve ndi dung day hgc Ndi dung day hpc PMDH phii dim bio tinh khoa hpc vi tinh sfl pham nham dim bio cic nguyen tic cP bin cu thi sau: + Dim bio tinh khoa hpc vi hdp trinh dp HS + Dim bio tinh he thdng Tinh he thong dflpc die trflng bdi cic mat nhfl: logic phit triln khoa hpe, tinh vfla sflc, tinh lien mdn, lien ndi mdn + Dim bio cd sfl lien he gifla kien thfle li thuyet vdi thfle tien ddi sdng vi sin xuat, vdi van dl bio ve mdi trfldng vi phit trien ben vflng + Dim bio tinh thdng hpe, ed ning truy xuat nhat ve ndi dung vi thdi Ifldng nhanh sfl dung dl td chfle cua thdng tin gifla cic thinh cie hoat ddng nhin thfle phin da phfldng tien + He thdng phfldng tien PMDH (tat ci cie thinh phan trfle quan phii dflpc kit hpp phfldng tien deu phii thdng sfl dung dung luc, dung eho tin ve cung mdt ddi tflpng) vi dung thdi Ifldng + He thdng dieu hfldng (cac Nguyen tdc dam bdo tinh trUe quan day hgc nut lenh dieu khien cac boat Xuat phit tfl cP sd li luan ddng tflpng tic hpc tip) phai co nhin thfle: "TU trUc quan sinhtinh nhat quin, tien dung ddng den tU trUu tUdng + Hoat ddng hpc phii Id dudng bien chdng cua thdng qua nhieu kenh thu nhan thUc", li luan day hpe nhin thdng tin; da xie dinh mdt nguyen tic + Phit huy dflpc tinh cP bin eua qui trinh day hpc tich cfle cua HS, lam niy sinh la: van dung phflPng phip nhu cau nhan thfle, phit trien day hpc khdng thi tich rdi ning Iflc tfl va nang Iflc viec sfl dung cie phflPng tien hinh ddng; day hpe trfle quan Dam bio Nguyen tdc dam bdo tinh trfle quan day - hpc tdng eUdng sU tUdng tdc gida li dieu kien quan trpng dl ngUdi hgc vd PMDH phit huy tinh tich cfle eua HS Tinh tflpng tic eua qui trinh quan sit, tim PMDH chinh li ning dap tdi phit hien tri thfle mdi flng sfl tic ddng qua lai cua Khi xay dflng PMDH ngfldi sfl dung (GV va HS) vdi can tuin thu nguyen tic trfle PMDH nham thfle hien sfl truyen thdng (cic boat dpng quan sau: + Ndi dung day hpc phii day - hpe) thdng qua PMDH dflpc trfle quan hda bang da giup ngfldi hpc hoin cie nhiem vu hpc tap vdi hieu phflPng tien; + Dinh dang (font chfl, qui chat Ifldng cao nhat miu sac, bd cue, tfldng phin, Xet theo tfldng quan ve hieu flng ) cic ddi tfldng tie ddng vi dip flng gifla phii rd net, md pham ngfldi sfl dung vi PMDH, co + Mflc dp trfle quan phii thi phin tflpng tic thinh hai phu hdp vdi muc tieu, ndi dung mflc dp cd bin: DH, trinh dp nhan thfle vi die + TUdng tdc bi ddng diem phit trien tri giic cua HS PMDH dfla mdt tic ddng + He thdng da phflPng (kieh thich) vi ngfldi sfl dung tien phii dxiac sap xep khoa thfle hien mdt dip flng tfldng Nhin bii ngiy 27/8/2011 32 • TAPCHiTHlfTBIGIAODMC-Sd 73-9/2011 H U O N G D A N O U A N LY, flng theo mdt trat tfl cd dinh ddac lap trinh san + TUdng tdc chu ddng: ngfldi sfl dung nim quyen dilu khiln PMDH, quyet dinh trinh tfl hpe tip, Ifla ehpn ndi dung hpe tip PMDH cd nhilu mflc dip flng theo hoat ddng cua ngfldi hpc dflpc dfl Ueu trflde Di ting efldng tinh tfldng tie gifla HS vi PMDH, qui trinh xiy dflng PMDH can dim bio cie yeu cau cu thi sau: + Dim bio tinh tfldng tic eua ngfldi hpe vdi tfl lieu hpc tip multimedia qui trinh sflu tam, Ifla ehpn, gia cdng ki thuat, gia cdng sfl pham cic kenh tfl heu + Ngfldi hpc phii dflpc tham gia sfl dung multimedia nhfl mdt cdng eu hpe tap + Phin hdi va hfldng dan phu hpp vdi eae hoat ddng eu thi cua ngfldi hpe + Thfle hien cic li^n ket (link) vi sieu lien ket (hyperlink) gin tren cie ddi tfldng dim bio chinh xie, khoa hpc + Giao dien thin thien, dl sfl dung + He thdng dilu hfldng rd ring, chinh xie Cd the tfldng tie qua viang ndng (hot spot), tfldng tic qua tfl khda (key word), tfldng tic qua nut lenh (command button), tfldng tie qua he thdng menu (menu bar) Nguyin tdc dam bdo tinh thdng nhat giUa cu the vd triiu tUdng cde thiet kimd phong Qui trinh day hpc tuin theo quy luat nhin thfle cua loii ngfldi ndi chung: nhdn thUc Id mdt qud trinh di SU DUNG II tU true quan sinh ddng eieh lim ay li md phdng nhd din tu trUu tUdng (tU Ung dung CNTT Nhfl vay mo nhUng cam gidc den tri giac, phong cd themd hinh hod cdc bieu tUdng qua phdn dodn doi tUdngeu thevd eu the hod suy ly rdi tien den xdy dUng cdc doi tUdng trUu tUdng trd cdc khdi niem, pham trii, cdc thdnh md hinh eu the gid thuyet vd riit quy ludt), nhdn thUe tU tu trUu tUdng den thUc Mdt nhflng die tien Nhfl vay, d day cd hai trflng quan trpng eua PMDH dfldng dl eon ngfldi ndi li ning tich hpp cic md chung, HS ndi rieng nhin phdng ve cic sfl vat, hien thfle the gidi khich quan: tU tfldng vi sfl van ddng cua cu the den trUu tUdngvd ngUdccbflng td hpp da phfldng lai, tU trUu tUdng den cu the tien eua phan mem Cd the trinh dp THCS, tfl trflu ndi: md phdng la mdt cdng tflpng eua HS chu yeu dflpc cu tien ich flu viet eua PMDH hinh thinh theo dfldng ndi rieng, CNTT ndi chung thfl nhat; bat dau tfl giai doan qui trinh day hpc THPT tfl trflu tflpng efla Trong day hpe, md phdng HS di phit triln, viec td chfle li cdng cu giup cho bii giing eic boat ddng nhin thfle eua sinh ddng hpn, HS hiiu cic HS nen theo eon dfldng thfl hien tfldng, quy luat tfl nhien hai Tuy nhien, can chfl y rang: bang cich tfl siu sac hdn tfl du dat den mflc dp cao Ngoai ra, md phdng nhfl the nio thi it nhieu nd PMDH eon giup qui trinh day cung van can den trfle quan - hpc khic phuc dflpc nhflng cim tinh hay ndi eieh khic rio cin vl thdi gian, khdng gian trfle quan cim tinh li mdt giai vi kinh phi qui trinh td doan bat budc cua qui trinh chfle cic boat ddng hpc tap vl hinh thinh vi phit triln tfl cic ddi tflpng nghien cflu di trflu tflpng cua HS dflpc md phdng Sinh hpe li mdt mdn khoa Sfl hinh thinh eua cic sfl hpe ve sfl sdng, tip trung vat, hien tflpng vi qui trinh van ddng phit triln cua chung nghien cflu cic ci the sdng, tfl nhien deu tuin theo mdi quan he gifla cbflng vdi vi bi ring budc bdi cie quy vi vdi mdi trfldng Nd luat nhat dinh Vdi nhflng mieu ti nhflng die diem thinh tflu phit triln manh me vi tap tinh eua sinh vat (vi du: cua cdng nghe thdng tin cho eau trfle, chfle ning, sfl phit phep ed thi dfla md hinh triln, mdi trfldng sdng), eieh cic sfl vat nio dd, lap trinh thfle eic ci thi vi loii tdn tai md ti cic quy luat ring budc (vi du: ngudn gdc, di truyen sfl van ddng eua chung, tfl dd vi tien hda ) Do dd, qui xie dinh dflpc Id trinh van trinh day hpe Sinh hpc cd rat ddng eua cic sfl vat ay nhieu ddi tfldng, ndi dung can cic dieu kien nhat dinh, md dflpc md phdng nhfl: phdng sfl van ddng cua cbflng Cie hien tflpng, qui tfl nhien Ngfldi ta gpi trinh sinh hpe dien TAP CHi THI^ BI GlAO DMC - Sd 73 - 9/2011 • 33 II HU-ONG DAN OUANLY,SLr DUNG thdi gian dii, khdng gian rdng Idn (Vi du: qui trinh lai tao, qui trinh dot bien ) Cic ddi tflpng ed kieh thflde qui Idn hoac qui nhd (Vi du: ADN, ARN, Protein, NST ) Cie eP chi, qui trinh phfle tap bang mit thfldng khdng thi quan sit dflpc (Vi du: qui trinh phin li vi td hdp cua NST, qui trinh tfl cua ADN ) Cie thi nghiem bilu dien hoac khd fiiinh cdng hoac nguy hiem thfle hien cung nhfl lien quan din hda chat, thiet bi dat tiln Dl phit huy hieu qui sfl pham cua cie md phdng PMDH, can dim bio cic yeu eau eu thi sau: + Md phdng phii dim bio muc tieu day hpe vi chfla dflng ndi dung thdng tin khoa hpe chinh xie + Qui trinh gia cdng ki thuat vi gia cdng sfl pham phii dim bio lim eho cic ddi tflpng md phdng ehfla dflng dflpc nhieu nhat cie thude tinh cua vat that, phin inh dflpc nhilu nhat eic die tinh cua sfl vat, hien tfldng tfl nhien; dim bio tinh hdp li khoa hpe vl thdi gian, khdng gian ciia eac sfl vat, hien tflcfng md phdng + Md phdng phii cd ning nhung vao eic phan mIm bii giang vi phii cd tinh tflpng tic + Md phdng phii ehfla dflng cic bien phip, phfldng phip dinh hfldng cic boat ddng hpe tip cua HS; tao dieu kien di HS tri giic cic stf kien, hien tflpng cu the tfl dd di den chd nam vflng dflde cie khii niem, cic quy luat, cic U thuyet khii quit vi van dung de giii quyet eic bii toin thfle tien Nguyin tdc dam bdo tich eUc hda hoat dong hda hoat dong hgc tap ciia HS Bin chat eua ddi mdi PPDH li viec nghien cflu ip dung nhflng PPDH tich cfle nham phit huy tinh tfl giic, ddc lap, chu ddng, sing tao eua HS eic boat ddng hpc tip Ddi mdi PPDH phii dat mdi quan he vdi cic thinh td khic eua qui trinh DH (muc tieu, ndi dung, phfldng tien, hinh thfle td chfle vi kilm tra danh gii) Vdi sfl phit triln manh me eua CNTT 8c TT hien nay, viec flng dung rdng rii CNTT ndi chung, PMDH ndi rieng vio qui trinh day hpe la xu hfldng tat yeu eua tat ei cic nhi trfldng nham thfle hien ddi mdi PPDH, nang cao chat Iflpng day hpc Viec thiet ke, xiy dflng PMDH phii dim bip theo dinh hfldng ddi mdi qui trinh giio due ndi chung va ddi mdi PPDH ndi rieng, vdi cie yeu eau cu thi sau: Dim bio phdi hdp cie bien phip ki thuit, bien phap td chfle vi PPDH tich cfle thiet ke phan mIm bai giing dl khai thic vi sfl dung hieu qui tii nguyen da phfldng tien PMDH Phan mem kiem tra dinh gii tich hpp PMDH can dflpc xay dflng theo hfldng dim bio cie chfle nang ed bin li: tao vi quin li he thdng ngin hang cau hdi vdi nhilu dang ciu hdi trie 34 • TAP CHi THlfTBIGlAO DMC-So 73-9/2011 nghiem khich quan vdi nhieu dinh dang khie (text, hinh inh, video ); trdn vi de thi vdi nhilu tieu ehi khie nhau; td chfle thi vi dinh gii, quin li kit qui thi mdt eieh tfl ddng; HS cd thi tfl kilm tra dinh gii ket qui hpc tap eua minh mdt each khich quan, chinh xie; phan quyin vi bio mit dfl lieu theo ddi tflPng sfl dung (GV/HS) - PMDH phii cd ning dip flng mdt cich linh boat cic hinh thfle td chfle day hpc khie nhfl: day hpc tren ldp, tfl hpc, day hpc qua mang dang offline hay online Cdc nguyen tdc xdy dting PMDH cd moi quan he hUu cd vdi nhU Id moi quan he giUa cdc thdnh to cua qud trinh day hgc Dam bdo cdc nguyen tdc tren quy trinh thiSt kePMDH se tao PMDH cd khd ndng hd trd hieu qud viec doi mdi PPDH theo hUdng tich cUc hda hoat ddng hgc tap ciia HS Tai lieu tham khao Dinh Quang Bao Nguyen Dflc Ihanh, Li ludn day hgc Sinh hgc (Phdn Dai cUdng), NXB Giao due Ha Npi, 2003 Dd Manh Cfldng, Gido trinh Ung dting cdng nghe thdng tin day hgc NXB Dai hoc quoc gia, TP Ho Chi Minh, 2009 Duong Tien Sy, Phan loai phdn mem day hgc Tap chi giao due, so 242 (ky - thing 7/2010), tr.19-25,2011 Duong Tien Sy, The ndo Id phdn mem day hgc Tap chi giao due, sd 256 (ky - thing 2/201 l),tr.60-62 ... luat nhin thfle cua loii ngfldi ndi chung: nhdn thUc Id mdt qud trinh di SU DUNG II tU true quan sinh ddng eieh lim ay li md phdng nhd din tu trUu tUdng (tU Ung dung CNTT Nhfl vay mo nhUng cam... phdng HS di phit triln, viec td chfle li cdng cu giup cho bii giing eic boat ddng nhin thfle eua sinh ddng hpn, HS hiiu cic HS nen theo eon dfldng thfl hien tfldng, quy luat tfl nhien hai Tuy nhien,... vl hinh thinh vi phit triln tfl cic ddi tflpng nghien cflu di trflu tflpng cua HS dflpc md phdng Sinh hpe li mdt mdn khoa Sfl hinh thinh eua cic sfl hpe ve sfl sdng, tip trung vat, hien tflpng