H O A T D O N G T O H O C C U A S I N H U I E N • • • • T R O N G D A O T A O T H E O H E T H O N G T I N C H I 0>Viet Nam, mot sd trudng dqi hoc bdt ddu thyc hien ddo tao (DT) theo he thdng tin chi ([.]
HOAT DONG TO HOC CUA SINH • • • • T R O N G UIEN D A O T A O T H E O H E T H O N G O >Viet Nam, mot sd trudng dqi hoc bdt ddu thyc hien ddo tao (DT) theo he thdng tin chi (HTTC) tu nam 2001 Tuy nhien, den nam 2007, Bo GD-DT mdi chinh thuc ban hanh Quyet djnh sd 43/2007/QD-BGD&DT ve viec Quy che DT daihoc vd cao ddng he chinh quy theo HTTC Muc tieu hoc tap cua DT theo HTTC Id nhung tri thuc vd kT ndng cy the md sinh vien (SV) se dat duqc mdt men hoc hay mdt chuang trinh hoc cy the Thay vi hnh hdi duqc nhung kien thuc chuyen ngdnh thdng qua cdc bdi giang cua gido vien (GV), SV cdn phdi phdt huy khd ndng ty hoc tap, ty nghien cuu de dat duqc sy cdn ddi giua hnh hdi kien thuc chuyen ngdnh vd ren luyen kT ndng mem ve cdc hnh vuc Idm viec ddc lap cung nhu Idm viec theo nhdm Bdi viet de cap mdt sd van de li lugn vd thyc tien hoat ddng ty hoc cua SV phu hap vdi yeu cdu cua phuang thuc DT theo HTTC Tin chi (TC) vd HTTC TC Id dan vj khdi luang lao ddng hoc tap trung binh cua ngudi hoc, gom: thdi gian hoc tap tren lap; thdi gian hoc tap phong thi nghiem, thyc tap, thyc hanh, hodc thuc hien cac cdng viec lien quan den hoc tap dugc quy djnh de cuang mdn hgc; thdi gian ty hgc ngoai gid len lap, chudn bj bdi, tim tdi lieu Khdi niem TC cd hai y nghTa: Id don vj de khdi lugng cua cdc hoc phdn; xdc dinh khdi lugng lao ddng hgc tap ciia ngudi hgc HTTC Id mdt each mieu td tinh chdt he thdng mdt chuang trinh DT bdng each gdn dan vj TC vdo cdc thdnh tdbd phdn cua chuang trinh HTTC Id bdng liet ke: sd TC dugc quy djnh cho moi mdn hgc, cy the sd gid len lap hoc li thuyet, thyc hanh cho moi mdn hgc tudn keo ddi sudt hgc ki; sd TC can tich luy de dgt mdt van bdng; sd lugng cdc mdn hgc vd phuang thuc td hgp cdc mdn hgc de tich luy sd TC cdn cho mdt vdn bdng Tap c h i Giao due so - 5/201 n T I N C H I PHAM TH! THANH HAI* Kien thuc dugc cdu true thdnh cdc module the hien qua cdc hgc phdn, quy djnh khdi kien thuc phdi tich luy cho tung vdn bdng, xep ndm hgc cua SV cdn cu theo sd lugng TC dd tich luy Chuang trinh DT mem deo, cd tinh lien thdng cao Cdc phuang phap dgy hgc theo HTTC phdt huy tinh tich eye, chu ddng cua SV GV hudng ddn SV phuang phap hgc tap, lay ty hgc Id chinh Td chuc DT theo HTTC de cao vai trd cd nhdn ngudi hgc SV chu ddng xdy dyng ke hogch hgc tap phu hgp vdi dieu kien cd nhdn SV ty ddng ki ke hogch hgc tap vd hgc tap theo hgc phdn Ket qua hgc tap cdc hgc phdn ciia SV dugc ddnh gid theo qua trinh, bao gom diem chuyen cdn, diem giua ki vd diem thi ket thuc hgc phdn Nhd trudng su dyng thang diem 10, thang diem chu (A, B, C, D, F) vd thang diem cdng tdc ddnh gid ket qua hgc tap cua SV He thdng cd van hgc tap Id nhung ngudi cd kien thuc chuyen mdn, am hieu quy trinh DT theo HTTC, cd trdch nhiem cao vd cd uy tin ddi vdi SV Ddc diem hogt ddng ty hgc - Hogt ddng ty hgc Id hogt ddng nhdn thuc mang tinh chdt nghien cuu Ty hgc Id hogt ddng cd myc dich ciia ngudi, Id dieu cdn thiet qua trinh tiep nhdn tri thuc Ngudi ta cd the hgc nhieu each khdc nhau: hgc ngdu nhien cudc song sinh hogt hang Myc dich cua viec hgc ngau nhien khong rd ret Ket qua cua cdc hgc ngau nhien Id ngudi hgc chi hnh hdi nhung gi lien quan true tiep den nhu cdu bdn than, thu chiem hnh cdi mdi hodc mong muon trai nghiem Cach hgc dua lgi cho ngudi hgc nhung tri thuc tien khoa hgc cd tinh chat ngdu nhien, rdi rgc, khong he thdng, chi hinh thdnh cho ngudi hgc nhung ndng lyc cy the kinh nghiem thyc tien mang lgi Cach hgc thu hai Id hgc cd chu djnh: cd hai hinh thuc hgc chu djnh, dd Id hgc chinh thuc vd hgc khong chinh thuc Hgc chinh thuc dugc td chuc theo mdt ke * Tnrong Dai hoc Vinh hoach, chuang trinh dugc hogch djnh truac 06 la hgc co myc dich, co ddi tugng va dugc dieu khien mot each co y thuc nhdm tiep nhdn tri thuc, ki ndng, klxdo vd hinh thdnh phuang phap chiem linh chung Hgc khong chinh thuc cd nhieu hinh thuc vd muc dd: ty nghien cuu khong cd hudng dan, hgc thdng qua thao lugn, trao ddi, cdc hdi nghj, hdi thao Trong cudc song, hai hinh thuc hgc cung ton tgi vd dan xen ldn - Hogt dgng ty hgc cd sy no lyc tich cue cua SV Cdc nhd nghien cuu deu cho rdng ty hgc Id hgc vdi sy no lyc tich eye, ty gidc d muc dd cao, dd, ngudi hgc Id chu the cd mong muon ty bien ddi minh, ty Idm phong phu gid trj cua minh bdng tri tue hodc cdc thao tdc chan tay, nhd cd y chi, nghj lyc vd sy say me hgc tap cua cd nhdn - Hogt ddng ty hgc Id hogt ddng sang tgo nhdn thuc cua SV Tinh sang tgo the hien d nhu cdu khao khdttim tdi, khdm phd sy vdt, hien tugng can nghien cuu, cdn chiem hnh bdng sy no lyc cua bdn than Ngudi hgc cd mong muon tim phuang phap mdi de chiem linh tri thuc mdi, tim gidi phap mdi, yeu td mdi nhdm dgt dugc ket qua tdi uu qua trinh hgc tap Tinh sang tgo cd lien quan mat thiet den ndng lyc tu sang tgo, ndng lyc phdt hien van de mdi, tim phuang an gidi quyet mdi, khdc vdi thdng le Ndi dung, phuang phap vd hinh thuc td chuc hogt ddng ty hgc DT theo HTTC Ndi dung, phuang phap cua hogt ddng ty hgc Id he thdng tri thuc, ki ndng, kTxdo chu dgo cdn chiem hnh vd hinh thuc chiem hnh chung Ngudi hgc thyc hien hogt ddng ty hgc vdi myc dich xdc djnh dugc hogt ddng nhdn thuc cua minh Hogt ddng ty hgc dugc thyc hien vdi ndi dung vd he thdng phuang phap phu hgp, trd ldi cdu hdi: Hgc cdi gi? Hgc nhu the ndo? Trong DT theo HTTC, hogt ddng ty hgc chiem phdn ldn thdi gian cua SV Theo quy djnh, mdt gid TC tren lap tuang duang vdi hai gid ty hgc hoac gid thyc hanh thi nghiem Nhu vdy, de cd the tham gia mdt gid hgc tap tren lap cd sy hudng dan cua GV, SV cdn cd tu 2-3 gid ty hgc Ndi dung hogt ddng ty hgc cua SV gom kien thuc lien quan den mdn hgc SV cdn dgc cdc tdi lieu GV gidi thieu tren lap, bdn de cuang mdn hgc, tim tdi lieu lien quan den mdn hgc, thyc hanh thi nghiem cdn thiet Day Id hogt ddng ty hgc cd sy hudng ddn cua GV Ngoai ra, SV cdn cd the khdm phd tri thuc mdi thdng qua cdc hinh thuc khdc nhu ty tim tu lieu, hgc hdi qua bgn - nhdm Idm viec, hgc tap kinh nghiem tu cdc nguon khdc Thyc te cho thdy, cdc trudng dgi hgc dang qua trinh chuyen ddi phuang thuc DT sang HTTC Viec td chuc quy trinh DT mdi can phai dugc hoan thien theo thdi gian Mdt nhung dieu kien khach quan dam bdo cho hogt ddng ty hgc cua SV dugc thyc hien tdt Id SV can dugc tiep can vdi gido trinh, tdi lieu tham khao phong phu Hg tang cdng nghe thdng tin phdi dugc tinh den, cdc ung dyng cua cdng nghe thdng tin vd truyen thdng phdi dugc phdt huy De hogt ddng ty hgc cd hieu qua, SV cdn xdy dyng cho minh ke hogch ty hgc Ke hogch ty hgc bao gom phdn tich, xdc dinh myc tieu ty hgc, noi dung, phuang phap ty hgc Ke hogch ty hgc phdi dugc xem xet sy tuang quan chung ciia ke hogch cd nhdn, thdi gian phdi dugc sap xep phu hgp, trinh ty cdc cdng viec cdn phdi Idm, phdn phdi thdi gian cho tung logi cdng viec mdt each hgp li; Xdy dyng ke hogch ty hgc vd biet each Idm viec theo ke hogch phu hgp vdi dieu kien vd phuang tien hien cd Ke hogch ty hgc cua SV phdi phu hgp vdi yeu cdu hgc tap chung ddi vdi mdn hgc, dugc quy dinh chuang trinh.DT vd de cuang mdn hgc cua GV Trong DT theo HTTC, SV cdn ddnh nhieu thdi gian de tien hanh hogt ddng ty hgc Neu SV khong cd kT ndng lap ke hogch vd tudn thu theo ke hogch ty hgc thi ket qua cua hogt ddng ty hgc se khong cao SV d i sa dd vdo lugng thdng tin khong 16, khong sang Igc dugc kien thuc cdn phdi linh hdi Vai trd cua cd vdn hgc tap rat quan trgng viec hudng dan cho SV xdy dyng ke hogch ty hgc vd each thyc hien ke hogch dd Hien nay, sd lugng SV ddng, ddi ngu cd van hgc tap cdn thieu, nen khong tranh khdi nhung khd khan trong tdc tu van hgc tap cho SV Hogt ddng ty hgc cd the thyc hien d thu vien, phong thyc hanh, hodc d ngoai trudng hgc Ngoai y chi, tinh tich eye chu dgng hgc tap, thdi dd y thuc ty hgc tdt, SV cdn thiet phdi co ki ndng ty td chuc hogt ddng ty hgc KT ndng Id mdt yeu td ca bdn, Id dieu kien du de thyc hien hogt ddng ty hgc Phdt huy cdc kT ndng cdn thiet de thyc hien cdc myc tieu ty hgc dugc xdc djnh Id mdt nhung yeu td giup ngudi hgc dap ung dugc yeu cdu cua ndi dung, chuang trinh DT Kiem tra, ddnh gid ket qua ty hgc cua SV Trong DT theo TC, ddnh gid ket qua hgc tap cua SV diln lien tyc, vdi nhieu hinh thuc khdc Tap c h i Giao due so (ki / n Kiem tra, danh gid Id hoat ddng cdn thiet qua trinh hoc tap cua SV Thyc hien kiem tra ddnh gid ket qua ty hoc cua SV se giup SV dieu chinh duqc phuang phap hoc tap de dat duqc muc tieu de Theo mdt sd chuyen gia, ton tai hai chu the thyc hien kiem tra ddnh gid ket qua ty hoc cua SV SV Id chu the cua hoat ddng ty hoc, dong thdi, cung se tien hanh ty kiem tra, ddnh gid ket qua hoat ddng ty hoc; xdy dyng chudn ty kiem tra, ddnh gid, so sanh ddi chieu Ty kiem tra ddnh gid Id kT ndng cdn thiet viec thyc hien muc tieu de ra, giup ngudi hoc phdt hien sai sot vd ty dieu chinh de dat ket qua hoc tap GV ddng thdi cung tien hanh kiem tra ddnh gid ket qua ty hoc cua SV Trong quy trinh DT theo HTTC, SV se ddnh nhieu thdi gian cho hoat ddng ty hoc cd sy hudng ddn cua GV Theo quy djnh, mdt gid TC tren lap SV cdn cd hai gid ty hoc GV se giao bdi tap, tdi lieu cho SV tim hieu tu lieu de trien khai thao ludn tren lap Thay vi phuang phap day hoc «thdy giang trd chep" nhu trudc day, DT theo TC, SV phdi chu ddng tien hanh cdc hoat ddng ty hoc, ty nghien cuu theo ke hoach hoc tap dd xdy dyng, theo de cuang bdi giang cua hoc phdn Dieu dan den tang tinh chu ddng tich eye cua SV qua trinh Imh hdi tri thuc mdi, ndm vung ndi dung bdi giang GV tien hanh kiem tra kien thuc cua Imh vuc SV cdn phdi nghien cuu trudc thdng qua thao ludn nhdm hodc chdm diem bdi tap, bdi thu hoach Nhu vdy, kiem tra ddnh gid hoat ddng ty hoc cua SV khong chi gop phdn ndng cao chdt luang day hoc cua thdy trd, hoat ddng cdn giup SV tang cudng tinh chu ddng viec hnh hdi tri thuc, bien tri thuc khoa hoc thdnh tri thuc, kinh nghiem cua bdn than Thdng qua quan li hoat ddng ty hoc, SV dugc ren luyen kT ndng ty hoc ty nghien cuu, cd ndng lyc tiep can kien thuc mdi, day Id hanh trang tdt nhdt cho SV de thich ung vdi yeu cdu cdng cao cua th| trudng lao ddng Tdm lai: Hoat ddng ty hoc cua SV ddng vai trd quan trong DT theo TC De hoat ddng ty hoc cua SV cd hieu qua, cdng tdc quan li cua nhd trudng cdn chu den cdc van de boi dudng cho SV ddng ca hoc tap dung ddn, khuyen khich SV tinh tich cue chu ddng hoc tap, ty xdy dyng vd nghiem tuc thyc hien ke hoach ty hoc, biet each ty kiem tra ddnh gid ket qua ty hoc Ben canh dd, nhd trudng cdn chu dam Tap chi Giao due so 262 iki 5/201 n bdo cdc dieu kien co sd vdt chdt, phuang tien hoc tap cho SV de cd the tien hanh hoat ddng ty hoc vd dat duqc myc dich hoc tap • Tai lieu tham khao Quy che 42/2007/QD-BGD&DT ve Quy che hoc sinh, sinh vien cac truang dai hoc, cao dang va trung cap chuyen nghiep he chinh quy Quy che 43/2007/QD-BGD&DT ve Quy che dao tao dai hoc va cao ding he chinh quy theo he thong tin chi Charles T Towley Tap hudn ddo tao tin chi Truang Dai hoc Vinh 2005 Ki yeu h6i thao khoa hoc Quan lisinh vien dao tao theo he thdng tin chi Truang Dai hoc Vinh, 2008 Ki yeu hoi thao khoa hoc Doi mai phuang phap giang day dai hoc theo he thdng tin chi Truang Dai hoc Sai gdn, 2010 Quan \\ lop hoc (Tiep theo trang 38) dung hoc tap, vdt lieu can thiet vd chi HS dd duqc di chuyen moi cdn Cd nhieu each de quan li hieu qua vd xdy dyng nen hinh dnh mdt lap hoc theo djnh hudng DHPH Dieu phy thudc vdo ddi tuong HS, dieu kien ca sd vdt chdt, trang thiet bj day hoc cung nhu trinh dd cua GV, Vi the, moi GV cdn lua chon cho minh nhung chien luge phu hgp nhdt vd trao ddi kinh nghiem, hoc hdi tu dong nghiep cua minh de giup cho moi HS lap cung tien bd vd ndng cao hieu qua qua trinh day hoc • (1) Carol Ann Tomlinson How to differentiate instrucion in mixed - ability classrooms Hawker Brownlow Education, Australia, 2004 (2) Sylvia McNamara and Gill Moreton Understanding Differentiation: A teacher's Guide, David Fulton Publishers, London, 1997 (3) Anna Brndstrm Differentiated Tasks in Mathematics Textbooks-An analysis of the levels of difficulty Department of Mathematics, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden, 2005 Tai lieu tham khao Balliro, Lenore The Multilevel Classes: Some Pratical Suggestions, Connections: A Journal Adult Litaracy (Volume VII), p 14-15, 1997 Joan D'Amico and Kate Gallaway Instruction for the Middle School Science Teacher - Activity and Strategies for an Inclusive Classroom, Jossey - Bass Publishing House, San Fracisco, United State of America, p.3-30,2010 ... phuang phap phu hgp, trd ldi cdu hdi: Hgc cdi gi? Hgc nhu the ndo? Trong DT theo HTTC, hogt ddng ty hgc chiem phdn ldn thdi gian cua SV Theo quy djnh, mdt gid TC tren lap tuang duang vdi hai gid ty... trinh.DT vd de cuang mdn hgc cua GV Trong DT theo HTTC, SV cdn ddnh nhieu thdi gian de tien hanh hogt ddng ty hgc Neu SV khong cd kT ndng lap ke hogch vd tudn thu theo ke hogch ty hgc thi ket qua... hanh kiem tra ddnh gid ket qua ty hoc cua SV Trong quy trinh DT theo HTTC, SV se ddnh nhieu thdi gian cho hoat ddng ty hoc cd sy hudng ddn cua GV Theo quy djnh, mdt gid TC tren lap SV cdn cd